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Zhou Y, Cui R, Zhang M, Tang F, Ma X, Wu X. Mitochondrial uptake of aristolactam I plays a critical role in its toxicity. Toxicol Lett 2024; 394:76-91. [PMID: 38428544 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Aristolochic acid I (AAI), a component of aristolochic acids, can be converted to the toxic metabolite Aristolactam I (ALI) in vivo which forms aristolactam-nitrenium with delocalized positive charges. It is widely accepted that delocalized lipophilic cations can accumulate in mitochondria due to the highly negatively charged microenvironment of the mitochondrial matrix, but the uptake of ALI by mitochondria is not known. In this study, the cell uptake and mitochondrial localization of ALI, and its subsequent impact on mitochondrial function were investigated. Results show that ALI can rapidly penetrate HK-2 cells without relying on organic anion transporters 1/3 (OAT1/3). The cellular distribution of ALI was found to align with the observed distribution of a mitochondria-selective dye in HK-2 cells. Furthermore, the cell uptake and mitochondrial uptake of ALI were both inhibited by carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone, which induces mitochondrial membrane depolarization. These results suggest that ALI is selectively taken up by mitochondria. Consequently, mitochondrial dysfunction was observed after treatment with ALI. It should be noted that inhibiting OAT1/3 could result in an increased exposure of ALI in vivo and cause more seriously nephrotoxicity. In conclusion, this research reports the mitochondrial uptake of ALI and provides new insight on potential strategies for protection against AAI-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Engineering Research Centre of Prevention and Control for Clinical Medication Risk, Gansu Province, China
| | - Ruirui Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mingkang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; College of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fabing Tang
- Pathology Department, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Ma
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Engineering Research Centre of Prevention and Control for Clinical Medication Risk, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xin'an Wu
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Engineering Research Centre of Prevention and Control for Clinical Medication Risk, Gansu Province, China.
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2
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Du C, Xu C, Jia P, Cai N, Zhang Z, Meng W, Chen L, Zhou Z, Wang Q, Feng R, Li J, Meng X, Huang C, Ma T. PSTPIP2 ameliorates aristolochic acid nephropathy by suppressing interleukin-19-mediated neutrophil extracellular trap formation. eLife 2024; 13:e89740. [PMID: 38314821 PMCID: PMC10906995 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) is a progressive kidney disease caused by herbal medicines. Proline-serine-threonine phosphatase-interacting protein 2 (PSTPIP2) and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play important roles in kidney injury and immune defense, respectively, but the mechanism underlying AAN regulation by PSTPIP2 and NETs remains unclear. We found that renal tubular epithelial cell (RTEC) apoptosis, neutrophil infiltration, inflammatory factor, and NET production were increased in a mouse model of AAN, while PSTPIP2 expression was low. Conditional knock-in of Pstpip2 in mouse kidneys inhibited cell apoptosis, reduced neutrophil infiltration, suppressed the production of inflammatory factors and NETs, and ameliorated renal dysfunction. Conversely, downregulation of Pstpip2 expression promoted kidney injury. In vivo, the use of Ly6G-neutralizing antibody to remove neutrophils and peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) inhibitors to prevent NET formation reduced apoptosis, alleviating kidney injury. In vitro, damaged RTECs released interleukin-19 (IL-19) via the PSTPIP2/nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway and induced NET formation via the IL-20Rβ receptor. Concurrently, NETs promoted apoptosis of damaged RTECs. PSTPIP2 affected NET formation by regulating IL-19 expression via inhibition of NF-κB pathway activation in RTECs, inhibiting RTEC apoptosis, and reducing kidney damage. Our findings indicated that neutrophils and NETs play a key role in AAN and therapeutic targeting of PSTPIP2/NF-κB/IL-19/IL-20Rβ might extend novel strategies to minimize Aristolochic acid I-mediated acute kidney injury and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlin Du
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Chuanting Xu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Pengcheng Jia
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Na Cai
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Zhenming Zhang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Wenna Meng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Lu Chen
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Zhongnan Zhou
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Qi Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Rui Feng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Jun Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Xiaoming Meng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Cheng Huang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Taotao Ma
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
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3
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Abolhassanzadeh Z, Ansari S, Lorigooini Z, Anjomshoa M, Bijad E, Ramezannezhad P, Zarei MH. The nephrotoxicity of Aristolochia rotunda L. in rats: Mitochondrion as a target for renal toxicity of Aristolochic acids-containing plants. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21848. [PMID: 38027649 PMCID: PMC10663901 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing trend in the usage of traditional medicine and herbal treatments. However, the misconception that they are completely safe resulted in irreversible complications and damages. The present study was conducted to investigate the potential renal toxicity of a commonly used drug in Iran's traditional medicine and pharmacy, known as Zaravand Gerd or Nokhod Alvand (Aristolochia rotunda L.). In Iranian traditional medicine, Zaravand Gerd is used as a remedy for respiratory system ailments, back pain, anxiety, headache and septic wounds. Fifty-six male rats were divided into seven groups (n = 8). The first group served as the control and received normal saline, while the second to seventh groups were administered varying doses of the aqueous extract of Zaravand Gerd (0.1, 0.5, 1.25, 2.5, and 5 g/kg) for a period of three weeks. Various parameters were measured to evaluate the potential kidney damage caused by the extract, including serum creatinine and BUN levels, as well as urine protein and glucose levels, which were analyzed using an autoanalyzer. Additionally, kidney tissue samples were examined pathologically, and mitochondria from the kidney tissue were isolated to assess mitochondrial parameters. The results of this study revealed that high doses of Zaravand Gerd extract led to a significant increase in urinary glucose and protein excretion compared to the control group. Pathological examination of the isolated kidney tissues indicated that the concentrations of 2.5 and 5 g/kg of Zaravand Gerd extract resulted in kidney damage and dilation of proximal convoluted tubules. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that high doses of the extract (2.5 and 5 g/kg) caused damage to the mitochondria. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the administration of high doses of Zaravand Gerd extract, which are not commonly used in traditional medicine, can have toxic effects on the kidneys in rats as an animal model. These results highlight the importance of considering the potential risks associated with herbal medicines and the necessity of usage based on scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Abolhassanzadeh
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Simin Ansari
- Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Zahra Lorigooini
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Maryam Anjomshoa
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Elham Bijad
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Pantea Ramezannezhad
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Zarei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Feng LL, Huang Z, Nong YY, Guo BJ, Wang QY, Qin JH, He Y, Zhu D, Guo HW, Qin YL, Zhong XY, Guo Y, Cheng B, Ou SF, Su ZH. Evaluation of aristolochic acid Ι nephrotoxicity in mice via 1H NMR quantitative metabolomics and network pharmacology approaches. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:282-295. [PMID: 37125334 PMCID: PMC10141773 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although many studies have shown that herbs containing aristolochic acids can treat various human diseases, AAΙ in particular has been implicated as a nephrotoxic agent. Methods and results Here, we detail the nephrotoxic effect of AAΙ via an approach that integrated 1H NMR-based metabonomics and network pharmacology. Our findings revealed renal injury in mice after the administration of AAΙ. Metabolomic data confirmed significant differences among the renal metabolic profiles of control and model groups, with significant reductions in 12 differential metabolites relevant to 23 metabolic pathways. Among them, there were seven important metabolic pathways: arginine and proline metabolism; glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; taurine and hypotaurine metabolism; ascorbate and aldehyde glycolate metabolism; pentose and glucosinolate interconversion; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; and glyoxylate and dicarboxylic acid metabolism. Relevant genes, namely, nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1), pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 (PYCR1), nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase 2 (GOT2), were highlighted via network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques. Quantitative real-time PCR findings revealed that AAI administration significantly downregulated GOT2 and NOS3 and significantly upregulated NOS1 and PYCR1 expression and thus influenced the metabolism of arginine and proline. Conclusion This work provides a meaningful insight for the mechanism of AAΙ renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Feng
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yun-Yuan Nong
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Bing-Jian Guo
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Qian-Yi Wang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Jing-Hua Qin
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Ying He
- First Clinical Medical College, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Hong-Wei Guo
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yue-Lian Qin
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhong
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yue Guo
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality Standards, Guangxi Institute of Traditional Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, No. 20-1 Dongge Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530022, China
| | - Bang Cheng
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Song-Feng Ou
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Zhi-Heng Su
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Biomedicine Precision Development, High-value Utilization Engineering Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Antigeriatric Drugs, Guangxi Medical University, No. 22 Shuangyong Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning 530021, China
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5
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Zhang J, Chan CK, Pavlović NM, Chan W. Effects of Diet on Aristolochic Acid-DNA Adduct Formation: Implications for Balkan Endemic Nephropathy Etiology. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:438-445. [PMID: 36881864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to aristolochic acids (AAs) through AA-containing herbal medicine or AA-contaminated food is associated with the development of aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) and Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), both public health risks to which the World Health Organization is calling for global action to remove exposure sources. The AA exposure-induced DNA damage is believed to be related to both the nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity of AA observed in patients suffering from BEN. While the chemical toxicology of AA is well-studied, we investigated in this study the understated effect of different nutrients, food additives, or health supplements on DNA adduct formation by aristolochic acid I (AA-I). By culturing human embryonic kidney cells in an AAI-containing medium enriched with different nutrients, results showed that cells cultured in fatty acid-, acetic acid-, and amino acid-enriched media produced ALI-dA adducts at significantly higher frequencies than that cultured in the normal medium. ALI-dA adduct formation was most sensitive to amino acids, indicating that amino acid- or protein-rich diets might lead to a higher risk of mutation and even cancer. On the other hand, cells cultured in media supplemented with sodium bicarbonate, GSH, and NAC reduced ALI-dA adduct formation rates, which sheds light on their potential use as risk-mitigating strategies for people at risk of AA exposure. It is anticipated that the results of this study will help to better understand the effect of dietary habits on cancer and BEN development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Kong Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | | - Wan Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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6
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Au CK, Ham YH, Chan W. Bioaccumulation and DNA Adduct Formation of Aristolactam I: Unmasking a Toxicological Mechanism in the Pathophysiology of Aristolochic Acid Nephropathy. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:322-329. [PMID: 36757010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to aristolochic acid (AA) through AA-containing herbal medicines or AA-tainted food is putting a large portion of the global population at risk of developing renal fibrosis and tumors of the upper urinary tract. In an effort to better understand the organotropic property of AA, we studied the cytotoxicity, absorption, oxidative-stress inducing potential, and DNA adduct formation capability of aristolactam I (ALI), one of the major urinary metabolites of aristolochic acid I (AAI) in human cells. Despite ALI having a slightly lower cytotoxicity than that of AAI, the analysis revealed, for the first time, that ALI is bioaccumulated 900 times more than that of AAI inside cultured kidney cells. Furthermore, ALI induced a significantly larger glutathione depletion than that of AAI in the exposed cells. Together with the formation of ALI-DNA adduct at a reasonably high abundance, results of this study unmasked a previously disregarded causative role of ALI in the organotropic tumor-targeting property of AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Kit Au
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yat-Hing Ham
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wan Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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7
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Feng J, Chen Z, Liang W, Wei Z, Ding G. Roles of Mitochondrial DNA Damage in Kidney Diseases: A New Biomarker. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315166. [PMID: 36499488 PMCID: PMC9735745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney is a mitochondria-rich organ, and kidney diseases are recognized as mitochondria-related pathologies. Intact mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintains normal mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by mtDNA damage, including impaired mtDNA replication, mtDNA mutation, mtDNA leakage, and mtDNA methylation, is involved in the progression of kidney diseases. Herein, we review the roles of mtDNA damage in different setting of kidney diseases, including acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In a variety of kidney diseases, mtDNA damage is closely associated with loss of kidney function. The level of mtDNA in peripheral serum and urine also reflects the status of kidney injury. Alleviating mtDNA damage can promote the recovery of mitochondrial function by exogenous drug treatment and thus reduce kidney injury. In short, we conclude that mtDNA damage may serve as a novel biomarker for assessing kidney injury in different causes of renal dysfunction, which provides a new theoretical basis for mtDNA-targeted intervention as a therapeutic option for kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Feng
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Zhaowei Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Zhongping Wei
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Guohua Ding
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
- Correspondence:
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8
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Upadhyay R, Batuman V. Aristolochic acid I induces proximal tubule injury through ROS/HMGB1/mt DNA mediated activation of TLRs. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:4277-4291. [PMID: 35765703 PMCID: PMC9345294 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acids (AAs) are extracted from certain plants as folk remedies for centuries until their nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity were recognized. Aristolochic acid I (AAI) is one of the main pathogenic compounds, and it has nephrotoxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. Previous studies have shown that AAI acts mainly on proximal renal tubular epithelial cells; however, the mechanisms of AAI‐induced proximal tubule cell damage are still not fully characterized. We exposed human kidney proximal tubule cells (PTCs; HK2 cell line) to AAI in vitro at different time/dose conditions and assessed cell proliferation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, nitric oxide (NO) production, m‐RNA/ protein expressions and mitochondrial dysfunction. AAI exposure decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis, ROS generation / NO production in PTCs significantly at 24 h. Gene/ protein expression studies demonstrated activation of innate immunity (TLRs 2, 3, 4 and 9, HMGB1), inflammatory (IL6, TNFA, IL1B, IL18, TGFB and NLRP3) and kidney injury (LCN2) markers. AAI also induced epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mitochondrial dysfunction in HK2 cells. TLR9 knock‐down and ROS inhibition were able to ameliorate the toxic effect of AAI. In conclusion, AAI treatment caused injury to PTCs through ROS‐HMGB1/mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA)‐mediated activation of TLRs and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Upadhyay
- Section of Nephrology and Hypertension, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Vecihi Batuman
- Section of Nephrology and Hypertension, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Medicine Service, Section of Nephrology, Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System (SLVHCS), New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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9
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Zhang J, Chan KKJ, Chan W. Synergistic Interaction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Phthalate Esters, or Phenol on DNA Adduct Formation by Aristolochic Acid I: Insights into the Etiology of Balkan Endemic Nephropathy. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:849-857. [PMID: 35471859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) is a multifactorial environmental disease, with chronic exposure to aristolochic acids (AAs) through AA-contaminated food being one of the major etiological mechanisms. However, the bulk of previous research has only focused on investigating the possible roles of individual pollutants in disease development and the etiological mechanism of BEN remains controversial. In this study, we investigated the exposure concentration and duration dependence of coexposure to phthalate esters and lignite coal-derived phenol and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the metabolism and DNA adduct formation of aristolochic acid I (AAI). Results showed that both the metabolic activation and DNA adduct formation of AAI in cultured human kidney cells were affected by their coexposure to the above-mentioned environmental pollutants. Furthermore, our results suggest that chemicals leached from lignite coal likely played a role by triggering AA-activating enzymes to produce more of the promutagenic DNA adducts, thus further elevating the nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity of AAs and increasing the risk of BEN. It is believed that the results of this study provide a better understanding of the etiological mechanism of BEN and offer insights into methods and policies to lower the risk of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kwan-Kit Jason Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wan Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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