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Soiklom S, Siri-anusornsak W, Petchpoung K, Kansandee W. Development of Anthocyanin-Rich Gel Beads from Colored Rice for Encapsulation and In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion. Molecules 2024; 29:270. [PMID: 38202851 PMCID: PMC10781165 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Colored rice anthocyanins are water-soluble natural pigments that can be used as an active ingredient in healthy food and pharmaceutical products. However, anthocyanin utilization is limited because of its instability. This work produced anthocyanin-rich gel beads from colored rice using a modified ionotropic gelation technique for encapsulation, and their efficacy was studied in vitro in the gastrointestinal tract. In total, 15 colored rice samples of three types (whole grain rice, ground rice, and ground germinated rice) were screened to identify the highest anthocyanin content. The anthocyanin content of the whole grain rice was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than it was in the ground and ground germinated rice. The sample with the highest anthocyanin content (1062.7 µg/g) was the black glutinous rice grain from Phrae, chosen based on its anthocyanin-rich crude extract. A new formula using a modified ionotropic gelation technique was prepared for the inclusion of the extract in gel beads. The results indicated that the incorporation of oil and wax significantly increased the encapsulation efficiency of the gel beads (% EE value of 85.43%) and improved the bioavailability of the active ingredient. Moreover, after simulated digestion, the release of anthocyanin and total phenolic content occurred more than five times. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the surface of the gel beads was smooth. Furthermore, the presence of polyphenols and polysaccharides in the gel beads was confirmed using FTIR. The oil-wax-incorporated, anthocyanin-rich gel beads could be implemented for antioxidant delivery into the gastrointestinal tract to further improve healthy food and nutraceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriwan Soiklom
- Scientific Equipment and Research Division, Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (W.S.-a.); (K.P.); (W.K.)
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Su CY, Xia T, Li D, Wang LJ, Wang Y. Hybrid biodegradable materials from starch and hydrocolloid: fabrication, properties and applications of starch-hydrocolloid film, gel and bead. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37707437 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2257786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The potential for utilizing starch and hydrocolloids as sustainable biomaterials has garnered significant attention among researchers. The biodegradability and functional properties of composite films, gels, and beads, as well as their environmental friendliness, make them attractive options for a variety of applications. However, the hydrophilicity, brittleness, and regeneration limitations of starch materials can be addressed through the incorporation of non-starch hydrocolloids. This article summarizes the formation mechanisms and interactions of starch-hydrocolloid films, gels, and gel beads, evaluates the factors that affect their structural and functional properties, and presents an overview of the progress made in their physicochemical and functional applications. The structure of starch-hydrocolloid composites is primarily formed through hydrogen bond interactions, and the source, proportion, and preparation conditions of the components are critical factors that affect the properties of the biomaterials. Starch-hydrocolloid films are primarily used for extending the shelf life of food products and detecting food freshness. Starch-hydrocolloid gels are utilized as adsorption materials, wound dressings, and flexible sensors, and starch-hydrocolloid beads are primarily employed for the controlled release of bioactive substances. It is clear that starch-hydrocolloid composites have the potential to develop novel advanced materials for various applications in the food, biological, and materials industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Su
- College of Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Xia
- College of Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Li
- College of Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
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Jing Q, Ma Y, He J, Ren Z. Highly Stable, Mechanically Enhanced, and Easy-to-Collect Sodium Alginate/NZVI-rGO Gel Beads for Efficient Removal of Cr(VI). Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3764. [PMID: 37765618 PMCID: PMC10534353 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) is a material that is extensively applied for water pollution treatment, but its poor dispersibility, easy oxidation, and inconvenient collection limit its application. To overcome these drawbacks and limit secondary contamination of nanomaterials, we confine NZVI supported by reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in the scaffold of sodium alginate (SA) gel beads (SA/NZVI-rGO). Scanning electron microscopy showed that the NZVI was uniformly dispersed in the gel beads. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that the hydrogen bonding and conjugation between SA and rGO allowed the NZVI-rGO to be successfully embedded in SA. Furthermore, the mechanical strength, swelling resistance, and Cr(VI) removal capacity of SA/NZVI-rGO were enhanced by optimizing the ratio of NZVI and rGO. Interestingly, cation exchange may drive Cr(VI) removal above 82% over a wide pH range. In the complex environment of actual Cr(VI) wastewater, Cr(VI) removal efficiency still reached 70.25%. Pseudo-first-order kinetics and Langmuir adsorption isotherm are preferred to explain the removal process. The mechanism of Cr(VI) removal by SA/NZVI-rGO is dominated by reduction and adsorption. The sustainable removal of Cr(VI) by packed columns could be well fitted by the Thomas, Adams-Bohart, and Yoon-Nelson models, and importantly, the gel beads maintained integrity during the prolonged removal. These results will contribute significant insights into the practical application of SA/NZVI-rGO beads for the Cr(VI) removal in aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jing
- Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (Y.M.); (J.H.); (Z.R.)
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Li H, Kruteva M, Dulle M, Wang Z, Mystek K, Ji W, Pettersson T, Wågberg L. Understanding the Drying Behavior of Regenerated Cellulose Gel Beads: The Effects of Concentration and Nonsolvents. ACS Nano 2022; 16:2608-2620. [PMID: 35104108 PMCID: PMC8867908 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The drying behavior of regenerated cellulose gel beads swollen with different nonsolvents (e.g., water, ethanol, water/ethanol mixtures) is studied in situ on the macroscopic scale with an optical microscope as well as on nanoscale using small-angle/wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) techniques. Depending on the cellulose concentration, the structural evolution of beads during drying follows one of three distinct regimes. First, when the cellulose concentration is lower than 0.5 wt %, the drying process comprises three steps and, regardless of the water/ethanol mixture composition, a sharp structural transition corresponding to the formation of a cellulose II crystalline structure is observed. Second, when the cellulose concentration is higher than 5.0 wt %, a two-step drying process is observed and no structural transition occurs for any of the beads studied. Third, when the cellulose concentration is between 0.5 and 5.0 wt %, the drying process is dependent on the nonsolvent composition. A three-step drying process takes place for beads swollen with water/ethanol mixtures with a water content higher than 20%, while a two-step drying process is observed when the water content is lower than 20%. To describe the drying behavior governed by the cellulose concentration and nonsolvent composition, a simplified phase diagram is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Li
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margarita Kruteva
- Jülich
Centre for Neutron Scattering and Biological Matter (JCNS-1/IBI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Martin Dulle
- Jülich
Centre for Neutron Scattering and Biological Matter (JCNS-1/IBI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarzyna Mystek
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wenhai Ji
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torbjörn Pettersson
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Centre, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Centre, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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Li H, Kruteva M, Mystek K, Dulle M, Ji W, Pettersson T, Wågberg L. Macro- and Microstructural Evolution during Drying of Regenerated Cellulose Beads. ACS Nano 2020; 14:6774-6784. [PMID: 32383585 PMCID: PMC7315634 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The macro- and microstructural evolution of water swollen and ethanol swollen regenerated cellulose gel beads have been determined during drying by optical microscopy combined with analytical balance measurements, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). Two characteristic length scales, which are related to the molecular dimension of cellulose monomer and elongated aggregates of these monomers, could be identified for both types of beads by SAXS. For ethanol swollen beads, only small changes to the structures were detected in both the SAXS and WAXS measurements during the entire drying process. However, the drying of cellulose from water follows a more complex process when compared to drying from ethanol. As water swollen beads dried, they went through a structural transition where elongated structures changed to spherical structures and their dimensions increased from 3.6 to 13.5 nm. After complete drying from water, the nanostructures were characterized as a combination of rodlike structures with an approximate size of cellulose monomers (0.5 nm), and spherical aggregates (13.5 nm) without any indication of heterogeneous meso- or microporosity. In addition, WAXS shows that cellulose II hydrate structure appears and transforms to cellulose II during water evaporation, however it is not possible to determine the degree of crystallinity of the beads from the present measurements. This work sheds lights on the structural changes that occur within regenerated cellulose materials during drying and can aid in the design and application of cellulosic materials as fibers, adhesives, and membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Li
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology and Wallenberg Wood Science Centre,
School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margarita Kruteva
- Jülich Centre for Neutron
Scattering and Biological Matter
(JCNS-1/IBI-8) and Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS (JCNS-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Mystek
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology and Wallenberg Wood Science Centre,
School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Dulle
- Jülich Centre for Neutron
Scattering and Biological Matter
(JCNS-1/IBI-8) and Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS (JCNS-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Wenhai Ji
- Jülich Centre for Neutron
Scattering and Biological Matter
(JCNS-1/IBI-8) and Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS (JCNS-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Torbjörn Pettersson
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology and Wallenberg Wood Science Centre,
School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology and Wallenberg Wood Science Centre,
School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Lee SY, Jo YJ, Choi MJ, Lee BY, Han JK, Lim JK, Oh JW. Effect of Coating Method on the Survival Rate of L. plantarum for Chicken Feed. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2014; 34:230-7. [PMID: 26760943 PMCID: PMC4597852 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2014.34.2.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to find the most suitable method and wall material for microencapsulation of the Lactobacillus plantarum to maintain cell viability in different environmental conditions. To improve the stability of L. plantarum, we developed an encapsulation system of L. plantarum, using water-in-oil emulsion system. For the encapsulation of L. plantarum, corn starch and glyceryl monostearate were selected to form gel beads. Then 10% (w/v) of starch was gelatinized by autoclaving to transit gel state, and cooled down at 60ºC and mixed with L. plantarum to encapsulate it. The encapsulated L. plantarum was tested for the tolerance of acidic conditions at different temperatures to investigate the encapsulation ability. The study indicated that the survival rate of the microencapsulated cells in starch matrix was significantly higher than that of free cells in low pH conditions with relatively higher temperature. The results showed that corn starch as a wall material and glycerol monostearate as a gelling agent in encapsulation could play a role in the viability of lactic acid bacteria in extreme conditions. Using the current study, it would be possible to formulate a new water-in-oil system as applied in the protection of L. plantarum from the gastric conditions for the encapsulation system used in chicken feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yoon Lee
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Yeon-Ji Jo
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Mi-Jung Choi
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Boo-Yong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, CHA University, Sungnam 463-836, Korea
| | | | - Jae Kag Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Korea Polytechnic University, Gyeonggi 429-793, Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Oh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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