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Rojas-Solé C, Pinilla-González V, Lillo-Moya J, González-Fernández T, Saso L, Rodrigo R. Integrated approach to reducing polypharmacy in older people: exploring the role of oxidative stress and antioxidant potential therapy. Redox Rep 2024; 29:2289740. [PMID: 38108325 PMCID: PMC10732214 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2023.2289740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased life expectancy, attributed to improved access to healthcare and drug development, has led to an increase in multimorbidity, a key contributor to polypharmacy. Polypharmacy is characterised by its association with a variety of adverse events in the older persons. The mechanisms involved in the development of age-related chronic diseases are largely unknown; however, altered redox homeostasis due to ageing is one of the main theories. In this context, the present review explores the development and interaction between different age-related diseases, mainly linked by oxidative stress. In addition, drug interactions in the treatment of various diseases are described, emphasising that the holistic management of older people and their pathologies should prevail over the individual treatment of each condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Rojas-Solé
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Pinilla-González
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Lillo-Moya
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tommy González-Fernández
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ramón Rodrigo
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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2
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Mocniak L, Bitzer ZT, Goel R, Muscat JE, Foulds J, Elias RJ, Richie JP. Free Radicals in Little Cigar Mainstream Smoke and the Potential Influence of Flavoring Chemicals on Free Radical Production. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:1121-1128. [PMID: 38953874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Implementation of the Tobacco Control Act in 2009 banned characterizing flavors in cigarettes (except menthol and tobacco), but substitution has occurred by the continued availability of alternative flavored products (i.e., flavored little cigars). Little is known about how flavorants in noncigarette tobacco products impact human health. Thus, we investigated the impact of flavorants on free radical production in the mainstream smoke of little cigars. Gas- and particulate-phase free radical yields in mainstream smoke generated from 12 commercial little cigar brands and research little cigars and cigarettes were measured via electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy using the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) smoking protocol. Flavorants were extracted from unsmoked little cigars and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Gas- and particulate-phase radical yields from little cigars ranged from 13.5 to 97.6 and 0.453-1.175 nmol/unit, respectively. Comparatively, research cigarettes yielded an average of 4.9 nmol gas-phase radicals/unit and 0.292 nmol particulate-phase radicals/unit. From the products, 66 flavorants were identified, with each brand containing 4-24 individual flavorants. The free radical content was strongly correlated with the number of flavorants present in each cigar (r = 0.74, p = 0.01), indicating that highly flavored little cigars may produce higher levels of toxic free radicals. The presence of the flavorant ethyl methylphenylglycidate (strawberry) was associated with >2-fold higher levels of GP radicals (p = 0.001). Our results show that free radical delivery from little cigars is greater than that from research cigarettes and provide empirical evidence for the harmfulness of flavored tobacco products. Additionally, it demonstrates that flavorants present in combustible tobacco products can influence the levels of free radicals produced. Therefore, future tobacco product standards should consider little cigars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Mocniak
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Zachary T Bitzer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Joshua E Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Ryan J Elias
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
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3
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Tran L, Rao G, Robertson NE, Hunsaker HC, Chiu EY, Poulin BA, Madl AK, Pinkerton KE, Britt RD, Nguyen TB. Quantification of Free Radicals from Vaping Electronic Cigarettes Containing Nicotine Salt Solutions with Different Organic Acid Types and Concentrations. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:991-999. [PMID: 38778043 PMCID: PMC11187635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Electronic (e-) cigarette formulations containing nicotine salts from a range of organic acid conjugates and pH values have dominated the commercial market. The acids in the nicotine salt formulations may alter the redox environment in e-cigarettes, impacting free radical formation in e-cigarette aerosol. Here, the generation of aerosol mass and free radicals from a fourth-generation e-cigarette device was evaluated at 2 wt % nicotine salts (pH 7, 30:70 mixture propylene glycol to vegetable glycerin) across eight organic acids used in e-liquids: benzoic acid (BA), salicylic acid (SLA), lactic acid (LA), levulinic acid (LVA), succinic acid (SA), malic acid (MA), tartaric acid (TA), and citric acid (CA). Furthermore, 2 wt % BA nicotine salts were studied at the following nicotine to acid ratios: 1:2 (pH 4), 1:1 (pH 7), and 2:1 (pH 8), in comparison with freebase nicotine (pH 10). Radical yields were quantified by spin-trapping and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The EPR spectra of free radicals in the nicotine salt aerosol matched those generated from the Fenton reaction, which are primarily hydroxyl (OH) radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although the aerosol mass formation was not significantly different for most of the tested nicotine salts and acid concentrations, notable ROS yields were observed only from BA, CA, and TA under the study conditions. The e-liquids with SLA, LA, LVA, SA, and MA produced less ROS than the 2 wt % freebase nicotine e-liquid, suggesting that organic acids may play dual roles in the production and scavenging of ROS. For BA nicotine salts, it was found that the ROS yield increased with a higher acid concentration (or a lower nicotine to acid ratio). The observation that BA nicotine salts produce the highest ROS yield in aerosol generated from a fourth-generation vape device, which increases with acid concentration, has important implications for ROS-mediated health outcomes that may be relevant to consumers, manufacturers, and regulatory agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian
N. Tran
- Department
of Environmental Toxicology, University
of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Guodong Rao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Nicholas E. Robertson
- Department
of Environmental Toxicology, University
of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Haylee C. Hunsaker
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Elizabeth Y. Chiu
- Department
of Environmental Toxicology, University
of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Brett A. Poulin
- Department
of Environmental Toxicology, University
of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Amy K. Madl
- Center
for Health and the Environment, University
of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Kent E. Pinkerton
- Center
for Health and the Environment, University
of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - R. David Britt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Tran B. Nguyen
- Department
of Environmental Toxicology, University
of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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4
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Wang H, Tian Y, Fu Y, Ma S, Xu X, Wang W, Lu F, Li X, Feng P, Han S, Chen H, Hou H, Hu Q, Liu C. Testicular tissue response following a 90-day subchronic exposure to HTP aerosols and cigarette smoke in rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:902-912. [PMID: 37915495 PMCID: PMC10615803 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Researches have shown that chronic inhalation of cigarette smoke (CS) disrupts male reproductive system, but it is unclear about the mechanisms behind reproductive damages by tobacco toxicants in male rats. This study was designed to explore the effects of heated tobacco products (HTP) aerosols and CS exposure on the testicular health of rats. Materials and Methods Experiments were performed on male SD rats exposed to filtered air, HTP aerosols at 10 μg/L, 23 μg/L, and 50 μg/L nicotine-equivalent contents, and also CS at 23 μg/L nicotine-equivalent content for 90 days in five exposure groups (coded as sham, HTP_10, HTP_23, HTP_50 and Cig_23). The expression of serum testosterone, testicular tissue inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α), reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA), NLRP3 inflammasome-related mRNAs and proteins (NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1), the degree of pyroptosis and histopathology were investigated. Results The results demonstrated that HTP_50 and Cig_23 caused varying degrees of oxidative damage to rat testis, resulting in a decrease of sperm quantity and serum testosterone contents, an increase in the deformity rate, expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and NLRP3 inflammasome-related mRNA, and an increase in the NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1-immunopositive cells, pyroptosis cell indices, and histopathological damage in the testes of rats. Responses from the HTP_10 and HTP_23 groups were less than those found in the above two exposure groups. Conclusion These findings indicate that HTP_50 and Cig_23 induced oxidative stress in rat testes, induced inflammation and pyroptosis through the ROS/NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway, and destroyed the integrity of thetesticular tissue structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing Life Science Academy, Yingcai South 1st Street, Beijing 102209, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, No. 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yushan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing Life Science Academy, Yingcai South 1st Street, Beijing 102209, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, No. 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yaning Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing Life Science Academy, Yingcai South 1st Street, Beijing 102209, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, No. 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Shuhao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing Life Science Academy, Yingcai South 1st Street, Beijing 102209, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, No. 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing Life Science Academy, Yingcai South 1st Street, Beijing 102209, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, No. 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Wenming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing Life Science Academy, Yingcai South 1st Street, Beijing 102209, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, No. 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Fengjun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing Life Science Academy, Yingcai South 1st Street, Beijing 102209, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, No. 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Xianmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing Life Science Academy, Yingcai South 1st Street, Beijing 102209, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, No. 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Pengxia Feng
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing Life Science Academy, Yingcai South 1st Street, Beijing 102209, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, No. 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Shulei Han
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing Life Science Academy, Yingcai South 1st Street, Beijing 102209, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, No. 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Huan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing Life Science Academy, Yingcai South 1st Street, Beijing 102209, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, No. 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing Life Science Academy, Yingcai South 1st Street, Beijing 102209, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, No. 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing Life Science Academy, Yingcai South 1st Street, Beijing 102209, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, No. 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing Life Science Academy, Yingcai South 1st Street, Beijing 102209, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, No. 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
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5
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Seo YS, Park JM, Kim JH, Lee MY. Cigarette Smoke-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Formation: A Concise Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1732. [PMID: 37760035 PMCID: PMC10525535 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking is recognized as a significant risk factor for numerous disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, respiratory conditions, and various forms of cancer. While the exact pathogenic mechanisms continue to be explored, the induction of oxidative stress via the production of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) is widely accepted as a primary molecular event that predisposes individuals to these smoking-related ailments. This review focused on how cigarette smoke (CS) promotes ROS formation rather than the pathophysiological repercussions of ROS and oxidative stress. A comprehensive analysis of existing studies revealed the following key ways through which CS imposes ROS burden on biological systems: (1) ROS, as well as radicals, are intrinsically present in CS, (2) CS constituents generate ROS through chemical reactions with biomolecules, (3) CS stimulates cellular ROS sources to enhance production, and (4) CS disrupts the antioxidant system, aggravating the ROS generation and its functions. While the evidence supporting these mechanisms is chiefly based on in vitro and animal studies, the direct clinical relevance remains to be fully elucidated. Nevertheless, this understanding is fundamental for deciphering molecular events leading to oxidative stress and for developing intervention strategies to counter CS-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Moo-Yeol Lee
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (Y.-S.S.); (J.-M.P.); (J.-H.K.)
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6
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Pearson J, Giovenco DP, Lewis MJ, Moran M, Ganz O. Natural American Spirit launches 'Sky', the brand's first commercial organic cigarette with a charcoal filter. Tob Control 2023; 32:397-399. [PMID: 34593613 PMCID: PMC8964832 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pearson
- Division of Social and Behavioral Health/Health Administration and Policy, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Daniel P Giovenco
- Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - M Jane Lewis
- Rutgers Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Meghan Moran
- Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ollie Ganz
- Rutgers Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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7
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Mocniak LE, Trushin N, Bitzer ZT, Prabhu P, Richie JP. Tobacco Nitrate and Free Radical Levels in the Mainstream Smoke of US Cigarette Brands. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:653-659. [PMID: 36930521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco nitrate levels have been known to impact the levels of toxicants such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) produced during smoking. Recent work in our group showed that the intrinsic nitrate levels in individual tobacco varieties also have a large influence on the formation of gas-phase (GP) free radicals in the mainstream smoke of cigarettes produced with a single tobacco variety. As tobacco nitrate content is a potential target for future regulatory policies, we investigated whether the levels of GP free radicals in the smoke from commercially available cigarettes is also dependent on the nitrate content in the corresponding tobacco blends. GP and particulate-phase (PP) free radical yields in mainstream smoke produced from 25 popular US cigarette brands were measured by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. For each brand, we also measured levels of the TSNAs NNN (N'-nitrosonornicotine) and NNK (4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone) via HPLC-MS and the nicotine content via GC-FID. Our results show that the intrinsic nitrate levels varied >15-fold and GP radicals varied 4-fold among the 25 brands tested. The GP radicals were correlated with intrinsic nitrate levels (r = 0.87, p < 0.001). NNK and NNN levels varied >8-fold and 12-fold, respectively. We found that NNK was moderately correlated to nitrate content (r = 0.42, p = 0.03) while the NNN was strongly correlated to the nitrate content (r = 0.65, p < 0.001). Nicotine levels varied the least (<3-fold) but showed a moderate negative correlation to nitrate content (r = -0.47, p = 0.02). No statistically significant correlation was observed between nicotine and TSNA levels in mainstream smoke. Overall, this demonstrates that the nitrate content of tobacco blends used in US cigarette brands impacts toxicant output in the mainstream smoke, although other proprietary variables (total ventilation, additives, filter type, etc.) may also modulate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne E Mocniak
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Zachary T Bitzer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Prital Prabhu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey Pennsylvania 17033, United States
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8
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Chavez JR, Yao W, Dulin H, Castellanos J, Xu D, Hai R. Modeling the effects of cigarette smoke extract on influenza B virus infections in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1083251. [PMID: 37033954 PMCID: PMC10076604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1083251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza B virus (IBV) is a major respiratory viral pathogen. Due to a lack of pandemic potential for IBV, there is a lag in research on IBV pathology and immunological responses compared to IAV. Therefore, the impact of various lifestyle and environmental factors on IBV infections, such as cigarette smoking (CS), remains elusive. Despite the increased risk and severity of IAV infections with CS, limited information exists on the impact of CS on IBV infections due to the absence of suitable animal models. To this end, we developed an animal model system by pre-treating mice for two weeks with cigarette smoke extract (CSE), then infected them with IBV and monitored the resulting pathological, immunological, and virological effects. Our results reveal that the CSE treatment decreased IBV specific IgG levels yet did not change viral replication in the upper airway/the lung, and weight recovery post infection. However, higher concentrations of CSE did result in higher mortality post infection. Together, this suggests that CS induced inflammation coupled with IBV infection resulted in exacerbated disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald R. Chavez
- Department of Microbiology and Plant-pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Wangyuan Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant-pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Harrison Dulin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant-pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Jasmine Castellanos
- Department of Microbiology and Plant-pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Duo Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant-pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Rong Hai
- Department of Microbiology and Plant-pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Rong Hai,
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9
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Mocniak LE, Bitzer ZT, Trushin N, Richie JP. Effects of tobacco nitrate content on free radical levels in mainstream smoke. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 190:116-123. [PMID: 35961467 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke free radicals play an important role in the development of smoking related adverse health effects. We previously reported that gas phase (GP) radicals vary greatly by cigarette brand and tobacco variety and are highly correlated with levels of NNK in smoke. Since NNK production in tobacco is dependent on nitrate, we proposed that GP radical production may also be associated with tobacco nitrate content. To test this, we examined the relationship between intrinsic nitrate levels in 15 individual tobacco types and the levels of free radicals delivered in mainstream smoke from cigarettes produced from these tobaccos. Intrinsic nitrate levels varied >250-fold among the tobacco types, ranging from <0.1 mg/g tobacco in the Bright Leaf types to 24.1 ± 0.4 mg/g in Light Fire Cured Virginia tobacco. Among the tobacco types tested, GP radicals were highly correlated with nitrate levels (r = 0.96, p < 0.0001). To investigate nitrate-specific changes to free radical production during smoking, different concentrations of exogenous sodium nitrate were added to unsmoked shredded leaves of 4 different tobacco types (Bright Leaf Sweet Virginia, American Virginia, Semi-Oriental 456, and reconstituted). Nitrate addition resulted in dose-dependent increases in GP radicals in the corresponding smoke, supporting our hypothesis that intrinsic nitrate levels are responsible for GP radical production in cigarette smoke. We also observed increases in NNK levels as a function of added nitrate that varied significantly among the 4 tobacco types tested, implying that other tobacco-type related factors may be impacting nicotine nitrosation during pyrolysis. Altogether, these findings have identified tobacco nitrate as a key factor in the production of GP radicals, but to a lesser extent with PP radicals, as well as NNK during combustion and highlight its potential implication as a target for regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne E Mocniak
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Zachary T Bitzer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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10
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Effects of Fermented Green Tea Waste Extract Gels on Oxidative Damage in Short-Term Passive Smoking Mice. Gels 2022; 8:gels8080461. [PMID: 35892720 PMCID: PMC9332167 DOI: 10.3390/gels8080461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive smoking is extensively studied because of its harmfulness to human health. In this study, the effects of fermented green tea waste extract gels (GTEG) on oxidative damage in mice exposed to short-term cigarette smoke (CS) were investigated. The GTEG is prepared from green tea waste extract and microbial transglutaminase (MTGase). The lung injury model of mice was established through passive smoking for 5 days. The experimental results revealed the following findings. (1) The GTEG induced by MTGase has obvious gel properties; (2) GTEG has strong biological activity and antioxidant properties in vitro; (3) The passive smoking model was established successfully; specifically, the lung tissue of the model mice exhibited inflammatory symptoms, oxidative stress response appeared in their bodies, and their inflammatory indicators increased; (4) Compared with the passive smoking model group, the mice, which were exposed to CS and received GTEG treatment, exhibited increased food intake and body weight; increased total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity in serum; significant decreases (p < 0.05) in the content levels of the inflammatory factors malondialdehyde, interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α); and inhibited expression of IL-6, IL-33, TNF-α, and IL-1β inflammatory genes. The results indicated that taking GTEG can relieve the oxidative stress injury of mice caused by short-term CS and has antioxidant properties.
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11
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Soleimani F, Dobaradaran S, De-la-Torre GE, Schmidt TC, Saeedi R. Content of toxic components of cigarette, cigarette smoke vs cigarette butts: A comprehensive systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:152667. [PMID: 34963586 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The commercially sold cigarettes contain more than 7000 chemicals, and their combustion produces potential toxicants in mainstream smoke (MS), sidestream smoke (SS), secondhand smoke (SHS), thirdhand smoke (THS), and discarded cigarette butts (CBs). We conducted a systematic review of published literature to compare the toxicants produced in each of these phases of tobacco combustion (MS, SS, and CBs). The initial search included 12,301 articles, but after screening and final restrictions considering the aims of this review, 159 published studies were selected for inclusion. Additionally, SHS and THS are briefly discussed here. Overall, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other aromatic hydrocarbons have been represented in more studies than other compounds. However, metals and nitrosamines were detected in higher concentrations than other components in SS. The concentrations of most PAHs and other aromatic hydrocarbons in MS and SS are higher compared to concentrations found in CBs. Also, the concentrations of all the studied carbonyl compounds, aldehydes and ketones in SS and MS were higher than in CBs. The mean levels of alcohols and phenols in SS were higher than those reported for both MS and CBs. Tobacco toxicants are inhaled by smokers and transmitted to the environment through SS, SHS, THS, and discarded CBs. However, further studies are necessary to assess adverse effects of toxicants found in CBs and THS not only on human health, but also on the environment and ecosystems. The results of this review provide updated information on the chemical contents of MS, SS, SHS, THS, and CBs. It adds to the growing understanding that smoking creates major health problems for smokers and passive smokers, but also that it generates environmental hazards with consequences to the ecosystems and human health through discarded CBs, SHS, and THS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Soleimani
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universit¨atsstr. 5, Essen, Germany.
| | | | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universit¨atsstr. 5, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Reza Saeedi
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health, Safety and Environment, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Sakamaki-Ching S, Williams M, Hua M, Li J, Bates SM, Robinson AN, Lyons TW, Goniewicz ML, Talbot P. Correlation between biomarkers of exposure, effect and potential harm in the urine of electronic cigarette users. BMJ Open Respir Res 2021; 7:7/1/e000452. [PMID: 32079607 PMCID: PMC7047495 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2019-000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine if urinary biomarkers of effect and potential harm are elevated in electronic cigarette users compared with non-smokers and if elevation correlates with increased concentrations of metals in urine. Study design and setting This was a cross-sectional study of biomarkers of exposure, effect and potential harm in urine from non-smokers (n=20), electronic cigarette users (n=20) and cigarette smokers (n=13). Participant’s screening and urine collection were performed at the Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, and biomarker analysis and metal analysis were performed at the University of California, Riverside. Results Metallothionein was significantly elevated in the electronic cigarette group (3761±3932 pg/mg) compared with the non-smokers (1129±1294 pg/mg, p=0.05). 8-OHdG (8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine) was significantly elevated in electronic cigarette users (442.8±300.7 ng/mg) versus non-smokers (221.6±157.8 ng/mg, p=0.01). 8-Isoprostane showed a significant increase in electronic cigarette users (750.8±433 pg/mg) versus non-smokers (411.2±287.4 pg/mg, p=0.03). Linear regression analysis in the electronic cigarette group showed a significant correlation between cotinine and total metal concentration; total metal concentration and metallothionein; cotinine and oxidative DNA damage; and total metal concentration and oxidative DNA damage. Zinc was significantly elevated in the electronic cigarette users (584.5±826.6 µg/g) compared with non-smokers (413.6±233.7 µg/g, p=0.03). Linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation between urinary zinc concentration and 8-OHdG in the electronic cigarette users. Conclusions This study is the first to investigate biomarkers of potential harm and effect in electronic cigarette users and to show a linkage to metal exposure. The biomarker levels in electronic cigarette users were similar to (and not lower than) cigarette smokers. In electronic cigarette users, there was a link to elevated total metal exposure and oxidative DNA damage. Specifically, our results demonstrate that zinc concentration was correlated to oxidative DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Sakamaki-Ching
- Department of Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Monique Williams
- Department of Toxicology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - My Hua
- Department of Toxicology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Statistics, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Steve M Bates
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Andrew N Robinson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Timothy W Lyons
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | | | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
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13
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Ji X, Yao H, Meister M, Gardenhire DS, Mo H. Tocotrienols: Dietary Supplements for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:883. [PMID: 34072997 PMCID: PMC8228218 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the two major phenotypes of COPD, which have many symptoms, such as dyspnea, chronic cough, and mucus overproduction. Emphysema is characterized by the destruction of the alveolar wall, while chronic bronchitis is characterized by limitations in expiratory airflow. Cigarette smoking is the most significant risk factor for the pathogenesis of COPD in the developed world. Chronic inflammation contributes to the onset and progression of the disease and furthers the risk of comorbidities. Current treatment options and prevention strategies for COPD are very limited. Tocotrienols are a group of vitamin E molecules with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Individual tocotrienols (α, γ, and δ) have shown their ability to attenuate inflammation specifically via suppressing nuclear factor-κB-mediated cytokine production. The δ- and γ-forms of tocotrienols have been indicated as the most effective in the prevention of macrophage infiltration, production of reactive oxygen species, and cytokine secretion. This review briefly discusses the pathogenesis of COPD and the role of inflammation therein. Furthermore, we summarize the in vitro and in vivo evidence for the anti-inflammatory activity of tocotrienols and their potential application to COPD management. Coupled with the bioavailability and safety profile of tocotrienols, the ability of these compounds to modulate COPD progression by targeting the inflammation pathways renders them potential candidates for novel therapeutic approaches in the treatment of COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Ji
- Department of Nutrition, Byrdine F. Lewis College of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (M.M.); (H.M.)
| | - Hongwei Yao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA;
| | - Maureen Meister
- Department of Nutrition, Byrdine F. Lewis College of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (M.M.); (H.M.)
| | - Douglas S. Gardenhire
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Byrdine F. Lewis College of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA;
| | - Huanbiao Mo
- Department of Nutrition, Byrdine F. Lewis College of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (M.M.); (H.M.)
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Caliri AW, Tommasi S, Besaratinia A. Relationships among smoking, oxidative stress, inflammation, macromolecular damage, and cancer. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 787:108365. [PMID: 34083039 PMCID: PMC8287787 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is a major risk factor for a variety of diseases, including cancer and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Tobacco smoke contains a mixture of chemicals, including a host of reactive oxygen- and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), among others, that can damage cellular and sub-cellular targets, such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. A growing body of evidence supports a key role for smoking-induced ROS and the resulting oxidative stress in inflammation and carcinogenesis. This comprehensive and up-to-date review covers four interrelated topics, including 'smoking', 'oxidative stress', 'inflammation', and 'cancer'. The review discusses each of the four topics, while exploring the intersections among the topics by highlighting the macromolecular damage attributable to ROS. Specifically, oxidative damage to macromolecular targets, such as lipid peroxidation, post-translational modification of proteins, and DNA adduction, as well as enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms, and the multi-faceted repair pathways of oxidized lesions are described. Also discussed are the biological consequences of oxidative damage to macromolecules if they evade the defense mechanisms and/or are not repaired properly or in time. Emphasis is placed on the genetic- and epigenetic alterations that may lead to transcriptional deregulation of functionally-important genes and disruption of regulatory elements. Smoking-associated oxidative stress also activates the inflammatory response pathway, which triggers a cascade of events of which ROS production is an initial yet indispensable step. The release of ROS at the site of damage and inflammation helps combat foreign pathogens and restores the injured tissue, while simultaneously increasing the burden of oxidative stress. This creates a vicious cycle in which smoking-related oxidative stress causes inflammation, which in turn, results in further generation of ROS, and potentially increased oxidative damage to macromolecular targets that may lead to cancer initiation and/or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Caliri
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, M/C 9603, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Stella Tommasi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, M/C 9603, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ahmad Besaratinia
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, M/C 9603, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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15
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Lei X, Goel R, Sun D, Bhangu G, Bitzer ZT, Trushin N, Ma L, Richie JP, Xiu G, Muscat J. Free Radical and Nicotine Yields in Mainstream Smoke of Chinese Marketed Cigarettes: Variation with Smoking Regimens and Cigarette Brands. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1791-1797. [PMID: 32363856 PMCID: PMC10037311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals and nicotine are components of cigarette smoke that are thought to contribute to the development of smoking-induced diseases. China has the largest number of smokers in the world, yet little is known about the yields of tobacco smoke constituents in different Chinese brands of cigarettes. In this study, gas-phase and particulate-phase free radicals as well as nicotine yields were quantified in mainstream cigarette smoke from five popular Chinese brands and two research cigarettes (3R4F and 1R6F). Mainstream smoke was generated under International Organization of Standardization (ISO) and Canadian Intense (CI) smoking regimens using a linear smoking machine. Levels of free radicals and nicotine were measured by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) and gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection, respectively. Under the ISO puffing regimen, Chinese brand cigarettes produced an average of 3.0 ± 1.2 nmol/cig gas-phase radicals, 118 ± 44.7 pmol/cig particulate-phase radicals, and 0.6 ± 0.2 mg/cig nicotine. Under the CI puffing regimen, Chinese brand cigarettes produced an average of 5.6 ± 1.2 nmol/cig gas-phase radicals, 282 ± 92.1 pmol/cig particulate-phase radicals, and 2.1 ± 0.4 mg/cig nicotine. Overall, both gas- and particulate-phase free radicals were substantially lower compared to the research cigarettes under both regimens, whereas no significant differences were observed for nicotine levels. When Chinese brands were compared, the highest free radical and nicotine yields were found in "LL" and "BS" brands, while lowest levels were found in "YY". These results suggested that the lower radical delivery by Chinese cigarettes compared to United States reference cigarettes may be associated with reductions in oxidant-related harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Lei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical processes, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai 200237, China
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
- Dr. Lei is currently with School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Dongxiao Sun
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Gurkirat Bhangu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Zachary T Bitzer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Lin Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical processes, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai 200237, China
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - John P. Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Guangli Xiu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical processes, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
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16
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Bitzer ZT, Goel R, Trushin N, Muscat J, Richie JP. Free Radical Production and Characterization of Heat-Not-Burn Cigarettes in Comparison to Conventional and Electronic Cigarettes. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1882-1887. [PMID: 32432464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
With conventional cigarettes, the burning cone reaches temperatures of >900 °C, resulting in the production of numerous toxicants and significant levels of highly reactive free radicals. In attempts to eliminate combustion while still delivering nicotine and flavorings, a newer alternative tobacco product has emerged known as "heat-not-burn" (HnB). These products heat tobacco to temperatures of 250-350 °C depending on the device allowing for the volatilization of nicotine and flavorants while potentially limiting the production of combustion-related toxicants. To better understand how the designs of these new products compare to conventional cigarettes and different styles of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs), we measured and partially characterized their production of free radicals. Smoke or aerosols were trapped by a spin trap phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) and analyzed for free radicals using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Free radical polarity was assessed by passing the aerosol or smoke through either a polar or nonpolar trap prior to being spin trapped with PBN. Particulate-phase radicals were detected only for conventional cigarettes. Gas-phase free radicals were detected in smoke/aerosol from all products with levels for HnB (IQOS, Glo) (12 pmol/puff) being similar to e-cigs (Juul, SREC, box mod e-cig) and hybrid devices (Ploom) (5-40 pmol/puff) but 50-fold lower than conventional cigarettes (1R6F). Gas phase radicals differed in polarity with HnB products and conventional cigarettes producing more polar radicals compared to those produced from e-cigs. Free radical production should be considered in evaluating the toxicological profile of nicotine delivery products and identification of the radicals is of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Bitzer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
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17
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Reilly SM, Goel R, Bitzer Z, Elias RJ, Foulds J, Muscat J, Richie JP. Little Cigars, Filtered Cigars, and their Carbonyl Delivery Relative to Cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 20:S99-S106. [PMID: 30125018 PMCID: PMC6093475 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Little cigars and filtered cigars are currently growing in popularity due to their low cost and wide variety of flavors while retaining an appearance similar to cigarettes. Given the health consequences associated with cigarette use, it is important to understand the potential harm associated with these similar products. This includes the potential harm associated with carbonyls (eg, acetaldehyde, acrolein, formaldehyde, etc.), an important class of toxicants and carcinogens in tobacco smoke. Our objective was to determine the carbonyl levels in mainstream smoke from little and filtered cigars compared to cigarettes. Methods We examined two brands each of little cigars and filtered cigars, as well as two research cigarettes for carbonyl delivery using the International Organization of Standards (ISO) and the Health Canada Intense (HCI) machine-smoking protocols. Results On a per puff basis, the levels of five of the seven carbonyls were higher from little cigars than filtered cigars and cigarettes (ISO: 56-116%; HCI: 39-85%; p < .05). On a per unit basis, most carbonyl levels were higher from both cigar types than cigarettes using the ISO method (ISO: 51-313%; p < .05) whereas only filtered cigars were higher using the HCI method (HCI: 53-99%; p < .05). Conclusion These findings suggest that cigar smokers can be exposed to higher levels of carbonyls per cigar than cigarette smokers per cigarette. Implications These data will increase our understanding of the relative harm from carbonyl exposure from little and filtered cigars both for cigar-only smokers and the cumulative harm among the growing population of cigarette-cigar multi-product smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Reilly
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Zachary Bitzer
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA
| | - Ryan J Elias
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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18
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Shein M, Jeschke G. Comparison of Free Radical Levels in the Aerosol from Conventional Cigarettes, Electronic Cigarettes, and Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Products. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1289-1298. [PMID: 30932480 PMCID: PMC6584902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aerosols from electronic cigarettes and heat-not-burn tobacco products have been found to contain lower levels of almost all compounds from the list of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents known to be present in tobacco products and tobacco smoke than smoke from conventional cigarettes. Free radicals, which also pose potential health risks, are not considered in this list, and their levels in the different product types have not yet been compared under standardized conditions. We compared the type and quantity of free radicals in mainstream aerosol of 3R4F research cigarettes, two types of electronic cigarettes, and a heat-not-burn tobacco product. Free radicals and NO in the gas phases were separately spin trapped and quantified by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy by using a smoking machine for aerosol generation and a flow-through cell to enhance reproducibility of the quantification. Particulate matter was separated by a Cambridge filter and extracted, and persistent radicals were quantified by EPR spectroscopy. Levels of organic radicals for electronic cigarettes and the heat-not-burn product, as measured with the PBN spin trap, did not exceed 1% of the level observed for conventional cigarettes and were close to the radical level observed in air blanks. The radicals found in the smoke of conventional cigarettes were oxygen centered, most probably alkoxy radicals, whereas a signal for carbon-centered radicals near the detection limit was observed in aerosol from the heat-not-burn product and electronic cigarettes. The NO level in aerosol produced by electronic cigarettes was below our detection limit, whereas for the heat-not-burn product, it reached about 7% of the level observed for whole smoke from 3R4F cigarettes. Persistent radicals in particulate matter could be quantified only for 3R4F cigarettes. Aerosols from vaping and heat-not-burn tobacco products have much lower free radical levels than cigarette smoke, however, the toxicological implications of this finding are as yet unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Bitzer ZT, Goel R, Reilly SM, Bhangu G, Trushin N, Foulds J, Muscat J, Richie JP. Emissions of Free Radicals, Carbonyls, and Nicotine from the NIDA Standardized Research Electronic Cigarette and Comparison to Similar Commercial Devices. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 32:130-138. [PMID: 30525517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
E-cigarettes (e-cigs) are a diverse and continuously evolving group of products with four generations currently in the market. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) standardized research e-cigarette (SREC) is intended to provide researchers with a consistent e-cig device with known characteristics. Thus, we conducted laboratory-based characterizations of oxidants and nicotine in aerosols produced from SREC and other closed-system, breath-activated, commercially available e-cigs (Blu and Vuse). We hypothesized that oxidant and nicotine production will be significantly affected in all devices by changes in puffing parameters. All e-cigs were machine vaped and the aerosols generated were examined for nicotine, carbonyls, and free-radicals while varying the puff-volumes and puff-durations to reflect typical human usage. The data were normalized on a per puff, per gram aerosol, and per milligram nicotine basis. We found that aerosol production generally increased with increasing puff-duration and puff-volume in all e-cigs tested. Increased puff-duration and puff-volume increased nicotine delivery for Blu and Vuse but not the SREC. We report, for the first time, reactive free-radicals in aerosols from all closed-system e-cigs tested, albeit at levels lower than cigarette smoke. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, and propionaldehyde were detected in the aerosols of all tested e-cigs. Carbonyl and free radical production is affected by puff-duration and puff volume. Overall, SREC was more efficient at aerosol and nicotine production than both Blu and Vuse. In terms of carbonyl and free radical levels, SREC delivered lower or similar levels to both other devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Bitzer
- Department of Food Science , Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science (TCORS) , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
| | - Samantha M Reilly
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science (TCORS) , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
| | - Gurkirat Bhangu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science (TCORS) , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science (TCORS) , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Food Science , Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Food Science , Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science (TCORS) , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
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20
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Goel R, Bitzer ZT, Reilly SM, Bhangu G, Trushin N, Elias RJ, Foulds J, Muscat J, Richie JP. Effect of Charcoal in Cigarette Filters on Free Radicals in Mainstream Smoke. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:745-751. [PMID: 29979036 PMCID: PMC6471497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The addition of charcoal in cigarette filters may be an effective means of reducing many toxicants from tobacco smoke. Free radicals are a highly reactive class of oxidants abundant in cigarette smoke, and here we evaluated the effectiveness of charcoal to reduce free radical delivery by comparing radical yields from commercially available cigarettes with charcoal-infused filters to those without and by examining the effects of incorporating charcoal into conventional cigarette filters on radical production. Commercial cigarettes containing charcoal filters produced 40% fewer gas-phase radicals than did regular cellulose acetate filter cigarettes when smoked using the International Organization of Standardization (ISO, p = 0.07) and Canadian Intense (CI, p < 0.01) smoking protocols. While mean-particulate-phase radicals were 25-27% lower in charcoal cigarettes, differences from noncharcoal products were not significant ( p = 0.06-0.22). When cellulose acetate cigarette filters were modified to incorporate different types and amounts of activated charcoal, reductions in gas-phase (>70%), but not particulate-phase, radicals were observed. The reductions in gas-phase radicals were similar for the three types of charcoal. Decreases in radical production were dose-responsive with increasing amounts of charcoal (25-300 mg) with as little as 25 mg of activated charcoal reducing gas-phase radicals by 41%. In all studies, charcoal had less of an effect on nicotine delivery, which was decreased 33% at the maximal amount of charcoal tested (300 mg). Overall, these results support the potential consideration of charcoal in cigarette filters as a means to reduce exposure to toxic free radicals from cigarettes and other combustible tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Zachary T. Bitzer
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Samantha M. Reilly
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Gurkirat Bhangu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Ryan J. Elias
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - John P. Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
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Pauwels CG, Klerx WN, Pennings JL, Boots AW, van Schooten FJ, Opperhuizen A, Talhout R. Cigarette Filter Ventilation and Smoking Protocol Influence Aldehyde Smoke Yields. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:462-471. [PMID: 29727173 PMCID: PMC6008735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The WHO study group on tobacco product regulation (TobReg) advised regulating and lowering toxicant levels in cigarette smoke. Aldehydes are one of the chemical classes on the TobReg smoke toxicants priority list. To provide insight in factors determining aldehyde yields, the levels of 12 aldehydes in mainstream cigarette smoke of 11 Dutch brands were quantified. Variations in smoking behavior and cigarette design affecting human exposure to aldehydes were studied by using four different machine testing protocols. Machine smoking was based on the International Standardization Organization (ISO) and Health Canada Intense (HCI) regime, both with and without taping the filter vents. The 11 cigarette brands differed in (i) design and blend characteristics; (ii) tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide (TNCO) levels; (iii) popularity; and (iv) manufacturer. Cigarette smoke was trapped on a Cambridge filter pad and carboxen cartridge. After being dissolved in methanol/CS2 and derivatization with DNPH, the aldehyde yields were determined using HPLC-DAD. Using an intense smoking regime (increased puff volume, shorter puff interval) significantly increased aldehyde yields, following the pattern: ISO < ISO-taped < HCI-untaped < HCI. For all of the regimes, acetaldehyde and acrolein yields were strongly correlated ( r = 0.804). The difference in TNCO and aldehyde levels between regular and highly ventilated low-TNCO cigarettes (as measured using ISO) diminished when smoking intensely; this effect is stronger when combined with taping filter vents. The highly ventilated low-TNCO brands showed six times more aldehyde production per mg nicotine for the intense smoking regimes. In conclusion, acetaldehyde and acrolein can be used as representatives for the class of volatile aldehydes for the different brands and smoking regimes. The aldehyde-to-nicotine ratio increased when highly ventilated cigarettes were smoked intensely, similar to real smokers. Thus, a smoker of highly ventilated low-TNCO cigarettes has an increased potential for higher aldehyde exposures compared to a smoker of regular cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte G.G.M. Pauwels
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational
Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Centre
for Health Protection, National Institute
for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Walther N.M. Klerx
- Centre
for Health Protection, National Institute
for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L.A. Pennings
- Centre
for Health Protection, National Institute
for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes W. Boots
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational
Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik J. van Schooten
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational
Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon Opperhuizen
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational
Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Office
of Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands
Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), P.O. Box 8433, 3503 RK Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- Centre
for Health Protection, National Institute
for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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22
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Goel R, Bitzer ZT, Reilly SM, Foulds J, Muscat J, Elias RJ, Richie JP. Influence of Smoking Puff Parameters and Tobacco Varieties on Free Radicals Yields in Cigarette Mainstream Smoke. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:325-331. [PMID: 29701955 PMCID: PMC6471496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a major exogenous source of free radicals, and the resulting oxidative stress is one of the major causes of smoking-caused diseases. Yet, many of the factors that impact free radical delivery from cigarettes remain unclear. In this study, we machine-smoked cigarettes and measured the levels of gas- and particulate-phase radicals by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy using standardized smoking regimens (International Organization of Standardization (ISO) and Canadian Intense (CI)), puffing parameters, and tobacco blends. Radical delivery per cigarette was significantly greater in both gas (4-fold) and particulate (6-fold) phases when cigarettes were smoked under the CI protocol compared to the ISO protocol. Total puff volume per cigarette was the major factor with radical production being proportional to total volume, regardless of whether volume differences were achieved by changes in individual puff volume or puff frequency. Changing puff shape (bell vs sharp vs square) or puff duration (1-5 s), without changing volume, had no effect on radical yields. Tobacco variety did have a significant impact on free radical production, with gas-phase radicals highest in reconstituted > burley > oriental > bright tobacco and particulate-phase radicals highest in burley > bright > oriental > reconstituted tobacco. Our findings show that modifiable cigarette design features and measurable user smoking behaviors are key factors determining free radical exposure in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Zachary T. Bitzer
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Samantha M. Reilly
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Ryan J. Elias
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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23
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Bitzer ZT, Goel R, Reilly SM, Elias RJ, Silakov A, Foulds J, Muscat J, Richie JP. Effect of flavoring chemicals on free radical formation in electronic cigarette aerosols. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 120:72-79. [PMID: 29548792 PMCID: PMC5940571 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavoring chemicals, or flavorants, have been used in electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) since their inception; however, little is known about their toxicological effects. Free radicals present in e-cigarette aerosols have been shown to induce oxidative stress resulting in damage to proliferation, survival, and inflammation pathways in the cell. Aerosols generated from e-liquid solvents alone contain high levels of free radicals but few studies have looked at how these toxins are modulated by flavorants. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effects of different flavorants on free radical production in e-cigarette aerosols. METHODS Free radicals generated from 49 commercially available e-liquid flavors were captured and analyzed using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The flavorant composition of each e-liquid was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS). Radical production was correlated with flavorant abundance. Ten compounds were identified and analyzed for their impact on free radical generation. RESULTS Nearly half of the flavors modulated free radical generation. Flavorants with strong correlations included β-damascone, δ-tetradecalactone, γ-decalactone, citral, dipentene, ethyl maltol, ethyl vanillin, ethyl vanillin PG acetal, linalool, and piperonal. Dipentene, ethyl maltol, citral, linalool, and piperonal promoted radical formation in a concentration-dependent manner. Ethyl vanillin inhibited the radical formation in a concentration dependent manner. Free radical production was closely linked with the capacity to oxidize biologically-relevant lipids. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that flavoring agents play an important role in either enhancing or inhibiting the production of free radicals in flavored e-cigarette aerosols. This information is important for developing regulatory strategies aimed at reducing potential harm from e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Bitzer
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Mail Code: CH69, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Samantha M Reilly
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Mail Code: CH69, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Ryan J Elias
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Alexey Silakov
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, Eberley College of Science, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Mail Code: CH69, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Mail Code: CH69, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Mail Code: CH69, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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24
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Dianat M, Radan M, Badavi M, Mard SA, Bayati V, Ahmadizadeh M. Crocin attenuates cigarette smoke-induced lung injury and cardiac dysfunction by anti-oxidative effects: the role of Nrf2 antioxidant system in preventing oxidative stress. Respir Res 2018; 19:58. [PMID: 29631592 PMCID: PMC5891913 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0766-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been emerging as a great health problem in world. Cigarette smoke is known to cause oxidative stress and deplete glutathione (GSH) levels. Nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is involved in transcriptional regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLc). Antioxidant compounds may be of therapeutic value in monitoring disease progression. Crocin demonstrates antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective role of crocin against CSE-mediated oxidative stress, inflammatory process, Nrf2 modifications and impairment of cardiac function in rats with COPD. METHODS Eighty rats were divided into four groups: Control, Cigarette smoke exposure (CSE), Crocin, Crocin+CS. Each group was divided into the two parts: 1) to evaluate lung inflammatory and oxidative process, 2) to evaluate the effect of Cigarette smoke induced-lung injuries on cardiac electrocardiogram (such as heart rate and QRS complex) and hemodynamic parameters (such as perfusion pressure and left ventricular developed pressure). RESULTS CSE rats showed a significant increase in cotinine concentration (17.24 ng/ml), and inflammatory parameters and a decrease in PO2 (75.87 mmHg) and expression of PKC (0.86 fold), PI3K (0.79 fold), MAPK (0.87 fold), Nrf2 (0.8 fold) and GCLc (0.75 fold) genes, antioxidant activity, and finally cardiac abnormalities in electrocardiogram and hemodynamic parameters. Co-treatment whit crocin could restore all these values to normal levels. CONCLUSIONS CS induced-COPD in rat model provides evidence that chronic CS exposure leads to lung injury and mediated cardiac dysfunction. Crocin co-treatment by modulating of Nrf2 pathway protected lung injury caused by COPD and its related cardiac dysfunction. In this study, we showed the importance of Nrf2 activators as a therapeutic target for the development of novel therapy for lung oxidative injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Dianat
- Department of Physiology, Physiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Radan
- Department of Physiology, Physiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Badavi
- Department of Physiology, Physiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyyed Ali Mard
- Department of Physiology, Physiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Vahid Bayati
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Ahmadizadeh
- Physiology Research Center, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
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25
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van 't Erve TJ, Lih FB, Kadiiska MB, Deterding LJ, Mason RP. Elevated plasma 8-iso-prostaglandin F 2α levels in human smokers originate primarily from enzymatic instead of non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 115:105-112. [PMID: 29162517 PMCID: PMC5767525 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that free radicals in tobacco smoke lead to oxidative stress and generate the popular lipid peroxidation biomarker 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α). However, 8-iso-PGF2α can simultaneously be produced in vivo by the prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthases (PGHS) induced by inflammation. This inflammation-dependent mechanism has never been considered as a source of elevated 8-iso-PGF2α in tobacco smokers. The goal of this study is to quantify the distribution of chemical- and PGHS-dependent 8-iso-PGF2α formation in the plasma of tobacco smokers and non-smokers. The influences of gender and hormonal contraceptive use were accounted for. The distribution was determined by measuring the 8-iso-PGF2α/prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) ratio. When comparing smokers (n = 28) against non-smokers (n = 30), there was a statistically significant increase in the 8-iso-PGF2α concentration. The source of this increased 8-iso-PGF2α was primarily from PGHS. When stratifying for gender, the increase in 8-iso-PGF2α in male smokers (n = 9) was primarily from PGHS. Interestingly, female smokers on hormonal contraceptives had increased 8-iso-PGF2α in both pathways, whereas those not on hormonal contraceptives did not have increased 8-iso-PGF2α. In conclusion, increased plasma 8-iso-PGF2α in tobacco smokers has complex origins, with PGHS-dependent formation as the primary source. Accounting for both pathways provides a definitive measurement of both oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J van 't Erve
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, 27709 NC, USA.
| | - Fred B Lih
- Epigenetic and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, 27709 NC, USA
| | - Maria B Kadiiska
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, 27709 NC, USA
| | - Leesa J Deterding
- Epigenetic and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, 27709 NC, USA
| | - Ronald P Mason
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, 27709 NC, USA
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26
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Acceptability of SPECTRUM Research Cigarettes among Participants in Trials of Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes. TOB REGUL SCI 2018; 4:573-585. [PMID: 30662929 DOI: 10.18001/trs.4.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives SPECTRUM research cigarettes (SPECTRUMs) are being used in trials evaluating the effects of switching to reduced nicotine content (RNC) cigarettes. Because smokers have a high brand affinity, we evaluated if they were willing to switch and continue smoking normal nicotine content (NNC) SPECTRUMs. Methods We asked smokers (N = 341) to rate their own brand of cigarettes and NNC SPECTRUMs (after 2 weeks of use) using subjective measures including satisfaction, reward, taste, and craving reduction. We measured plasma cotinine, exhaled carbon monoxide (CO), and cigarettes per day (CPD), and recorded reasons for dropping out. Results After 2 weeks, 95% of participants chose to continue using SPECTRUMs for an additional 18 weeks. Moreover, 67% said SPECTRUMs were as good as or better than their own brand, and 65% said they would consider purchasing them. Ratings of satisfaction, reward, and craving reduction were 10%-15% lower on SPECTRUMs than on their own brand (p < .01). There were no differences in these ratings between menthol and non-menthol smokers. Conclusions Menthol and non-menthol SPECTRUMs are acceptable to smokers. Lower SPECTRUM ratings were likely due to brand switching and did not hinder study retention.
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27
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Bitzer ZT, Goel R, Reilly SM, Foulds J, Muscat J, Elias RJ, Richie JP. Effects of Solvent and Temperature on Free Radical Formation in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 31:4-12. [PMID: 29161504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ever-evolving market of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) presents a challenge for analyzing and characterizing the harmful products they can produce. Earlier we reported that e-cigarette aerosols can deliver high levels of reactive free radicals; however, there are few data characterizing the production of these potentially harmful oxidants. Thus, we have performed a detailed analysis of the different parameters affecting the production of free radical by e-cigarettes. Using a temperature-controlled e-cigarette device and a novel mechanism for reliably simulating e-cigarette usage conditions, including coil activation and puff flow, we analyzed the effects of temperature, wattage, and e-liquid solvent composition of propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (GLY) on radical production. Free radicals in e-cigarette aerosols were spin-trapped and analyzed using electron paramagnetic resonance. Free radical production increased in a temperature-dependent manner, showing a nearly 2-fold increase between 100 and 300 °C under constant-temperature conditions. Free radical production under constant wattage showed an even greater increase when going from 10 to 50 W due, in part, to higher coil temperatures compared to constant-temperature conditions. The e-liquid PG content also heavily influenced free radical production, showing a nearly 3-fold increase upon comparison of ratios of 0:100 (PG:GLY) and 100:0 (PG:GLY). Increases in PG content were also associated with increases in aerosol-induced oxidation of biologically relevant lipids. These results demonstrate that the production of reactive free radicals in e-cigarette aerosols is highly solvent dependent and increases with an increase in temperature. Radical production was somewhat dependent on aerosol production at higher temperatures; however, disproportionately high levels of free radicals were observed at ≥100 °C despite limited aerosol production. Overall, these findings suggest that e-cigarettes can be designed to minimize exposure to these potentially harmful products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Bitzer
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Samantha M Reilly
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Ryan J Elias
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
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28
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Reilly SM, Goel R, Trushin N, Elias RJ, Foulds J, Muscat J, Liao J, Richie JP. Brand variation in oxidant production in mainstream cigarette smoke: Carbonyls and free radicals. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:147-154. [PMID: 28528972 PMCID: PMC5532802 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress/damage resulting from exposure to cigarette smoke plays a critical role in the development of tobacco-caused diseases. Carbonyls and free radicals are two major classes of oxidants in tobacco smoke. There is little information on the combined delivery of these oxidants across different cigarette brands; thus, we set out to measure and compare their levels in mainstream smoke from popular US cigarettes. Mainstream smoke from 28 different cigarette brands produced by smoking (FTC protocol) was analyzed for five important, abundant carbonyls, and levels were compared to previously determined free radical for the same brands. Overall, there were large variations (3- to 6-fold) in carbonyl levels across brands with total carbonyl levels ranging from 275 to 804 μg/cigarette, which persisted even after adjusting for ventilation. Individual carbonyl levels were highly correlated with each other (r2: 0.40-0.95, P < 0.003) except for formaldehyde. Both gas-phase (r2: 0.37, P = 0.006) and particulate-phase (r2: 0.27, P = 0.005) free radicals were correlated to total carbonyl content; however, this correlation disappeared after adjusting for ventilation. These data show that overall oxidant production varies widely by cigarette brand and the resulting difference in oxidant burden could potentially lead to differences in disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Reilly
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Ryan J Elias
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Jason Liao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States.
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