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Goyal N, Do C, Sridhar J, Shaik S, Thompson A, Perry T, Carter L, Foroozesh M. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Studies of Flavone-Based Esters and Acids as Potential P450 2A6 Inhibitors. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1973-1979. [PMID: 37963190 PMCID: PMC10731637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
As a potential means for smoking cessation and consequently prevention of smoking-related diseases and mortality, in this study, our goal was to investigate the inhibition of nicotine metabolism by P450 2A6. Smoking is the main cause of many diseases and disabilities and harms nearly every organ of the body. As reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 16 million Americans are living with diseases caused by smoking. On average, the life expectancy of a smoker is about 10 years less than a nonsmoker. Smoking cessation can substantially reduce the incidence of smoking-related diseases, including cancer. At least, 70 of the more than 7000 cigarette smoke components, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, N-nitrosamines, and aromatic amines, are known carcinogens. Nicotine is the compound responsible for the addictive and psychopharmacological effects of tobacco. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are responsible for the phase I metabolism of many tobacco components, including nicotine. Nicotine is mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450s 2A6 and 2A13 to cotinine. This metabolism decreases the amount of available nicotine in the bloodstream, leading to increased smoking behavior and thus exposure to tobacco toxicants and carcinogens. Here, we report the syntheses and P450 2A6 inhibitory activities of a number of new flavone-based esters and acids. Three of the flavone derivatives studied were found to be potent competitive inhibitors of the enzyme. Docking studies were used to determine the possible mechanisms of the activity of these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Goyal
- Department
of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Camilla Do
- Department
of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Jayalakshmi Sridhar
- Department
of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Shahensha Shaik
- Cell
and Molecular Biology and Bioinformatic Core, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Anthony Thompson
- Department
of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Timothy Perry
- Department
of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Loren Carter
- Department
of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Maryam Foroozesh
- Department
of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
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2
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Yamazaki H, Shimizu M. Species Specificity and Selection of Models for Drug Oxidations Mediated by Polymorphic Human Enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:123-129. [PMID: 35772770 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many drug oxygenations are mainly mediated by polymorphic cytochromes P450 (P450s) and also by flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs). More than 50 years of research on P450/FMO-mediated drug oxygenations have clarified their catalytic roles. The natural product coumarin causes hepatotoxicity in rats via the reactive coumarin 3,4-epoxide, a reaction catalyzed by P450 1A2; however, coumarin undergoes rapid 7-hydroxylation by polymorphic P450 2A6 in humans. The primary oxidation product of the teratogen thalidomide in rats is deactivated 5'-hydroxythalidomide plus sulfate and glucuronide conjugates; however, similar 5'-hydroxythalidomide and 5-hydroxythalidomide are formed in rabbits in vivo. Thalidomide causes human P450 3A enzyme induction in liver (and placenta) and is also activated in vitro and in vivo by P450 3A through the primary human metabolite 5-hydroxythalidomide (leading to conjugation with glutathione/nonspecific proteins). Species differences exist in terms of drug metabolism in rodents and humans, and such differences can be very important when determining the contributions of individual enzymes. The approaches used for investigating the roles of human P450 and FMO enzymes in understanding drug oxidations and clinical therapy have not yet reached maturity and still require further development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Drug oxidations in animals and humans mediated by P450s and FMOs are important for understanding the pharmacological properties of drugs, such as the species-dependent teratogenicity of the reactive metabolites of thalidomide and the metabolism of food-derived odorous trimethylamine to non-odorous (but proatherogenic) trimethylamine N-oxide. Recognized differences exist in terms of drug metabolism between rodents, non-human primates, and humans, and such differences are important when determining individual liver enzyme contributions with substrates in in vitro and in vivo systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makiko Shimizu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Kelty J, Kovalchuk N, Uwimana E, Yin L, Ding X, Van Winkle L. In vitro airway models from mice, rhesus macaques, and humans maintain species differences in xenobiotic metabolism and cellular responses to naphthalene. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 323:L308-L328. [PMID: 35853015 PMCID: PMC9423729 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00349.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The translational value of high-throughput toxicity testing will depend on pharmacokinetic validation. Yet, popular in vitro airway epithelia models were optimized for structure and mucociliary function without considering the bioactivation or detoxification capabilities of lung-specific enzymes. This study evaluated xenobiotic metabolism maintenance within differentiated air-liquid interface (ALI) airway epithelial cell cultures (human bronchial; human, rhesus, and mouse tracheal), isolated airway epithelial cells (human, rhesus, and mouse tracheal; rhesus bronchial), and ex vivo microdissected airways (rhesus and mouse) by measuring gene expression, glutathione content, and naphthalene metabolism. Glutathione levels and detoxification gene transcripts were measured after 1-h exposure to 80 µM naphthalene (a bioactivated toxicant) or reactive naphthoquinone metabolites. Glutathione and glutathione-related enzyme transcript levels were maintained in ALI cultures from all species relative to source tissues, while cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene expression declined. Notable species differences among the models included a 40-fold lower total glutathione content for mouse ALI trachea cells relative to human and rhesus; a higher rate of naphthalene metabolism in mouse ALI cultures for naphthalene-glutathione formation (100-fold over rhesus) and naphthalene-dihydrodiol production (10-fold over human); and opposite effects of 1,2-naphthoquinone exposure in some models-glutathione was depleted in rhesus tissue but rose in mouse ALI samples. The responses of an immortalized bronchial cell line to naphthalene and naphthoquinones were inconsistent with those of human ALI cultures. These findings of preserved species differences and the altered balance of phase I and phase II xenobiotic metabolism among the characterized in vitro models should be considered for future pulmonary toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacklyn Kelty
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Health and the Environment, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - Nataliia Kovalchuk
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Eric Uwimana
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Lei Yin
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Laura Van Winkle
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Health and the Environment, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
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4
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Srdič M, Fessner ND, Yildiz D, Glieder A, Spiertz M, Schwaneberg U. Preparative Production of Functionalized (N- and O-Heterocyclic) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Human Cytochrome P450 3A4 in a Bioreactor. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020153. [PMID: 35204652 PMCID: PMC8961652 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their N- and O-containing derivatives (N-/O-PAHs) are environmental pollutants and synthetically attractive building blocks in pharmaceuticals. Functionalization of PAHs can be achieved via C-H activation by cytochrome P450 enzymes (e.g., P450 CYP3A4) in an environmentally friendly manner. Despite its broad substrate scope, the contribution of CYP3A4 to metabolize common PAHs in humans was found to be small. We recently showcased the potential of CYP3A4 in whole-cell biocatalysis with recombinant yeast Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris) catalysts for the preparative-scale synthesis of naturally occurring metabolites in humans. In this study, we aimed at exploring the substrate scope of CYP3A4 towards (N-/O)-PAHs and conducted a bioconversion experiment at 10 L scale to validate the synthetic potential of CYP3A4 for the preparative-scale production of functionalized PAH metabolites. Hydroxylated products were purified and characterized using HPLC and NMR analysis. In total, 237 mg of fluorenol and 48 mg of fluorenone were produced from 498 mg of fluorene, with peak productivities of 27.7 μmol/L/h for fluorenol and 5.9 μmol/L/h for fluorenone; the latter confirmed that CYP3A4 is an excellent whole-cell biocatalyst for producing authentic human metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matic Srdič
- SeSaM-Biotech GmbH, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nico D. Fessner
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Deniz Yildiz
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Markus Spiertz
- SeSaM-Biotech GmbH, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (U.S.)
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (U.S.)
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5
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Vrzal R. Genetic and Enzymatic Characteristics of CYP2A13 in Relation to Lung Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12306. [PMID: 34830188 PMCID: PMC8625632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2A13 is an omitted brother of CYP2A6 that has an important role in the drug metabolism of liver. Due to extrahepatic expression, it has gained less attention than CYP2A6, despite the fact that it plays a significant role in toxicant-induced pulmonary lesions and, therefore, lung cancer. The purpose of this mini-review is to summarize the basic knowledge about this enzyme in relation to the substrates, inhibitors, genetic polymorphisms, and transcriptional regulation that are known so far (September 2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Radim Vrzal
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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6
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Fransen LFH, Leonard MO. Small Airway Susceptibility to Chemical and Particle Injury. Respiration 2021; 101:321-333. [PMID: 34649249 DOI: 10.1159/000519344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Small airways (SA) in humans are commonly defined as those conducting airways <2 mm in diameter. They are susceptible to particle- and chemical-induced injury and play a major role in the development of airway disease such as COPD and asthma. Susceptibility to injury can be attributed in part to structural features including airflow dynamics and tissue architecture, but recent evidence may indicate a more prominent role for cellular composition in directing toxicological responses. Animal studies support the hypothesis that inherent cellular differences across the tracheobronchial tree, including metabolic CYP450 expression in the distal conducting airways, can influence SA susceptibility to injury. Currently, there is insufficient information in humans to make similar conclusions, prompting further necessary work in this area. An understanding of why the SA are more susceptible to certain chemical and particle exposures than other airway regions is fundamental to our ability to identify hazardous materials, their properties, and accompanying exposure scenarios that compromise lung function. It is also important for the ability to develop appropriate models for toxicity testing. Moreover, it is central to our understanding of SA disease aetiology and how interventional strategies for treatment may be developed. In this review, we will document the structural and cellular airway regional differences that are likely to influence airway susceptibility to injury, including the role of secretory club cells. We will also describe recent advances in single-cell sequencing of human airways, which have provided unprecedented details of cell phenotype, likely to impact airway chemical and particle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Oliver Leonard
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Didcot, United Kingdom
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Yamazaki H, Shimizu M, Otani T, Mizugaki A, Mure K, Suzuki S, Ishikawa H. Effects of polymorphic cytochrome P450 2A6 genotypes on chemoprevention against colorectal tumors in single Japanese cohort using daily low-dose aspirin: insights into future personalized treatments. J Pharm Health Care Sci 2021; 7:26. [PMID: 34193316 PMCID: PMC8247130 DOI: 10.1186/s40780-021-00209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A chemopreventive effect of low-dose aspirin against colorectal tumors was previously found in participants of two Japanese multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials investigating the effects of daily aspirin (100 mg/day) for 0.7-2 years on tumor recurrence in colorectal cancer patients whose tumors were excised endoscopically. METHODS In the current study, chemopreventive data from single-center subsets having daily aspirin (100 mg/day) were reanalyzed with respect to variations in polymorphic cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6). From the J-CAPP study, 56 of 311 participants (47 men, 9 women; excluding patients with familial adenomatous polyposis) were genotyped for CYP2A6*1, *4 (whole-gene deletion), *7 (amino acid substitution), and *9 (upstream mutation), and from the J-FAPP IV study, 81 of 102 participants (43 men, 38 women; including patients with familial adenomatous polyposis) were also genotyped. RESULTS The chemopreventive effects of daily aspirin were found to be inversely dependent on the predicted enzyme activity of the CYP2A6 phenotype [based on normal genotypes (CYP2A6*1/*1,*7,*9) and impaired genotypes (CYP2A6*4,*7,*9/*4,*7,*9 and CYP2A6*1/*4)] among a nonsmoker Japanese cohort without familial adenomatous polyposis. CONCLUSIONS The CYP2A6 wild-type allele could be a candidate biomarker for reduced chemopreventive effects of daily aspirin in a population with wide-ranging CYP2A6 phenotypes with a high frequency of impaired activities resulting from variations and whole-gene deletions. The CYP2A6 genotypes could be applicable to future personalized treatments for colorectal tumor chemoprevention with daily aspirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-tamagawa Gakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan.
| | - Makiko Shimizu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-tamagawa Gakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Takahiro Otani
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ami Mizugaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-tamagawa Gakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Kanae Mure
- Department of Public Health, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Sadao Suzuki
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hideki Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Cancer Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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8
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Goyal N, Sridhar J, Do C, Bratton M, Shaik S, Jiang Q, Foroozesh M. Identification of CYP 2A6 inhibitors in an effort to mitigate the harmful effects of the phytochemical nicotine. JOURNAL OF CANCER METASTASIS AND TREATMENT 2021; 7:18. [PMID: 34722929 PMCID: PMC8555909 DOI: 10.20517/2394-4722.2020.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM In this study, our goal was to study the inhibition of nicotine metabolism by P450 2A6, as a means for reduction in tobacco use and consequently the prevention of smoking-related cancers. Nicotine, a phytochemical, is an addictive stimulant, responsible for the tobacco-dependence in smokers. Many of the other phytochemicals in tobacco, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, N-nitrosamines, and aromatic amines, are potent systemic carcinogens. Tobacco smoking causes about one of every five deaths in the United States annually. Nicotine plasma concentration is maintained by the smokers' smoking behavior within a small range. Nicotine is metabolized by cytochrome P450s 2A6 and 2A13 to cotinine. This metabolism causes a decrease in nicotine plasma levels, which in turn leads to increased tobacco smoking, and increased exposure to the tobacco carcinogens. METHODS Using the phytochemical nicotine as a lead structure, and taking its interactions with the P450 2A6 binding pocket into consideration, new pyridine derivatives were designed and synthesized as potential selective mechanism-based inhibitors for this enzyme. RESULTS The design and synthesis of two series of novel pyridine-based compounds, with varying substituents and substitution locations on the pyridine ring, as well as their inhibitory activities on cytochrome P450 2A6 and their interactions with its active site are discussed here. Substitutions at position 3 of the pyridine ring with an imidazole or propargyl ether containing group showed the most optimal interactions with the P4502A6 active site. CONCLUSION The pyridine compounds with an imidazole or propargyl ether containing substituent on position 3 were found to be promising lead compounds for further development. Hydrogen-bonding interactions were determined to be crucial for effective binding of these molecules within the P450 2A6 active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Goyal
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Jayalakshmi Sridhar
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Camilla Do
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Melyssa Bratton
- Cell and Molecular Biology and Bioinformatic Core, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Shahensha Shaik
- Cell and Molecular Biology and Bioinformatic Core, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Quan Jiang
- Cell and Molecular Biology and Bioinformatic Core, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Maryam Foroozesh
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
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9
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Juvonen RO, Jokinen EM, Huuskonen J, Kärkkäinen O, Raunio H, Pentikäinen OT. Molecular docking and oxidation kinetics of 3-phenyl coumarin derivatives by human CYP2A13. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:1207-1216. [PMID: 33703988 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1898700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CYP2A13 enzyme is expressed in human extrahepatic tissues, while CYP2A6 is a hepatic enzyme. Reactions catalyzed by CYP2A13 activate tobacco-specific nitrosamines and some other toxic xenobiotics in lungs.To compare oxidation characteristics and substrate-enzyme active site interactions in CYP2A13 vs CYP2A6, we evaluated CYP2A13 mediated oxidation characteristics of 23 coumarin derivatives and modelled their interactions at the enzyme active site.CYP2A13 did not oxidize six coumarin derivatives to corresponding fluorescent 7-hydroxycoumarins. The Km-values of the other coumarins varied 0.85-97 µM, Vmax-values of the oxidation reaction varied 0.25-60 min-1, and intrinsic clearance varied 26-6190 kL/min*mol CYP2A13). Km of 6-chloro-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-coumarin was 0.85 (0.55-1.15 95% confidence limit) µM and Vmax 0.25 (0.23-0.26) min-1, whereas Km of 6-hydroxy-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-coumarin was 10.9 (9.9-11.8) µM and Vmax 60 (58-63) min-1. Docking analyses demonstrated that 6-chloro or 6-methoxy and 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl) or 3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl) substituents of coumarin increased affinity to CYP2A13, whereas 3-triazole or 3-(3-acetate phenyl) or 3-(4-acetate phenyl) substituents decreased it.The active site of CYP2A13 accepts more diversified types of coumarin substrates than the hepatic CYP2A6 enzyme. New sensitive and convenient profluorescent CYP2A13 substrates were identified, such as 6-chloro-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-coumarin having high affinity and 6-hydroxy-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-coumarin with high intrinsic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risto O Juvonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elmeri M Jokinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Juhani Huuskonen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Olli Kärkkäinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hannu Raunio
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli T Pentikäinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.,University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Finland
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10
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Yamazoe Y, Yoshinari K. Prediction of regioselectivity and preferred order of CYP1A1-mediated metabolism: Solving the interaction of human and rat CYP1A1 forms with ligands on the template system. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:165-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Kovalchuk N, Zhang QY, Kelty J, Van Winkle L, Ding X. Toxicokinetic Interaction between Hepatic Disposition and Pulmonary Bioactivation of Inhaled Naphthalene Studied Using Cyp2abfgs-Null and CYP2A13/2F1-Humanized Mice with Deficient Hepatic Cytochrome P450 Activity. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1469-1478. [PMID: 31594800 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.088930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies using Cyp2abfgs-null (lacking all genes of the Cyp2a, 2b, 2f, 2g, and 2s subfamilies), CYP2A13/2F1-humanized, and liver-Cpr-null (LCN) mice showed that although hepatic cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes are essential for systemic clearance of inhaled naphthalene (a possible human carcinogen), both hepatic and extrahepatic P450 enzymes may contribute to naphthalene-induced lung toxicity via bioactivation. Herein, we aimed to further understand the toxicokinetics of inhaled naphthalene in order to provide a basis for predicting the effects of variations in rates of xenobiotic disposition on the extent of target tissue bioactivation. We assessed the impact of a hepatic deficit in naphthalene metabolism on the toxicokinetics of inhaled naphthalene using newly generated Cyp2abfgs-null-and-LCN and CYP2A13/2F1-humanized-and-LCN mice. We determined plasma, lung, and liver levels of naphthalene and naphthalene-glutathione conjugate, a biomarker of naphthalene bioactivation, over time after naphthalene inhalation. We found that the loss of hepatic naphthalene metabolism severely decreased naphthalene systemic clearance and caused naphthalene to accumulate in the liver and other tissues. Naphthalene release from tissue, as evidenced by the continued increase in plasma naphthalene levels after termination of active inhalation exposure, was accompanied by prolonged bioactivation of naphthalene in the lung. In addition, transgenic expression of human CYP2A13/2F1 in the respiratory tract caused a reduction in plasma naphthalene levels (by 40%, relative to Cyp2abfgs-null-and-LCN mice) and corresponding decreases in naphthalene-glutathione levels in the lung in mice with hepatic P450 deficiency, despite the increase in local naphthalene-bioactivating P450 activity. Thus, the bioavailability of naphthalene in the target tissue has a significant effect on the extent of naphthalene bioactivation in the lung. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this study, we report several novel findings related to the toxicokinetics of inhaled naphthalene, the ability of which to cause lung carcinogenesis in humans is a current topic for risk assessment. We show the accumulation of naphthalene in the liver and lung in mice with compromised hepatic cytochrome P450 (P450) activity; the ability of tissue-stored naphthalene to redistribute to the circulation after termination of active inhalation exposure, prolonging exposure of target tissues to naphthalene; and the ability of non-CYP2ABFGS enzymes of the lung to bioactivate naphthalene. These results suggest potentially large effects of deficiencies in hepatic P450 activity on naphthalene tissue burden and bioactivation in human lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliia Kovalchuk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (N.K., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.); Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York (N.K., Q.-Y.Z.); Center for Health and the Environment, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (J.K., L.V.W.); and College of Nanoscale Science, State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York (X.D.)
| | - Qing-Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (N.K., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.); Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York (N.K., Q.-Y.Z.); Center for Health and the Environment, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (J.K., L.V.W.); and College of Nanoscale Science, State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York (X.D.)
| | - Jacklyn Kelty
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (N.K., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.); Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York (N.K., Q.-Y.Z.); Center for Health and the Environment, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (J.K., L.V.W.); and College of Nanoscale Science, State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York (X.D.)
| | - Laura Van Winkle
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (N.K., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.); Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York (N.K., Q.-Y.Z.); Center for Health and the Environment, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (J.K., L.V.W.); and College of Nanoscale Science, State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York (X.D.)
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (N.K., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.); Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York (N.K., Q.-Y.Z.); Center for Health and the Environment, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (J.K., L.V.W.); and College of Nanoscale Science, State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York (X.D.)
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12
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Bao L, Liu W, Li Y, Wang X, Xu F, Yang Z, Yue Y, Zuo C, Zhang Q, Wang W. Carcinogenic Metabolic Activation Process of Naphthalene by the Cytochrome P450 Enzyme 1B1: A Computational Study. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:603-612. [PMID: 30794404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic activation and transformation of naphthalene by the cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP 1B1) plays an important role in its potential carcinogenicity. The process has been explored by a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) computational method. Molecular dynamic simulations were performed to explore the interaction between naphthalene and CYP 1B1. Naphthalene involves α- and β-carbon, the electrophilic addition of which would result in different reaction pathways. Our computational results show that both additions on α- and β-carbon can generate naphthalene 1,2-oxide. The activation barrier for the addition on β-carbon is higher than that for the α-carbon by 2.6 kcal·mol-1, which is possibly caused by the proximity between β-carbon and the iron-oxo group of Cpd I in the system. We also found that naphthalene 1,2-oxide is unstable and the O-C bond cleavage easily occurs via cellular hydronium ion, hydroxyl radical/anion; then it will convert to the potential ultimate carcinogen 1,2-naphthoquinone. The results demonstrate and inform a detailed process of generating naphthalene 1,2-oxide and new predictions for its conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Bao
- Environment Research Institute , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Liu
- Environment Research Institute , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Environment Research Institute , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyu Wang
- Environment Research Institute , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xu
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University , Shenzhen 518057 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyue Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Yue Yue
- Environment Research Institute , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chenpeng Zuo
- Environment Research Institute , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China
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13
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Watanabe T, Abe H, Mutoh Y, Saito S. Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of 2‐Alkynylstyrenes via 1,2‐Carbon Migration That Leads to Substituted Naphthalenes. Chemistry 2018; 24:11545-11549. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceTokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Haruka Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceTokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Yuichiro Mutoh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceTokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Shinichi Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceTokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
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14
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Kakimoto K, Murayama N, Takenaka S, Nagayoshi H, Lim YR, Kim V, Kim D, Yamazaki H, Komori M, Guengerich FP, Shimada T. Cytochrome P450 2A6 and other human P450 enzymes in the oxidation of flavone and flavanone. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:131-142. [PMID: 29310511 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1426133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. We previously reported that flavone and flavanone interact spectrally with cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) 2A6 and 2A13 and other human P450s and inhibit catalytic activities of these P450 enzymes. In this study, we studied abilities of CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2A13, 2C9 and 3A4 to oxidize flavone and flavanone. 2. Human P450s oxidized flavone to 6- and 5-hydroxylated flavones, seven uncharacterized mono-hydroxylated flavones, and five di-hydroxylated flavones. CYP2A6 was most active in forming 6-hydroxy- and 5-hydroxyflavones and several mono- and di-hydroxylated products. 3. CYP2A6 was also very active in catalyzing flavanone to form 2'- and 6-hydroxyflavanones, the major products, at turnover rates of 4.8 min-1 and 1.3 min-1, respectively. Other flavanone metabolites were 4'-, 3'- and 7-hydroxyflavanone, three uncharacterized mono-hydroxylated flavanones and five mono-hydroxylated flavones, including 6-hydroxyflavone. CYP2A6 catalyzed flavanone to produce flavone at a turnover rate of 0.72 min-1 that was ∼3-fold higher than that catalyzed by CYP2A13 (0.29 min-1). 4. These results indicate that CYP2A6 and other human P450s have important roles in metabolizing flavone and flavanone, two unsubstituted flavonoids, present in dietary foods. Chemical mechanisms of P450-catalyzed desaturation of flavanone to form flavone are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Kakimoto
- a Osaka Institute of Public Health , Higashinari-ku , Osaka , Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- c Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University , Habikino , Osaka , Japan
| | - Haruna Nagayoshi
- a Osaka Institute of Public Health , Higashinari-ku , Osaka , Japan
| | - Young-Ran Lim
- d Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Vitchan Kim
- d Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- d Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masayuki Komori
- e Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano , Osaka , Japan , and
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- f Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- e Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano , Osaka , Japan , and
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15
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Liu S, Guo C, Lin W, Wu F, Lu G, Lu J, Dang Z. Comparative transcriptomic evidence for Tween80-enhanced biodegradation of phenanthrene by Sphingomonas sp. GY2B. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 609:1161-1171. [PMID: 28787790 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous study of the effects of surfactants on the biodegradation of phenanthrene focused on investigating alterations of the cell characteristics of Sphingomonas sp. GY2B. However, genes regulation associated with biodegradation and biological processes in response to the presence of surfactants, remains unclear. In this study, comparative transcriptome analysis was conducted to observe the gene expression of GY2B during phenanthrene biodegradation in the presence and absence of Tween80. A diverse set of genes was regulated by Tween80, leading to increased biodegradation of phenanthrene by GY2B: (i) Tween80 increased expression of genes related to H+ transport in the plasma membrane to provide a driving force (i.e., ATP) for accelerating transmembrane transport of phenanthrene with increasing Tween80 concentrations, thereby enhancing the uptake and degradation of phenanthrene by GY2B; (ii) Tween80 (1 and 8 CMC) promoted intracellular biodegradation of phenanthrene by stimulating expression of genes encoding dioxygenases and monooxygenase, increasing expression of genes involved in intracellular metabolic processes (e.g., TCA cycle); and (iii) Tween80 likely increased GY2B vitality and growth by inducing expression of genes associated with ABC transporters and protein transport, regulating genes involved in other biological processes (e.g., transcription, translation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chuling Guo
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Weijia Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Fengji Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guining Lu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jing Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, PR China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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16
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Uehara S, Uno Y, Oshio T, Inoue T, Sasaki E, Yamazaki H. Marmoset pulmonary cytochrome P450 2F1 oxidizes biphenyl and 7-ethoxycoumarin and hepatic human P450 substrates. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:656-662. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1354138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Uehara
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan,
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd, Kainan, Wakayama, Japan,
| | - Toru Oshio
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan,
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Department of Applied Developmental Biology, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan, and
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Applied Developmental Biology, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan, and
- Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan,
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17
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Shimada T, Murayama N, Kakimoto K, Takenaka S, Lim YR, Yeom S, Kim D, Yamazaki H, Guengerich FP, Komori M. Oxidation of 1-chloropyrene by human CYP1 family and CYP2A subfamily cytochrome P450 enzymes: catalytic roles of two CYP1B1 and five CYP2A13 allelic variants. Xenobiotica 2017. [PMID: 28648140 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1347306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
1. 1-Chloropyrene, one of the major chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants, was incubated with human cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) enzymes including CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2A13, 2B6, 2C9, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4 and 3A5. Catalytic differences in 1-chloropyrene oxidation by polymorphic two CYP1B1 and five CYP2A13 allelic variants were also examined. 2. CYP1A1 oxidized 1-chloropyrene at the 6- and 8-positions more actively than at the 3-position, while both CYP1B1.1 and 1B1.3 preferentially catalyzed 6-hydroxylation. 3. Five CYP2A13 allelic variants oxidized 8-hydroxylation much more than 6- and 3-hydroxylation, and the variant CYP2A13.3 was found to slowly catalyze these reactions with a lower kcat value than other CYP2A13.1 variants. 4. CYP2A6 catalyzed 1-chloropyrene 6-hydroxylation at a higher rate than the CYP2A13 enzymes, but the rate was lower than the CYP1A1 and 1B1 variants. Other human P450 enzymes had low activities towards 1-chloropyrene. 5. Molecular docking analysis suggested differences in the interaction of 1-chloropyrene with active sites of CYP1 and 2 A enzymes. In addition, a naturally occurring Thr134 insertion in CYP2A13.3 was found to affect the orientation of Asn297 in the I-helix in interacting with 1-chloropyrene (and also 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, NNK) and caused changes in the active site of CYP2A13.3 as compared with CYP2A13.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimada
- a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo
| | | | - Shigeo Takenaka
- d Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Young-Ran Lim
- e Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea , and
| | - Sora Yeom
- e Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea , and
| | - Donghak Kim
- e Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea , and
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- f Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, TN , USA
| | - Masayuki Komori
- a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka , Japan
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18
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Shimada T. Inhibition of Carcinogen-Activating Cytochrome P450 Enzymes by Xenobiotic Chemicals in Relation to Antimutagenicity and Anticarcinogenicity. Toxicol Res 2017; 33:79-96. [PMID: 28443179 PMCID: PMC5402866 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2017.33.2.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of xenobiotic chemicals, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), aryl- and heterocyclic amines and tobacco related nitrosamines, are ubiquitous environmental carcinogens and are required to be activated to chemically reactive metabolites by xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, including cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP), in order to initiate cell transformation. Of various human P450 enzymes determined to date, CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A13, 2A6, 2E1, and 3A4 are reported to play critical roles in the bioactivation of these carcinogenic chemicals. In vivo studies have shown that disruption of Cyp1b1 and Cyp2a5 genes in mice resulted in suppression of tumor formation caused by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, respectively. In addition, specific inhibitors for CYP1 and 2A enzymes are able to suppress tumor formation caused by several carcinogens in experimental animals in vivo, when these inhibitors are applied before or just after the administration of carcinogens. In this review, we describe recent progress, including our own studies done during past decade, on the nature of inhibitors of human CYP1 and CYP2A enzymes that have been shown to activate carcinogenic PAHs and tobacco-related nitrosamines, respectively, in humans. The inhibitors considered here include a variety of carcinogenic and/or non-carcinogenic PAHs and acethylenic PAHs, many flavonoid derivatives, derivatives of naphthalene, phenanthrene, biphenyl, and pyrene and chemopreventive organoselenium compounds, such as benzyl selenocyanate and benzyl selenocyanate; o-XSC, 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-phenylenebis( methylene)selenocyanate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
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19
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Shimada T, Kakimoto K, Takenaka S, Koga N, Uehara S, Murayama N, Yamazaki H, Kim D, Guengerich FP, Komori M. Roles of Human CYP2A6 and Monkey CYP2A24 and 2A26 Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in the Oxidation of 2,5,2',5'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1899-1909. [PMID: 27625140 PMCID: PMC6047209 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.072991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
2,5,2',5'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) induced type I binding spectra with cytochrome P450 (P450) 2A6 and 2A13, with Ks values of 9.4 and 0.51 µM, respectively. However, CYP2A6 oxidized 2,5,2',5'-TCB to form 4-hydroxylated products at a much higher rate (∼1.0 minute-1) than CYP2A13 (∼0.02 minute-1) based on analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Formation of 4-hydroxy-2,5,2',5'-TCB by CYP2A6 was greater than that of 3-hydroxy-2,5,2',5'-TCB and three other hydroxylated products. Several human P450 enzymes, including CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2B6, 2D6, 2E1, 2C9, and 3A4, did not show any detectable activities in oxidizing 2,5,2',5'-TCB. Cynomolgus monkey CYP2A24, which shows 95% amino acid identity to human CYP2A6, catalyzed 4-hydroxylation of 2,5,2',5'-TCB at a higher rate (∼0.3 minute-1) than CYP2A26 (93% identity to CYP2A6, ∼0.13 minute-1) and CYP2A23 (94% identity to CYP2A13, ∼0.008 minute-1). None of these human and monkey CYP2A enzymes were catalytically active in oxidizing other TCB congeners, such as 2,4,3',4'-, 3,4,3',4'-, and 3,5,3',5'-TCB. Molecular docking analysis suggested that there are different orientations of interaction of 2,5,2',5'-TCB with the active sites (over the heme) of human and monkey CYP2A enzymes, and that ligand interaction energies (U values) of bound protein-ligand complexes show structural relationships of interaction of TCBs and other ligands with active sites of CYP2A enzymes. Catalytic differences in human and monkey CYP2A enzymes in the oxidation of 2,5,2',5'-TCB are suggested to be due to amino acid changes at substrate recognition sites, i.e., V110L, I209S, I300F, V365M, S369G, and R372H, based on the comparison of primary sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Kensaku Kakimoto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Nobuyuki Koga
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Donghak Kim
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Masayuki Komori
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
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