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Soheilmoghaddam F, Hezaveh H, Rumble M, Cooper-White JJ. Driving Osteocytogenesis from Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Osteon-like Biomimetic Nanofibrous Scaffolds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39044386 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The treatment of critical-sized bone defects caused by tumor removal, skeletal injuries, or infections continues to pose a major clinical challenge. A popular potential alternative solution to autologous bone grafts is a tissue-engineered approach that utilizes the combination of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) with synthetic biomaterial scaffolds. This approach aims to support new bone formation by mimicking many of the biochemical and biophysical cues present within native bone. Regrettably, osteocyte cells, crucial for bone maturation and homeostasis, are rarely produced within MSC-seeded scaffolds, thereby restricting the development of fully mature cortical bone from these synthetic implants. In this work, we have constructed a multimodal scaffold by combining electrospun poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) fibrous scaffolds with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hydrogels that mimic the functional unit of cortical bone, osteon (osteon-mimetic) scaffolds. These scaffolds were decorated with a novel bone morphogenic protein-6 (BMP6) peptide (BMP6p) after our findings revealed that the BMP6p drives higher levels of Smad signaling than the full-length protein counterpart, soluble or when bound to the PEG hydrogel backbone. We show that our osteon-mimetic scaffolds, in presenting concentric layers of BMP6p-PEG hydrogel overlaid on MSC-seeded PLGA nanofibers, promoted the rapid formation of osteocyte-like cells with a phenotypic dendritic morphology, producing early osteocyte markers, including E11/gp38 (E11). Maturation of these osteocyte-like cells was further confirmed by the observation of significant dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) throughout our bilayered scaffolds after 3 weeks, even when cultured in a medium without dexamethasone (DEX) or any other osteogenic supplements. These results demonstrate that these osteon-mimetic scaffolds, in presenting biochemical and topographical cues reminiscent of the forming osteon, can drive the formation of osteocyte-like cells in vitro from hBMSCs without the need for any osteogenic factor media supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Soheilmoghaddam
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hadi Hezaveh
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Madeleine Rumble
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Justin J Cooper-White
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Eiken MK, Childs CJ, Brastrom LK, Frum T, Plaster EM, Shachaf O, Pfeiffer S, Levine JE, Alysandratos KD, Kotton DN, Spence JR, Loebel C. Nascent matrix deposition supports alveolar organoid formation from aggregates in synthetic hydrogels. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.19.585720. [PMID: 38562781 PMCID: PMC10983987 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.19.585720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived alveolar organoids have emerged as a system to model the alveolar epithelium in homeostasis and disease. However, alveolar organoids are typically grown in Matrigel, a mouse-sarcoma derived basement membrane matrix that offers poor control over matrix properties, prompting the development of synthetic hydrogels as a Matrigel alternative. Here, we develop a two-step culture method that involves pre-aggregation of organoids in hydrogel-based microwells followed by embedding in a synthetic hydrogel that supports alveolar organoid growth, while also offering considerable control over organoid and hydrogel properties. We find that the aggregated organoids secrete their own nascent extracellular matrix (ECM) both in the microwells and upon embedding in the synthetic hydrogels. Thus, the synthetic gels described here allow us to de-couple exogenous and nascent ECM in order to interrogate the role of ECM in organoid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline K. Eiken
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Charlie J. Childs
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lindy K. Brastrom
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tristan Frum
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eleanor M. Plaster
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Orren Shachaf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Suzanne Pfeiffer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Justin E. Levine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Konstantinos-Dionysios Alysandratos
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Darrell N. Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Claudia Loebel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Jalloh US, Gsell A, Gultian KA, MacAulay J, Madden A, Smith J, Siri L, Vega SL. Synthesis and Photopatterning of Synthetic Thiol-Norbornene Hydrogels. Gels 2024; 10:164. [PMID: 38534582 DOI: 10.3390/gels10030164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are a class of soft biomaterials and the material of choice for a myriad of biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and highly tunable mechanical and biochemical properties. Specifically, light-mediated thiol-norbornene click reactions between norbornene-modified macromers and di-thiolated crosslinkers can be used to form base hydrogels amenable to spatial biochemical modifications via subsequent light reactions between pendant norbornenes in the hydrogel network and thiolated peptides. Macromers derived from natural sources (e.g., hyaluronic acid, gelatin, alginate) can cause off-target cell signaling, and this has motivated the use of synthetic macromers such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). In this study, commercially available 8-arm norbornene-modified PEG (PEG-Nor) macromers were reacted with di-thiolated crosslinkers (dithiothreitol, DTT) to form synthetic hydrogels. By varying the PEG-Nor weight percent or DTT concentration, hydrogels with a stiffness range of 3.3 kPa-31.3 kPa were formed. Pendant norbornene groups in these hydrogels were used for secondary reactions to either increase hydrogel stiffness (by reacting with DTT) or to tether mono-thiolated peptides to the hydrogel network. Peptide functionalization has no effect on bulk hydrogel mechanics, and this confirms that mechanical and biochemical signals can be independently controlled. Using photomasks, thiolated peptides can also be photopatterned onto base hydrogels, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) attach and spread on RGD-functionalized PEG-Nor hydrogels. MSCs encapsulated in PEG-Nor hydrogels are also highly viable, demonstrating the ability of this platform to form biocompatible hydrogels for 2D and 3D cell culture with user-defined mechanical and biochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umu S Jalloh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Arielle Gsell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Kirstene A Gultian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - James MacAulay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Abigail Madden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Jillian Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Luke Siri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Sebastián L Vega
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
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Yang MC, O'Connor AJ, Kalionis B, Heath DE. Improvement of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Proliferation and Differentiation via Decellularized Extracellular Matrix on Substrates With a Range of Surface Chemistries. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:834123. [PMID: 35368802 PMCID: PMC8969767 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2022.834123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) deposited by mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has emerged as a promising substrate for improved expansion of MSCs. To date, essentially all studies that have produced dECM for MSC expansion have done so on tissue culture plastic or glass. However, substrate surface chemistry has a profound impact on the adsorption of proteins that mediate cell-material interactions, and different surface chemistries can cause changes in cell behavior, ECM deposition, and the in vivo response to a material. This study tested the hypothesis that substrate surface chemistry impacts the deposition of ECM and its subsequent bioactivity. This hypothesis was tested by producing glass surfaces with various surface chemistries (amine, carboxylic acid, propyl, and octyl groups) using silane chemistry. ECM was deposited by an immortalized MSC line, decellularized, and characterized through SDS-PAGE and immunofluorescence microscopy. No significant difference was observed in dECM composition or microarchitecture on the different surfaces. The decellularized surfaces were seeded with primary MSCs and their proliferation and differentiation were assessed. The presence of dECM improved the proliferation of primary MSCs by ~100% in comparison to surface chemistry controls. Additionally, the adipogenesis increased by 50–90% on all dECM surfaces in comparison to surface chemistry controls, and the osteogenesis increased by ~50% on the octyl-modified surfaces when dECM was present. However, no statistically significant differences were observed within the set of dECM surfaces or control surfaces. These results support the null hypothesis, meaning surface chemistry (over the range tested in this work) is not a key regulator of the composition or bioactivity of MSC-derived dECM. These results are significant because they provide an important insight into regenerative engineering technologies. Specifically, the utilization of dECM in stem cell manufacturing and tissue engineering applications would require the dECM to be produced on a wide variety of substrates. This work indicates that it can be produced on materials with a range of surface chemistries without undesired changes in the bioactivity of the dECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Pregnancy Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrea J. O'Connor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bill Kalionis
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Pregnancy Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Bill Kalionis
| | - Daniel E. Heath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Daniel E. Heath
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Madl AC, Myung D. Supramolecular Host-Guest Hydrogels for Corneal Regeneration. Gels 2021; 7:163. [PMID: 34698163 PMCID: PMC8544529 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 6.2 million people worldwide suffer from moderate to severe vision loss due to corneal disease. While transplantation with allogenic donor tissue is sight-restoring for many patients with corneal blindness, this treatment modality is limited by long waiting lists and high rejection rates, particularly in patients with severe tissue damage and ocular surface pathologies. Hydrogel biomaterials represent a promising alternative to donor tissue for scalable, nonimmunogenic corneal reconstruction. However, implanted hydrogel materials require invasive surgeries and do not precisely conform to tissue defects, increasing the risk of patient discomfort, infection, and visual distortions. Moreover, most hydrogel crosslinking chemistries for the in situ formation of hydrogels exhibit off-target effects such as cross-reactivity with biological structures and/or result in extractable solutes that can have an impact on wound-healing and inflammation. To address the need for cytocompatible, minimally invasive, injectable tissue substitutes, host-guest interactions have emerged as an important crosslinking strategy. This review provides an overview of host-guest hydrogels as injectable therapeutics and highlights the potential application of host-guest interactions in the design of corneal stromal tissue substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Madl
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - David Myung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Soheilmoghaddam F, Rumble M, Cooper-White J. High-Throughput Routes to Biomaterials Discovery. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10792-10864. [PMID: 34213880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many existing clinical treatments are limited in their ability to completely restore decreased or lost tissue and organ function, an unenviable situation only further exacerbated by a globally aging population. As a result, the demand for new medical interventions has increased substantially over the past 20 years, with the burgeoning fields of gene therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine showing promise to offer solutions for full repair or replacement of damaged or aging tissues. Success in these fields, however, inherently relies on biomaterials that are engendered with the ability to provide the necessary biological cues mimicking native extracellular matrixes that support cell fate. Accelerating the development of such "directive" biomaterials requires a shift in current design practices toward those that enable rapid synthesis and characterization of polymeric materials and the coupling of these processes with techniques that enable similarly rapid quantification and optimization of the interactions between these new material systems and target cells and tissues. This manuscript reviews recent advances in combinatorial and high-throughput (HT) technologies applied to polymeric biomaterial synthesis, fabrication, and chemical, physical, and biological screening with targeted end-point applications in the fields of gene therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Limitations of, and future opportunities for, the further application of these research tools and methodologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Soheilmoghaddam
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory (TEaM), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072.,School of Chemical Engineering, University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Madeleine Rumble
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory (TEaM), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072.,School of Chemical Engineering, University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Justin Cooper-White
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory (TEaM), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072.,School of Chemical Engineering, University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072
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Horton ER, Vallmajo‐Martin Q, Martin I, Snedeker JG, Ehrbar M, Blache U. Extracellular Matrix Production by Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Hydrogels Facilitates Cell Spreading and Is Inhibited by FGF-2. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901669. [PMID: 32129003 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In native tissues, the interaction between cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) is reciprocal, as cells not only receive signals from the ECM but also actively remodel it through secretion of cell-derived ECM. However, very little is known about the reciprocal interaction between cells and their secreted ECM within synthetic biomaterials that mimic the ECM for use in engineering of tissues for regenerative medicine or as tissue models. Here, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels with fully defined biomaterial properties are used to investigate the emerging role of cell-derived ECM on culture outcomes. It is shown that human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) secrete ECM proteins into the pericellular space early after encapsulation and that, even in the absence of material-presented cell adhesion motifs, cell-derived fibronectin enables cell spreading. Then, it is investigated how different culture conditions influence MSC ECM expression in hydrogels. Most strikingly, it is found by RNA sequencing that the fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) changes ECM gene expression and, in particular, decreases the expression of structural ECM components including fibrillar collagens. In summary, this work shows that cell-derived ECM is a guiding cue in 3D hydrogels and that FGF-2 is a potentially important ECM regulator within bioengineered cell and tissue systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R. Horton
- Biotech Research and Innovation CentreUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen 2200 Denmark
| | - Queralt Vallmajo‐Martin
- Department of ObstetricsUniversity and University Hospital of Zürich Zürich 8091 Switzerland
- Institute of BioengineeringEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Ivan Martin
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity Hospital BaselUniversity of Basel Basel 4031 Switzerland
| | - Jess G. Snedeker
- Institute for BiomechanicsETH Zürich Zürich 8092 Switzerland
- Balgrist University HospitalUniversity of Zürich Zürich 8008 Switzerland
| | - Martin Ehrbar
- Department of ObstetricsUniversity and University Hospital of Zürich Zürich 8091 Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Blache
- Department of ObstetricsUniversity and University Hospital of Zürich Zürich 8091 Switzerland
- Institute for BiomechanicsETH Zürich Zürich 8092 Switzerland
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Loebel C, Mauck RL, Burdick JA. Local nascent protein deposition and remodelling guide mesenchymal stromal cell mechanosensing and fate in three-dimensional hydrogels. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:883-891. [PMID: 30886401 PMCID: PMC6650309 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels serve as valuable tools for studying cell-extracellular matrix interactions in three-dimensional environments that recapitulate aspects of native extracellular matrix. However, the impact of early protein deposition on cell behaviour within hydrogels has largely been overlooked. Using a bio-orthogonal labelling technique, we visualized nascent proteins within a day of culture across a range of hydrogels. In two engineered hydrogels of interest in three-dimensional mechanobiology studies-proteolytically degradable covalently crosslinked hyaluronic acid and dynamic viscoelastic hyaluronic acid hydrogels-mesenchymal stromal cell spreading, YAP/TAZ nuclear translocation and osteogenic differentiation were observed with culture. However, inhibition of cellular adhesion to nascent proteins or reduction in nascent protein remodelling reduced mesenchymal stromal cell spreading and nuclear translocation of YAP/TAZ, resulting in a shift towards adipogenic differentiation. Our findings emphasize the role of nascent proteins in the cellular perception of engineered materials and have implications for in vitro cell signalling studies and application to tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Loebel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert L Mauck
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Qiao EL, Kumar S, Schaffer DV. Mastering their own fates through the matrix. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:779-780. [PMID: 31332317 PMCID: PMC6894983 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
With their ability to give rise to many different cell types, stem cells have long been a target of scientists who seek to achieve control over their differentiation. New evidence suggests that stem cells influence their own fates through protein deposition and physical remodelling of their microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Qiao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - David V Schaffer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Yao X, Ning LJ, He SK, Cui J, Hu RN, Zhang Y, Zhang YJ, Luo JC, Ding W, Qin TW. Stem Cell Extracellular Matrix-Modified Decellularized Tendon Slices Facilitate the Migration of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:4485-4495. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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