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Jeong C, Kim HJ. YabJ from Staphylococcus aureus entraps chlorides within its pocket. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 710:149892. [PMID: 38581951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Chlorination is a potent disinfectant against various microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses, by inducing protein modifications and functional changes. Chlorine, in the form of sodium hypochlorite, stands out as the predominant sanitizer choice due to its cost-effectiveness and powerful antimicrobial properties. Upon exposure to chlorination, proteins undergo modifications, with amino acids experiencing alterations through the attachment of chloride or oxygen atoms. These modifications lead to shifts in protein function and the modulation of downstream signaling pathways, ultimately resulting in a bactericidal effect. However, certain survival proteins, such as chaperones or transcription factors, aid organisms in overcoming harsh chlorination conditions. The expression of YabJ, a highly conserved protein from Staphylococcus aureus, is regulated by a stress-activated sigma factor called sigma B (σB). This research revealed that S. aureus YabJ maintains its structural integrity even under intense chlorination conditions and harbors sodium hypochlorite molecules within its surface pocket. Notably, the pocket of S. aureus YabJ is primarily composed of amino acids less susceptible to chlorination-induced damage, rendering it resistant to such effects. This study elucidates how S. aureus YabJ evades the detrimental effects of chlorination and highlights its role in sequestering sodium hypochlorite within its structure. Consequently, this process enhances resilience and facilitates adaptation to challenging environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheolwoo Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju, 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju, 55338, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Lin W, Chen H, Chen X, Guo C. The Roles of Neutrophil-Derived Myeloperoxidase (MPO) in Diseases: The New Progress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:132. [PMID: 38275657 PMCID: PMC10812636 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a heme-containing peroxidase, mainly expressed in neutrophils and, to a lesser extent, in monocytes. MPO is known to have a broad bactericidal ability via catalyzing the reaction of Cl- with H2O2 to produce a strong oxidant, hypochlorous acid (HOCl). However, the overproduction of MPO-derived oxidants has drawn attention to its detrimental role, especially in diseases characterized by acute or chronic inflammation. Broadly speaking, MPO and its derived oxidants are involved in the pathological processes of diseases mainly through the oxidation of biomolecules, which promotes inflammation and oxidative stress. Meanwhile, some researchers found that MPO deficiency or using MPO inhibitors could attenuate inflammation and tissue injuries. Taken together, MPO might be a promising target for both prognostic and therapeutic interventions. Therefore, understanding the role of MPO in the progress of various diseases is of great value. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the diverse roles of MPO in the progression of several diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, renal diseases, and lung diseases (including COVID-19). This information serves as a valuable reference for subsequent mechanistic research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China;
| | - Huili Chen
- Center of System Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Xijing Chen
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China;
| | - Chaorui Guo
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China;
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Hongyan J, Pengcheng C, Chihong Z, Xiaoqian Q, Danying W, Jianguo F. Serum high-density lipoprotein level and prognosis of ovarian cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35561. [PMID: 37832112 PMCID: PMC10578687 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level in patients with ovarian cancer. This study enrolled 152 patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer and 119 patients with benign ovarian tumors. The associations of patient characteristics and disease with survival were determined using Cox regression analysis, t tests, analysis of variance for multiple-group comparisons, and chi-square tests. The potential association between HDL levels and the clinical characteristics of the disease was also analyzed. The diagnostic value of HDL was estimated using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and calculation of the area under the curve. Progression-free survival and overall survival were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method, and their associations with patient and pathological variables, including HDL, were determined using the log-rank test. The median serum HDL was 1.15 mm measured in 152 patients with ovarian cancer and 1.30 mm in 119 patients with benign ovarian tumors (P = .000054). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis yielded an area under the curve of 0.735 for serum HDL levels. Serum HDL levels were significantly associated with tumor pathological types (non-serous vs serous, P < .05). No association was observed between serum HDL levels and patient age, age at menarche or marriage, number of children, tumor grade, or clinical stage (P > .05). Patients with high serum HDL levels had a longer progression-free survival and overall survival than those with low serum HDL levels. Serum HDL levels are an independent prognostic factor for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Hongyan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Pengcheng
- Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhu Chihong
- Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Xiaoqian
- Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wan Danying
- Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Jianguo
- Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Bacchetti T, Morresi C, Ferretti G, Larsson A, Åkerfeldt T, Svensson M. Effects of Seven Weeks of Combined Physical Training on High-Density Lipoprotein Functionality in Overweight/Obese Subjects. Metabolites 2023; 13:1068. [PMID: 37887393 PMCID: PMC10609075 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to investigate the effects of exercise on HDL composition and functional properties in overweight/obese subjects. Eighteen overweight/obese subjects (nine F and nine M, BMI = 30.3 ± 3 kg/m2) attended supervised training for 7 weeks. The protocol included combined resistance and conditioning training four to five times each week. The activity of the antioxidant enzyme paraoxonase-1 (PON1) associated with HDL was evaluated in all subjects before and after the training intervention. Moreover, myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels and oxidative stress markers (ox-LDLs and total antioxidant capacity) were studied in the serums of the subjects. At the end of the intervention, the activity of PON1 was increased (p < 0.0001), and MPO levels and the MPO/PON1 ratio were decreased (p < 0.0001). In addition, a significant improvement in muscle strength and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) (p < 0.0001) and a significant reduction in total and visceral adipose tissue mass (p < 0.001) and waist circumference (p < 0.008), without any significant decrease in body weight, were observed. A significant correlation was established between serum MPO/PON ratios, HDL redox activity and ox-LDLs. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that exercise training, without modifications of dietary habits, improved HDL functionality in overweight/obese adults, without any significant reduction in BMI or modifications of glucose and lipid biochemical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bacchetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Camilla Morresi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Gianna Ferretti
- Department of Clinical Science and Odontostomatology, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
- Center for Health Promotion, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Anders Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.L.); (T.Å.)
| | - Torbjörn Åkerfeldt
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.L.); (T.Å.)
| | - Michael Svensson
- Section of Sports Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, 90 187 Umeå, Sweden;
- Umeå School of Sport Sciences, Umeå University, 90 187 Umeå, Sweden
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Li JX, Tian R, Lu N. Quercetin Attenuates Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction in Atherosclerotic Mice by Inhibiting Myeloperoxidase and NADPH Oxidase Function. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:260-269. [PMID: 36719041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) exhibits a unique property to use H2O2 to oxidize chloride and lead to the generation of a strong oxidant, hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which plays important roles in atherosclerosis. A lot of evidence indicates that quercetin, a natural polyphenol derived from human diet, effectively contributes to cardiovascular health. Herein, we found that dietary quercetin significantly inhibited vascular endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that dietary quercetin effectively suppressed the MPO level and activity in the vessels of ApoE-/- animals, and p47phox expression and NADPH oxidase activity were simultaneously attenuated after quercetin treatment. In vascular endothelial cells, NADPH oxidase was demonstrated to be the major source of H2O2 formation. Moreover, quercetin effectively attenuated MPO/H2O2-mediated HOCl production and toxicity to human vascular endothelial cells, and this compound was not toxic. The inhibitory effect on MPO activity was likely attributed to that quercetin significantly inhibited NADPH oxidase-derived H2O2 formation in human endothelial cells and could act as an effective mediator for MPO intermediates, subsequently preventing HOCl production by the MPO/H2O2 system. Collectively, it was suggested that quercetin effectively suppressed endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerotic vasculature through the reduction of MPO/NADPH oxidase-mediated HOCl production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xin Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University, Ziyang Road 99, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Rong Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University, Ziyang Road 99, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Naihao Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University, Ziyang Road 99, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
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Siraki AG. The many roles of myeloperoxidase: From inflammation and immunity to biomarkers, drug metabolism and drug discovery. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102109. [PMID: 34455146 PMCID: PMC8403760 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides a practical guide to myeloperoxidase (MPO) and presents to the reader the diversity of its presence in biology. The review provides a historical background, from peroxidase activity to the discovery of MPO, to its role in disease and drug development. MPO is discussed in terms of its necessity, as specific individuals lack MPO expression. An underlying theme presented throughout brings up the question of the benefit and burden of MPO activity. Enzyme structure is discussed, including accurate masses and glycosylation sites. The catalytic cycle of MPO and its corresponding pathways are presented, with a discussion of the importance of the redox couples of the different states of MPO. Cell lines expressing MPO are discussed and practically summarized for the reader, and locations of MPO (primary and secondary) are provided. Useful methods of MPO detection are discussed, and how these can be used for studying disease processes are implied through the presentation of MPO as a biomarker. The presence of MPO in neutrophil extracellular traps is presented, and the activators of the former are provided. Lastly, the transition from drug metabolism to a target for drug development is where the review concludes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno G Siraki
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Lee CK, Liao CW, Meng SW, Wu WK, Chiang JY, Wu MS. Lipids and Lipoproteins in Health and Disease: Focus on Targeting Atherosclerosis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080985. [PMID: 34440189 PMCID: PMC8393881 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in pharmacotherapy, intervention devices and techniques, residual cardiovascular risks still cause a large burden on public health. Whilst most guidelines encourage achieving target levels of specific lipids and lipoproteins to reduce these risks, increasing evidence has shown that molecular modification of these lipoproteins also has a critical impact on their atherogenicity. Modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by oxidation, glycation, peroxidation, apolipoprotein C-III adhesion, and the small dense subtype largely augment its atherogenicity. Post-translational modification by oxidation, carbamylation, glycation, and imbalance of molecular components can reduce the capacity of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) for reverse cholesterol transport. Elevated levels of triglycerides (TGs), apolipoprotein C-III and lipoprotein(a), and a decreased level of apolipoprotein A-I are closely associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Pharmacotherapies aimed at reducing TGs, lipoprotein(a), and apolipoprotein C-III, and enhancing apolipoprotein A-1 are undergoing trials, and promising preliminary results have been reported. In this review, we aim to update the evidence on modifications of major lipid and lipoprotein components, including LDL, HDL, TG, apolipoprotein, and lipoprotein(a). We also discuss examples of translating findings from basic research to potential therapeutic targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Kuo Lee
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-K.L.); (C.-W.L.); (S.-W.M.); (W.-K.W.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu 300, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Liao
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-K.L.); (C.-W.L.); (S.-W.M.); (W.-K.W.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Meng
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-K.L.); (C.-W.L.); (S.-W.M.); (W.-K.W.)
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu 300, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Kai Wu
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-K.L.); (C.-W.L.); (S.-W.M.); (W.-K.W.)
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Yang Chiang
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-K.L.); (C.-W.L.); (S.-W.M.); (W.-K.W.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.C.); (M.-S.W.)
| | - Ming-Shiang Wu
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-K.L.); (C.-W.L.); (S.-W.M.); (W.-K.W.)
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.C.); (M.-S.W.)
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Schoch L, Badimon L, Vilahur G. Unraveling the Complexity of HDL Remodeling: On the Hunt to Restore HDL Quality. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070805. [PMID: 34356869 PMCID: PMC8301317 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has cast doubt over the HDL-cholesterol hypothesis. The complexity of the HDL particle and its proven susceptibility to remodel has paved the way for intense molecular investigation. This state-of-the-art review discusses the molecular changes in HDL particles that help to explain the failure of large clinical trials intending to interfere with HDL metabolism, and details the chemical modifications and compositional changes in HDL-forming components, as well as miRNA cargo, that render HDL particles ineffective. Finally, the paper discusses the challenges that need to be overcome to shed a light of hope on HDL-targeted approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Schoch
- Cardiovascular Program, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (L.S.); (L.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona (UB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Program, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (L.S.); (L.B.)
- CiberCV, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Cardiovascular Research Chair, UAB, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Program, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (L.S.); (L.B.)
- CiberCV, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-935537100
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