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Bellouard M, de la GrandMaison GL, Rambaud C, Marmorat JL, Grimaldi L, Nkam L, Larabi IA, Alvarez JC. Target Organs of Metals Released from Metal-on-Polyethylene Knee and Hip Arthroplasty Implants: Implications for Tissue Metal Profiles. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04278-2. [PMID: 38941062 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Metals are used in orthopedic implants. The wear of arthroplasty implant can lead to the release of arthroprosthetic metals, both locally and systemically, after migration into the organs. While the toxicity of metal-on-metal arthroplasty implants is well-known and monitored, the toxicity associated with metal-on-polyethylene (MoP) ones is not as comprehensively understood. This study aimed to investigate the release of metals from MoP arthroplasty implants and their impact on the tissue metal profile in autopsied individuals, comparing them to deceased controls without prostheses. High-resolution ICP-MS was employed to analyze 39 metals in the blood, urine, hair, organs, and periprosthetic tissue of 25 deceased individuals with arthroplasty implants and 20 control subjects (Prometox study, protocol ID: APHP180539, NCT03812627). Eight metals (beryllium, chromium, cobalt, lanthanum, molybdenum, nickel, tellurium, titanium) exhibited significant impacts in arthroplasty implant wearers across various organs. Increased concentrations of La and Be were observed, the origin of which could not be precisely defined within the scope of this study. Notably, the lungs emerged as the primary target organ for metallic ions contained in implants. This study suggests that MoP arthroplasty implants, even when functional and not visibly worn, release arthroprosthetic metals into the body, potentially causing disturbances. Furthermore, considering the presence of an arthroplasty implant in autopsy reports may be relevant, as the released metals could influence the tissue metal profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Bellouard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, AP-HP, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, GHU AP-HP. Paris-Saclay, Garches, 92380, France.
- Saclay/Versailles University, CESP, Team MOODS, U-1018, Plateform MasSpecLab, 78180, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France.
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, 104 Bvd Raymond Poincaré, Garches, 92380, France.
| | | | - Caroline Rambaud
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, AP-HP, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Garches, 92380, France
| | - Jean-Luc Marmorat
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Surgery, AP-HP, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Garches, 92380, France
| | - Lamiae Grimaldi
- AP-HP, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Paris Ouest Research Clinic Unit, Boulogne-Billancourt, 92100, France
| | - Lionelle Nkam
- AP-HP, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Paris Ouest Research Clinic Unit, Boulogne-Billancourt, 92100, France
| | - Islam-Amine Larabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, AP-HP, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, GHU AP-HP. Paris-Saclay, Garches, 92380, France
- Saclay/Versailles University, CESP, Team MOODS, U-1018, Plateform MasSpecLab, 78180, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Jean-Claude Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, AP-HP, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, GHU AP-HP. Paris-Saclay, Garches, 92380, France
- Saclay/Versailles University, CESP, Team MOODS, U-1018, Plateform MasSpecLab, 78180, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
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2
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Forma A, Grunwald A, Zembala P, Januszewski J, Brachet A, Zembala R, Świątek K, Baj J. Micronutrient Status and Breast Cancer: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4968. [PMID: 38732186 PMCID: PMC11084730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, at the same time being one of the most prevalent causes of women's death. Many factors such as alcohol, weight fluctuations, or hormonal replacement therapy can potentially contribute to breast cancer development and progression. Another important factor in breast cancer onset includes micronutrient status. In this narrative review, we analyzed 23 micronutrients and their possible influence on breast cancer onset and progression. Further, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of micronutrient status on the prevention of breast cancer and its possible influence on various therapeutic pathways. We researched meta-analyses, systemic and narrative reviews, retrospective studies, as well as original studies on human and animal models. The results of these studies indicate a possible correlation between the different levels of micronutrients and a decreased risk of breast cancer as well as a better survival rate. However, further studies are necessary to establish adequate doses of supplementation of the chosen micronutrients and the exact mechanisms of micronutrient impact on breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Forma
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Arkadiusz Grunwald
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Patryk Zembala
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jacek Januszewski
- Department of Correct, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Chair of Fundamental Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (J.J.); (K.Ś.); (J.B.)
| | - Adam Brachet
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Roksana Zembala
- Faculty of Medicine, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Wóycickiego 1/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Kamila Świątek
- Department of Correct, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Chair of Fundamental Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (J.J.); (K.Ś.); (J.B.)
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Correct, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Chair of Fundamental Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (J.J.); (K.Ś.); (J.B.)
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3
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Fangaia SIG, Silva DSA, Messias A, Nicolau PMG, Valente AJM, Rodrigo MM, Ribeiro ACF. Transport Properties in Multicomponent Systems Containing Cyclodextrins and Nickel Ions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4328. [PMID: 38673912 PMCID: PMC11050376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, we propose a comprehensive experimental study of the diffusion of nickel ions in combination with different cyclodextrins as carrier molecules for enhanced solubility and facilitated transport. For this, ternary mutual diffusion coefficients measured by Taylor dispersion method are reported for aqueous solutions containing nickel salts and different cyclodextrins (that is, α-CD, β-CD, and γ-CD) at 298.15 K. A combination of Taylor dispersion and other methods, such as UV-vis spectroscopy, will be used to obtain complementary information on these systems. The determination of the physicochemical properties of these salts with CDs in aqueous solution provides information that allows us to understand solute-solvent interactions, and gives a significant contribution to understanding the mechanisms underlying diffusional transport in aqueous solutions, and, consequently, to mitigating the potential toxicity associated with these metal ions. For example, using mutual diffusion data, it is possible to estimate the number of moles of each ion transported per mole of the cyclodextrin driven by its own concentration gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia I. G. Fangaia
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Implantology and Prosthodontics, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.I.G.F.); (A.M.); (P.M.G.N.)
- Center for Innovation and Research in Oral Sciences (CIROS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.S.A.S.); (A.J.M.V.)
| | - Daniela S. A. Silva
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.S.A.S.); (A.J.M.V.)
| | - Ana Messias
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Implantology and Prosthodontics, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.I.G.F.); (A.M.); (P.M.G.N.)
- Center of Mechanical Engineering Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro M. G. Nicolau
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Implantology and Prosthodontics, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.I.G.F.); (A.M.); (P.M.G.N.)
- Center for Innovation and Research in Oral Sciences (CIROS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Artur J. M. Valente
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.S.A.S.); (A.J.M.V.)
| | - M. Melia Rodrigo
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
| | - Ana C. F. Ribeiro
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.S.A.S.); (A.J.M.V.)
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Cui Y, Zhang P, Song K, Qi C, Liu Y, Liu J. Role of PERK-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Ferroptosis Caused by Hexavalent Chromium in Chicken Hepatocytes. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-023-04046-8. [PMID: 38183555 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-04046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether Cr(VI) can induce ferroptosis in chicken hepatocytes and determine the role of PERK-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). First, a model of Cr(VI) poisoning was established by exposing chicken hepatocytes to Cr(VI). The levels of ferroptosis-related proteins, meanwhile, GSH, SOD, MDA, and lipid ROS, were measured. Furthermore, the expression of GRP78 and PERK proteins was examined. Changes in ERS and ferroptosis were evaluated by silencing the PERK gene. Results showed that Cr(VI) led to the accumulation of lipid ROS, decreased expression of GPX4 and HSP27, increased expression of COX2, and induced ferroptosis in chicken hepatocytes. Exposure to Cr(VI) increased the protein expression of GRP78 and PERK, and silencing of PERK worsened Cr(VI)-induced ferroptosis. In conclusion, Cr(VI) can induce ferroptosis in chicken hepatocytes, and PERK plays an important role as a negative regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Pu Zhang
- The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Kaimin Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Changxi Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yongxia Liu
- Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Jianzhu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China.
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5
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Quintás G, Castell JV, Moreno-Torres M. The assessment of the potential hepatotoxicity of new drugs by in vitro metabolomics. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1155271. [PMID: 37214440 PMCID: PMC10196061 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1155271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug hepatotoxicity assessment is a relevant issue both in the course of drug development as well as in the post marketing phase. The use of human relevant in vitro models in combination with powerful analytical methods (metabolomic analysis) is a promising approach to anticipate, as well as to understand and investigate the effects and mechanisms of drug hepatotoxicity in man. The metabolic profile analysis of biological liver models treated with hepatotoxins, as compared to that of those treated with non-hepatotoxic compounds, provides useful information for identifying disturbed cellular metabolic reactions, pathways, and networks. This can later be used to anticipate, as well to assess, the potential hepatotoxicity of new compounds. However, the applicability of the metabolomic analysis to assess the hepatotoxicity of drugs is complex and requires careful and systematic work, precise controls, wise data preprocessing and appropriate biological interpretation to make meaningful interpretations and/or predictions of drug hepatotoxicity. This review provides an updated look at recent in vitro studies which used principally mass spectrometry-based metabolomics to evaluate the hepatotoxicity of drugs. It also analyzes the principal drawbacks that still limit its general applicability in safety assessment screenings. We discuss the analytical workflow, essential factors that need to be considered and suggestions to overcome these drawbacks, as well as recent advancements made in this rapidly growing field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Quintás
- Metabolomics and Bioanalysis, Health and Biomedicine, Leitat Technological Center, Barcelona, Spain
- Analytical Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - José V. Castell
- Unidad Mixta de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBEREHD, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Moreno-Torres
- Unidad Mixta de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBEREHD, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Bala R, Pareek B, Umar A, Arora S, Singh D, Chaudhary A, Alkhanjaf AAM, Almadiy AA, Algadi H, Kumar R, Jaswal VS, Baskoutas S. In-vitro cytotoxicity of nickel oxide nanoparticles against L-6 cell-lines: MMP, MTT and ROS studies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114257. [PMID: 36084676 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present work we synthesize nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) using Rhododendron arboretum (flower) (RNi), Tinospora cordifolia (stems) (GNi), Corylus jacquemontii (seeds) (CNi), and Nardostachys jatamansi (roots) (NNi) extracts by co-precipitation method. The synthesized NiO NPs were characterized in detail in terms of their morphological, crystalline nature, structural and antiproliferative activity against rat skeletal myoblast (L-6) cell lines. Morphological studies confirmed the formation of nanoparticles, while the structural and compositional characterization revealed the well-crystallinity and high purity of the synthesized nanoparticles. For biological applications and cytotoxicity examinations of the synthesized NPs, the rat skeletal myoblast (L-6) cell lines were subjected to study. By detailed cytotoxic investigations, it was observed that among the four kinds of NiO NPs prepared through different plant extracts, the Tinospora cordifolia (stems) showed strong antiproliferative activity against rat skeletal myoblast (L-6) cell lines and the calculated IC50 was 1.671 mg/mL. The observed antiproliferative activity towards different NiO NPs were in the order of GNi > NNi > RNi > CNi. The present studies demonstrate that simply synthesized NiO can efficiently be used as antiproliferative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Bala
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, 133207, Ambala, India
| | - Bhawna Pareek
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, 133207, Ambala, India
| | - Ahmad Umar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, and Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronics Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Saroj Arora
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Davinder Singh
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Ashun Chaudhary
- Department of Plant Science, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176215, India
| | - Abdulrab Ahmed M Alkhanjaf
- Molecular Diagnostics, Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrhman A Almadiy
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Algadi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raman Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, 133207, Ambala, India; Department of Biotechnology, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, Haryana, India.
| | - Vivek Sheel Jaswal
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, 133207, Ambala, India; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Science, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharmshala, District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176215, India.
| | - Sotirios Baskoutas
- Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, 26500, Patras, Greece
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7
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Lin Y, Yuan Y, Ouyang Y, Wang H, Xiao Y, Zhao X, Yang H, Li X, Guo H, He M, Zhang X, Xu G, Qiu G, Wu T. Metabolome-Wide Association Study of Multiple Plasma Metals with Serum Metabolomic Profile among Middle-to-Older-Aged Chinese Adults. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:16001-16011. [PMID: 36269707 PMCID: PMC9671050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metal exposure has been associated with risk of various cardio-metabolic disorders, and investigation on the association between exposure to multiple metals and metabolic responses may reveal novel clues to the underlying mechanisms. Based on a metabolome-wide association study of 17 plasma metals with untargeted metabolomic profiling of 189 serum metabolites among 1992 participants within the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort, we replicated two metal-associated pathways, linoleic acid metabolism and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, with novel metal associations (false discovery rate, FDR < 0.05), and we also identified two novel pathways, including biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, as associated with metal exposure (FDR < 0.05). Moreover, two-way orthogonal partial least-squares analysis showed that five metabolites, including aspartylphenylalanine, free fatty acid 14:1, uridine, carnitine C14:2, and LPC 18:2, contributed most to the joint covariation between the two data matrices (12.3%, 8.3%, 8.0%, 7.4%, and 7.3%, respectively). Further BKMR analysis showed significant positive joint associations of plasma Al, As, Ba, and Zn with aspartylphenylalanine and of plasma Ba, Co, Mn, and Pb with carnitine C14:2, when all the metals were at the 55th percentiles or above, compared with the median. We also found significant interactions between As and Ba in the association with aspartylphenylalanine (P for interaction = 0.048) and between Ba and Pb in the association with carnitine C14:2 (P for interaction < 0.001). Together, these findings may provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the adverse health effects induced by metal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Lin
- Ministry
of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating),
School of Public Health, Tongji Medical
College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- Ministry
of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating),
School of Public Health, Tongji Medical
College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yang Ouyang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Ministry
of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating),
School of Public Health, Tongji Medical
College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Ministry
of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating),
School of Public Health, Tongji Medical
College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xinjie Zhao
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Handong Yang
- Department
of Cardiovascular Disease, Dongfeng Central
Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Xiulou Li
- Department
of Cardiovascular Disease, Dongfeng Central
Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Huan Guo
- Ministry
of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating),
School of Public Health, Tongji Medical
College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Meian He
- Ministry
of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating),
School of Public Health, Tongji Medical
College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Ministry
of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating),
School of Public Health, Tongji Medical
College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gaokun Qiu
- Ministry
of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating),
School of Public Health, Tongji Medical
College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Tangchun Wu
- Ministry
of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating),
School of Public Health, Tongji Medical
College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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