1
|
Li H, Asta N, Wang Z, Pettersson T, Wågberg L. Reevaluation of the adhesion between cellulose materials using macro spherical beads and flat model surfaces. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 332:121894. [PMID: 38431407 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Interactions between dry cellulose were studied using model systems, cellulose beads, and cellulose films, using custom-built contact adhesion testing equipment. Depending on the configuration of the substrates in contact, Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film, cellulose films spin-coated either on PDMS or glass, the interaction shows three distinct processes. Firstly, molecular interlocking is formed between cellulose and cellulose when there is a soft PDMS thin film backing the cellulose film. Secondly, without backing, no initial attraction force between the surfaces is observed. Thirdly, a significant force increase, ∆F, is observed during the retraction process for cellulose on glass, and there is a maximum in ∆F when the retraction rate is increased. This is due to the kinetics of a contacting process occurring in the interaction zone between the surfaces caused by an interdigitation of a fine fibrillar structure at the nano-scale, whereas, for the spin-coated cellulose surfaces on the PDMS backing, there is a more direct adhesive failure. The results have generated understanding of the interaction between cellulose-rich materials, which helps design new, advanced cellulose-based materials. The results also show the complexity of the interaction between these surfaces and that earlier mechanisms, based on macroscopic material testing, are simply not adequate for molecular tailoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China; Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nadia Asta
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Pettersson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao K, Li R, Qi W, Tian X, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Wang W. Adjustable strength and toughness of dual cross-linked nanocellulose films via spherical cellulose as soft-phase. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 327:121708. [PMID: 38171668 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Nanocellulose films possess numerous merits ascribing to their inherent biocompatibility, non-toxic and biodegradability properties. The potential for practical applications would be improved if their mechanical strength and toughness requirements could be met simultaneously. Herein, dual cross-linked nanocellulose (DC) film was fabricated by the treatments of chemical and physical cross-linking, which was mechanically superior to pure nanocellulose (CNF) films. To further increase the toughness of DC films, spherical cellulose (Sph) was incorporated into DC film (DC-Sph film), and analyzed under different humidity conditions (RH) (from 10 % to 90 %). The changes of functional groups of CNF, DC and DC-Sph films were detected by FTIR and XPS spectrum. The epichlorohydrin and Sph content were optimized, followed by the investigation of RH on the toughness of films. The highest tensile strength (146.6 ± 4.6 MPa) was obtained in DC film at 50 % RH, while the DC-Sph film showed the largest toughness (40.3 ± 3.7 kJ/m2) at 70 % RH. Furthermore, the possible toughening mechanism of DC-Sph film was also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Collage of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Ruonan Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wenhui Qi
- Collage of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Xiaojing Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- Collage of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei 071001, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yafei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- National Engineering Lab for Pulp and Paper, China National Pulp and Paper Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Wenhang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sellman FA, Benselfelt T, Larsson PT, Wågberg L. Hornification of cellulose-rich materials - A kinetically trapped state. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 318:121132. [PMID: 37479442 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental understanding concerning cellulose-cellulose interactions under wet and dry conditions remains unclear. This is especially true regarding the drying-induced association of cellulose, commonly described as an irreversible phenomenon called hornification. A fundamental understanding of the mechanisms behind hornification would contribute to new drying techniques for cellulose-based materials in the pulp and paper industry while at the same time enhancing material properties and facilitating the recyclability of cellulose-rich materials. In the present work, the irreversible joining of cellulose-rich surfaces has been studied by subjecting cellulose nanofibril (CNF) films to different heat treatments to establish a link between reswelling properties, structural characteristics as well as chemical and mechanical analyses. A heating time/temperature dependence was observed for the reswelling of the CNF films, which is related to the extent of hornification and is different for different chemical compositions of the fibrils. Further, the results indicate that hornification is related to a diffusion process and that the reswellability increases very slowly over long time, indicating that equilibrium is not reached. Hence, hornification is suggested to be a kinetically limited phenomenon governed by non-covalent reversible interactions and a time/temperature dependence on their forming and breaking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farhiya Alex Sellman
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, 11428 Stockholm, Sweden; KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), 11428 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Tobias Benselfelt
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, 11428 Stockholm, Sweden; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Per Tomas Larsson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, 11428 Stockholm, Sweden; KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), 11428 Stockholm, Sweden; RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, 11486 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Wågberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, 11428 Stockholm, Sweden; KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), 11428 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sethi J, Wågberg L, Larsson PA. Water-resistant hybrid cellulose nanofibril films prepared by charge reversal on gibbsite nanoclays. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 295:119867. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
5
|
Li H, Kruteva M, Dulle M, Wang Z, Mystek K, Ji W, Pettersson T, Wågberg L. Understanding the Drying Behavior of Regenerated Cellulose Gel Beads: The Effects of Concentration and Nonsolvents. ACS NANO 2022; 16:2608-2620. [PMID: 35104108 PMCID: PMC8867908 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The drying behavior of regenerated cellulose gel beads swollen with different nonsolvents (e.g., water, ethanol, water/ethanol mixtures) is studied in situ on the macroscopic scale with an optical microscope as well as on nanoscale using small-angle/wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) techniques. Depending on the cellulose concentration, the structural evolution of beads during drying follows one of three distinct regimes. First, when the cellulose concentration is lower than 0.5 wt %, the drying process comprises three steps and, regardless of the water/ethanol mixture composition, a sharp structural transition corresponding to the formation of a cellulose II crystalline structure is observed. Second, when the cellulose concentration is higher than 5.0 wt %, a two-step drying process is observed and no structural transition occurs for any of the beads studied. Third, when the cellulose concentration is between 0.5 and 5.0 wt %, the drying process is dependent on the nonsolvent composition. A three-step drying process takes place for beads swollen with water/ethanol mixtures with a water content higher than 20%, while a two-step drying process is observed when the water content is lower than 20%. To describe the drying behavior governed by the cellulose concentration and nonsolvent composition, a simplified phase diagram is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Li
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margarita Kruteva
- Jülich
Centre for Neutron Scattering and Biological Matter (JCNS-1/IBI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Martin Dulle
- Jülich
Centre for Neutron Scattering and Biological Matter (JCNS-1/IBI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarzyna Mystek
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wenhai Ji
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torbjörn Pettersson
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Centre, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Centre, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li H, Roth SV, Freychet G, Zhernenkov M, Asta N, Wågberg L, Pettersson T. Structure Development of the Interphase between Drying Cellulose Materials Revealed by In Situ Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4274-4283. [PMID: 34541856 PMCID: PMC8512666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nano- to microscale structures at the interface between materials can define the macroscopic material properties. These structures are extremely difficult to investigate for complex material systems, such as cellulose-rich materials. The development of new model cellulose materials and measuring techniques has opened new possibilities to resolve this problem. We present a straightforward approach combining micro-focusing grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate the structural rearrangements of cellulose/cellulose interfaces in situ during drying. Based on the results, we propose that molecular interdiffusion and structural rearrangement play a major role in the development of the properties of the cellulose/cellulose interphase; this model is representative of the development of the properties of joint/contact points between macroscopic cellulose fibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Li
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Stephan V. Roth
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- National
Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National
Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Nadia Asta
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Centre, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm 10044, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Pettersson
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Centre, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm 10044, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Water-Preserving and Salt-Resistant Slow-Release Fertilizers of Polyacrylic Acid-Potassium Humate Coated Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172844. [PMID: 34502885 PMCID: PMC8434580 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyacrylic acid (PAA) has high water absorbency but poor salt resistance. Humic acid (HA) extracted from lignite was introduced into the cross-linked copolymer systems of AA to improve the water absorbency and salt-tolerance. A polyacrylic acid-potassium humate (PAA-KHA) coated ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) fertilizer with water-preserving, salt-resistant and slow-release properties was prepared. The main properties of HA extracted from lignite oxidized by H2O2 were studied. Furthermore, the synthesis process, water absorbency of PAA-KHA in deionized water and in NaCl solution, morphologies of PAA-KHA, and the slow-release performance of the fertilizer (ADP@PAA-KHA) were investigated. The results showed PAA-KHA had a layered interpenetrating network, which can provide sufficient storage space for water and nutrients. The salty water absorbency of PAA-KHA increased by about 3 times compared to PAA. Both the PO43− and NH4+ cumulative release of ADP@PAA-KHA with a coating rate of 10% in deionized water, were less than 20% within 24 h, and were 55.71% and 28.04% after the 15th day, respectively. The weight change of ADP@PAA-KHA before and after absorbing water was about 53 times in deionized water and about 4 times in 1 wt% of NaCl salty water. The results show that ADP@PAA-KHA has excellent properties of water retention, salt resistance and slow-release. This will efficiently improve the utilization of fertilizer and reduce the irrigation water consumption at the same time.
Collapse
|
8
|
Gorur Y, Reid MS, Montanari C, Larsson PT, Larsson PA, Wågberg L. Advanced Characterization of Self-Fibrillating Cellulose Fibers and Their Use in Tunable Filters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:32467-32478. [PMID: 34106700 PMCID: PMC8289225 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thorough characterization and fundamental understanding of cellulose fibers can help us develop new, sustainable material streams and advanced functional materials. As an emerging nanomaterial, cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have high specific surface area and good mechanical properties; however, handling and processing challenges have limited their widespread use. This work reports an in-depth characterization of self-fibrillating cellulose fibers (SFFs) and their use in smart, responsive filters capable of regulating flow and retaining nanoscale particles. By combining direct and indirect characterization methods with polyelectrolyte swelling theories, it was shown that introduction of charges and decreased supramolecular order in the fiber wall were responsible for the exceptional swelling and nanofibrillation of SFFs. Different microscopy techniques were used to visualize the swelling of SFFs before, during, and after nanofibrillation. Through filtration and pH adjustment, smart filters prepared via in situ nanofibrillation showed an ability to regulate the flow rate through the filter and a capacity of retaining 95% of 300 nm (diameter) silica nanoparticles. This exceptionally rapid and efficient approach for making smart filters directly addresses the challenges associated with dewatering of CNFs and bridges the gap between science and technology, making the widespread use of CNFs in high-performance materials a not-so-distant reality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunus
Can Gorur
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael S. Reid
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Céline Montanari
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Tomas Larsson
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- RISE
Bioeconomy, Drottning
Kristinas väg 61, P.O. Box 5604, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per A. Larsson
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Karlsson RMP, Larsson PT, Pettersson T, Wågberg L. Swelling of Cellulose-Based Fibrillar and Polymeric Networks Driven by Ion-Induced Osmotic Pressure. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:12261-12271. [PMID: 32986431 PMCID: PMC7586395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose-based model materials in the form of fibrillar networks and macromolecular hydrogels were used to investigate the ion-induced swelling in relation to the elasticity and structure of the network. Both networks were charged by the introduction of carboxyl groups onto the cellulose surface, and the dimensions of the networks in aqueous solution were measured as a function of pH. The use of cellulose-model materials that contained either noncrystalline cellulose or cellulose I fibrils made it possible to model the effect of the ion-induced osmotic pressure of a delignified wood fiber wall. The noncrystalline hydrogels represented the noncrystalline domains of the fiber wall and the fibrillar network represented the supramolecular network of cellulose I fibrils of the fiber wall. The experimental results were compared to swelling potentials computed using the Donnan theory, and it was found that the ion-induced water uptake within the cellulose networks followed the theoretical predictions to a large extent. However, fibrillar networks were found to plastically deform upon swelling and deviated from the ideal Donnan theory for polyelectrolyte gel networks. Upon addition of salt to the aqueous phase surrounding the cellulose materials, both hydrogels and fibrillar networks deviated from the Donnan theory predictions, suggesting that structural differences between the networks impact their swelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rose-Marie Pernilla Karlsson
- Department
of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Tomas Larsson
- Department
of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- RISE
Bioeconomy, Drottning
Kristinas väg 61, 114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Pettersson
- Department
of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Division of Fiber Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department
of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Division of Fiber Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li H, Mystek K, Wågberg L, Pettersson T. Development of mechanical properties of regenerated cellulose beads during drying as investigated by atomic force microscopy. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:6457-6462. [PMID: 32583840 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00866d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties as well as the size changes of swollen cellulose beads were measured in situ during solvent evaporation by atomic force microscopy (AFM) indentation measurement combined with optical microscopy. Three factors are proposed to govern the mechanical properties of the cellulose beads in the swollen state and during drying: (i) the cellulose concentration, (ii) the interaction between the cellulose entities, (iii) the heterogeneity of the network structure within the cellulose beads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Li
- Department of Fibre- and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Katarzyna Mystek
- Department of Fibre- and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department of Fibre- and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden. and Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Pettersson
- Department of Fibre- and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden. and Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li H, Kruteva M, Mystek K, Dulle M, Ji W, Pettersson T, Wågberg L. Macro- and Microstructural Evolution during Drying of Regenerated Cellulose Beads. ACS NANO 2020; 14:6774-6784. [PMID: 32383585 PMCID: PMC7315634 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The macro- and microstructural evolution of water swollen and ethanol swollen regenerated cellulose gel beads have been determined during drying by optical microscopy combined with analytical balance measurements, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). Two characteristic length scales, which are related to the molecular dimension of cellulose monomer and elongated aggregates of these monomers, could be identified for both types of beads by SAXS. For ethanol swollen beads, only small changes to the structures were detected in both the SAXS and WAXS measurements during the entire drying process. However, the drying of cellulose from water follows a more complex process when compared to drying from ethanol. As water swollen beads dried, they went through a structural transition where elongated structures changed to spherical structures and their dimensions increased from 3.6 to 13.5 nm. After complete drying from water, the nanostructures were characterized as a combination of rodlike structures with an approximate size of cellulose monomers (0.5 nm), and spherical aggregates (13.5 nm) without any indication of heterogeneous meso- or microporosity. In addition, WAXS shows that cellulose II hydrate structure appears and transforms to cellulose II during water evaporation, however it is not possible to determine the degree of crystallinity of the beads from the present measurements. This work sheds lights on the structural changes that occur within regenerated cellulose materials during drying and can aid in the design and application of cellulosic materials as fibers, adhesives, and membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Li
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology and Wallenberg Wood Science Centre,
School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margarita Kruteva
- Jülich Centre for Neutron
Scattering and Biological Matter
(JCNS-1/IBI-8) and Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS (JCNS-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Mystek
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology and Wallenberg Wood Science Centre,
School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Dulle
- Jülich Centre for Neutron
Scattering and Biological Matter
(JCNS-1/IBI-8) and Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS (JCNS-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Wenhai Ji
- Jülich Centre for Neutron
Scattering and Biological Matter
(JCNS-1/IBI-8) and Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS (JCNS-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Torbjörn Pettersson
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology and Wallenberg Wood Science Centre,
School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology and Wallenberg Wood Science Centre,
School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Capezza AJ, Lundman M, Olsson RT, Newson WR, Hedenqvist MS, Johansson E. Carboxylated Wheat Gluten Proteins: A Green Solution for Production of Sustainable Superabsorbent Materials. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:1709-1719. [PMID: 31899621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized wheat gluten (WG) protein particles with the ability to absorb fluids within the superabsorbent range are presented. Ethyleneditetraacetic dianhydride (EDTAD), a nontoxic acylation agent, was used for the functionalization of the WG protein at higher protein content than previously reported and no additional chemical cross-linking. The 150-550 μm protein particles had 50-150 nm nanopores induced by drying. The EDTAD treated WG were able to absorb 22, 5, and 3 times of, respectively, water, saline and blood, per gram of dry material (g/g), corresponding to 1000, 150 and 100% higher values than for the as-received WG powder. The liquid retention capacity after centrifugation revealed that almost 50% of the saline liquid was retained within the protein network, which is similar to that for petroleum-based superabsorbent polymers (SAPs). An advantageous feature of these biobased particulate materials is that the maximum swelling is obtained within the first 10 min of exposure, that is, in contrast to many commercial SAP alternatives. The large swelling in a denaturation agent (6 M urea) solution (about 32 g/g) suggests that the secondary entangled/folded structure of the protein restricts protein network expansion and when disrupted allows the absorption of even higher amounts of liquid. The increased liquid uptake, utilization of inexpensive protein coproducts, easy scalable protocols, and absence of any toxic chemicals make these new WG-based SAP particles an interesting alternative to petroleum-based SAP in, for example, absorbent disposable hygiene products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Capezza
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 10044, Sweden.,Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Landscape Planning, Horticulturem and Crop Production Sciences, SLU Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp 23053, Sweden
| | - Malin Lundman
- Essity Hygiene and Health AB, SE-405 03, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard T Olsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 10044, Sweden
| | - William R Newson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Landscape Planning, Horticulturem and Crop Production Sciences, SLU Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp 23053, Sweden
| | - Mikael S Hedenqvist
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 10044, Sweden
| | - Eva Johansson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Landscape Planning, Horticulturem and Crop Production Sciences, SLU Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp 23053, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Capezza A, Wu Q, Newson WR, Olsson RT, Espuche E, Johansson E, Hedenqvist MS. Superabsorbent and Fully Biobased Protein Foams with a Natural Cross-Linker and Cellulose Nanofibers. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:18257-18267. [PMID: 31720526 PMCID: PMC6844118 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of fully natural wheat gluten foams showing rapid and high uptake of water, sheep blood, and saline solution, while maintaining high mechanical stability in the swollen state, is presented. Genipin was added as a natural and polar cross-linker to increase the polarity of the protein chains, whereas cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were added as a reinforcement/stiffener of the foams, alone or in combination with the genipin. The presence of only genipin resulted in a foam that absorbed up to 25 g of water per gram of foam and a more than 15 g uptake in only 8 min. In contrast, with CNF alone, it was not possible to maintain the mechanical stability of the foam during the water uptake and the protein foam disintegrated. The combination of CNF and genipin yielded a material with the best mechanical stability of the tested samples. In the latter case, the foam could be compressed repeatedly more than 80% without displaying any structural damage. The results revealed that a strong network had formed between the wheat gluten matrix, genipin, and cellulose in the foam structure. A unique feature of the absorbent/foam, in contrast to commercial superabsorbents, was that it was able to rapidly absorb nonpolar liquids (here, n-heptane) due to the open-cell structure. The capillary-driven absorption due to the open-cell structure, the high liquid absorption in the cell walls, and the mechanical properties (both in dry and swollen states) of these natural foams make them interesting as a sustainable replacement for a range of petroleum-based foam materials, including absorbent hygiene products such as sanitary pads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio
J. Capezza
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Fibre
and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Plant Breeding, SLU Swedish University
of Agricultural Sciences, Sundsvägen 10, P.O. Box
101, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Qiong Wu
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Fibre
and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William R. Newson
- Department
of Plant Breeding, SLU Swedish University
of Agricultural Sciences, Sundsvägen 10, P.O. Box
101, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Richard T. Olsson
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Fibre
and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eliane Espuche
- Ingénierie
des Matériaux Polymères, Univ
Lyon, Université Lyon1, UMR CNRS 5223, Bâtiment Polytech, 15, Bd. André Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Eva Johansson
- Department
of Plant Breeding, SLU Swedish University
of Agricultural Sciences, Sundsvägen 10, P.O. Box
101, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Mikael S. Hedenqvist
- School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Fibre
and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|