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Matt GE, Merianos AL, Stone L, Wullenweber C, Quintana PJE, Hoh E, Dodder NG, Lopez Galvez N, Mahabee-Gittens EM. Changes and stability of hand nicotine levels in children of smokers: Associations with urinary biomarkers, reported child tobacco smoke exposure, and home smoking bans. Environ Int 2023; 181:108239. [PMID: 37852151 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to thirdhand smoke (THS) residue takes place through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal transfer. Hand nicotine levels have been proposed to measure THS pollution in the environment of children, but little is known about its variability and stability over time and correlates of change. OBJECTIVES The goal was to determine the stability of hand nicotine in comparison to urinary biomarkers and to explore factors that influence changes in hand nicotine. METHODS Data were collected from 0 to 11-year-old children (Mean age = 5.9) who lived with ≥1 tobacco smokers (N = 129). At a 6-week interval, we collected repeated measures of hand nicotine, four urinary biomarkers (cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, nicotelline N-oxides, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol), and parent-reported child tobacco smoke exposure (TSE). Dependent sample t-tests, correlations, and multivariable regression analyses were conducted to examine the changes in child TSE. RESULTS Hand nicotine levels (r = 0.63, p < 0.001) showed similar correlations between repeated measures to urinary biomarkers (r = 0.58-0.71; p < 0.001). Different from urinary biomarkers, mean hand nicotine levels increased over time (t(113) = 3.37, p < 0.001) being significantly higher in children from homes without smoking bans at Time 2 (p = 0.016) compared to Time 1 (p = 0.003). Changes in hand nicotine correlated with changes in cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (r = 0.30 and r = 0.19, respectively, p < 0.05). Children with home smoking bans at Time 1 and 2 showed significantly lower hand nicotine levels compared to children without home smoking bans. DISCUSSION Findings indicate that hand nicotine levels provide additional insights into children's exposure to tobacco smoke pollutants than reported child TSE and urinary biomarkers. Changes in hand nicotine levels show that consistent home smoking bans in homes of children of smokers can lower THS exposure. Hand nicotine levels may be influenced by the environmental settings in which they are collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Ashley L Merianos
- School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lara Stone
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA
| | - Chase Wullenweber
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA
| | | | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Continente X, Henderson E, López-González L, Fernández E, Tigova O, Semple S, O'Donnell R, Navas-Acién A, Cortés-Francisco N, Ramírez N, Dobson R, López MJ. Exposure to secondhand and thirdhand smoke in private vehicles: Measurements in air and dust samples. Environ Res 2023; 235:116681. [PMID: 37474087 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to estimate airborne nicotine concentrations and nicotine, cotinine, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) in settled dust from private cars in Spain and the UK. METHODS We measured vapor-phase nicotine concentrations in a convenience sample of 45 private cars from Spain (N = 30) and the UK (N = 15) in 2017-2018. We recruited non-smoking drivers (n = 20), smoking drivers who do not smoke inside the car (n = 15), and smoking drivers who smoke inside (n = 10). Nicotine, cotinine, and three TSNAs (NNK, NNN, NNA) were also measured in settled dust in a random subsample (n = 20). We computed medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) of secondhand smoke (SHS) and thirdhand smoke (THS) compounds according to the drivers' profile. RESULTS 24-h samples yielded median airborne nicotine concentrations below the limit of quantification (LOQ) (IQR: CONCLUSIONS All cars of smokers had measurable SHS and THS pollution, the exposure levels markedly higher in vehicles of drivers where smoking took place. Our results evidence the need for policies to prohibit smoking in vehicles, but also urge for more comprehensive strategies aiming towards the elimination of tobacco consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Continente
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Pl. Lesseps, 1, 08023, Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Elisabet Henderson
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Pl. Lesseps, 1, 08023, Barcelona, Spain; Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Esteve Fernández
- Unitat de Control de Tabac, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Av. Granvia de l'Hospitalet 199-203, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Av. Granvia de l'Hospitalet 199, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Campus de Bellvitge, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga, S/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Olena Tigova
- Unitat de Control de Tabac, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Av. Granvia de l'Hospitalet 199-203, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Av. Granvia de l'Hospitalet 199, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Campus de Bellvitge, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga, S/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sean Semple
- Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Rachel O'Donnell
- Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Ana Navas-Acién
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, United States.
| | - Núria Cortés-Francisco
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Pl. Lesseps, 1, 08023, Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Noelia Ramírez
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Dr. Mallafré Guasch, 4, 43007, Tarragona, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Electronic Engineering, Escorxador, s/n, 43003, Tarragona, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ruaraidh Dobson
- Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Maria José López
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Pl. Lesseps, 1, 08023, Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut (DCEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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Arfaeinia H, Ghaemi M, Jahantigh A, Soleimani F, Hashemi H. Secondhand and thirdhand smoke: a review on chemical contents, exposure routes, and protective strategies. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-28128-1. [PMID: 37306877 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Secondhand smoke (SHS: a mixture of sidestream and mainstream smoke) and thirdhand smoke (THS: made up of the pollutants that settle indoors after smoking in closed environments) are a significant public health concern. SHS and THS contain various chemicals which can be released into the air or settle on surfaces. At present, the hazards of SHS and THS are not as well documented. In this review, we describe the chemical contents of THS and SHS, exposure routes, vulnerable groups, health effects, and protective strategies. The literature search was conducted for published papers on September 2022 in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. This review could provide a comprehensive understanding of the chemical contents of THS and SHS, exposure routes, vulnerable groups, health effects, protective strategies, and future researches on environmental tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Arfaeinia
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghaemi
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave, Tehran, 1411813389, Iran
| | - Anis Jahantigh
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Farshid Soleimani
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Hassan Hashemi
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Mahabee-Gittens EM, Merianos AL, Stone L, Wullenweber CA, Quintana PJE, Hoh E, Dodder NG, Lopez-Galvez N, Matt GE. Hand nicotine as an independent marker of thirdhand smoke pollution in children's environments. Sci Total Environ 2022; 849:157914. [PMID: 35952873 PMCID: PMC10199779 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand nicotine (HN) levels measure children's exposure to tobacco smoke pollutants from thirdhand and secondhand smoke. HN is associated with urinary and salivary cotinine, but the associations of HN with other tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) markers remain unknown. OBJECTIVES We compared levels of HN and four urinary TSE biomarkers: cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (3HC), nicotelline N-oxides, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), and children's sociodemographic and TSE patterns. We also examined if HN is a plausible pathway for children's exposure to active smoking. METHODS Data were collected from 175 non-smoking patients (Mean (SD) age = 5.4 (3.4) years) who lived with ≥1 cigarette smoker(s). HN and TSE biomarker levels were determined using LC-MS/MS. Multivariate and multivariable regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between TSE markers and parent-reported measures, controlling for sociodemographics. RESULTS Of the five markers of TSE, cotinine (R2 = 0.221; p = 0.003) and HN (R2 = 0.247; p = 0.001) showed the strongest overall associations. Of the five markers, only cotinine showed significantly higher levels among Black children (β^=0.307,p<0.05) independent of age, reported exposure, and home smoking bans. Cotinine (β^=0.010,p<0.05), NNAL (β^=0.012,p<0.05), and HN (β^=0.011,p<0.05) showed significant positive associations with reported exposure independent of race, age, and home smoking bans. NNAL (β^=-0.285,p<0.05) and HN (β^=-0.336,p<0.05), but not cotinine, 3HC, and N-oxides, showed significantly lower levels among children who lived in homes with smoking bans. Child age, hand surface area, home smoking ban, and reported exposure independently accounted for 21 % of the variance in HN levels (p = 0.002). HN accounted for 30 % of the variance in cotinine independent of child race and child age. DISCUSSION HN levels were associated with modifiable tobacco-related behaviors and shows promise as a marker of sources of THS pollution in a child's environment not captured by measurement of urinary cotinine alone. HN levels provide additional information about TSE, complementing other biomarkers when assessing children's overall TSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Ashley L Merianos
- School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lara Stone
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chase A Wullenweber
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Lopez-Galvez
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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Wen Q, Wang X, Lv J, Guo Y, Pei P, Yang L, Chen Y, Du H, Burgess S, Hacker A, Liu F, Chen J, Yu C, Chen Z, Li L. Association between involuntary smoking and risk of cervical cancer in Chinese female never smokers: A prospective cohort study. Environ Res 2022; 212:113371. [PMID: 35504339 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Involuntary smoking was a major public health problem for women in China. Previous studies mainly focused on secondhand smoke (SHS), which referred to direct exposure to smoke from burning cigarettes. Little evidence existed about the relationship between thirdhand smoke (THS), the residual tobacco smoke remaining in the environment after tobacco had been smoked, and cervical cancer. The China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) study recruited 0.3 million female participants from 10 areas across China during 2004-2008. After an 11.2-year median follow-up, we documented 1094 cervical cancer cases. Multivariable Cox regression yielded adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations of SHS and THS with cervical cancer incidence, respectively and jointly. Overall, 60.3% reported weekly SHS exposure, and 83.2% had been exposed to THS. Daily SHS exposure and THS exposure at the enrollment were associated with elevated risks of cervical cancer incidence, with adjusted HRs (95% CI) of 1.22 (1.06,1.42) and 1.24 (1.03,1.49), respectively. The longer the exposure duration, the higher the risks (P for trend = 0.006, 0.035, respectively). Compared with those who were neither exposed to SHS nor THS, those exposed to both SHS and THS had the highest risk, with adjusted HRs (95% CI) of 1.29 (1.05,1.58). Area of residence, breastfeeding duration and heating fuel types are potential effect modifiers. Among Chinese females, both SHS and THS were associated with higher risks of cervical cancer incidence, and a dose-response relationship was found between the exposure duration and cervical cancer risk. Our findings reinforce the need for proactive strategies for tobacco control, to protect women health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaorui Wen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China; Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness & Response, Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, l00037, China
| | - Pei Pei
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, United Kingdom; Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
| | - Yiping Chen
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, United Kingdom; Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
| | - Huaidong Du
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, United Kingdom; Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
| | - Sushila Burgess
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Hacker
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
| | - Fang Liu
- Suzhou Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Jiangsu, 215004, China
| | - Junshi Chen
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Canqing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China; Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness & Response, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China; Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness & Response, Beijing, 100191, China
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Soleimani F, Dobaradaran S, De-la-Torre GE, Schmidt TC, Saeedi R. Content of toxic components of cigarette, cigarette smoke vs cigarette butts: A comprehensive systematic review. Sci Total Environ 2022; 813:152667. [PMID: 34963586 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The commercially sold cigarettes contain more than 7000 chemicals, and their combustion produces potential toxicants in mainstream smoke (MS), sidestream smoke (SS), secondhand smoke (SHS), thirdhand smoke (THS), and discarded cigarette butts (CBs). We conducted a systematic review of published literature to compare the toxicants produced in each of these phases of tobacco combustion (MS, SS, and CBs). The initial search included 12,301 articles, but after screening and final restrictions considering the aims of this review, 159 published studies were selected for inclusion. Additionally, SHS and THS are briefly discussed here. Overall, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other aromatic hydrocarbons have been represented in more studies than other compounds. However, metals and nitrosamines were detected in higher concentrations than other components in SS. The concentrations of most PAHs and other aromatic hydrocarbons in MS and SS are higher compared to concentrations found in CBs. Also, the concentrations of all the studied carbonyl compounds, aldehydes and ketones in SS and MS were higher than in CBs. The mean levels of alcohols and phenols in SS were higher than those reported for both MS and CBs. Tobacco toxicants are inhaled by smokers and transmitted to the environment through SS, SHS, THS, and discarded CBs. However, further studies are necessary to assess adverse effects of toxicants found in CBs and THS not only on human health, but also on the environment and ecosystems. The results of this review provide updated information on the chemical contents of MS, SS, SHS, THS, and CBs. It adds to the growing understanding that smoking creates major health problems for smokers and passive smokers, but also that it generates environmental hazards with consequences to the ecosystems and human health through discarded CBs, SHS, and THS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Soleimani
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universit¨atsstr. 5, Essen, Germany.
| | | | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universit¨atsstr. 5, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Reza Saeedi
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health, Safety and Environment, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Aquilina NJ, Jacob P, Benowitz NL, Fsadni P, Montefort S. Secondhand smoke exposure in school children in Malta assessed through urinary biomarkers. Environ Res 2022; 204:112405. [PMID: 34822856 PMCID: PMC9119146 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
School children may be exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS) either at home, in transit or in social gatherings permitting smoking in their presence. Questionnaires about SHS often underestimate prevalence and extent of exposure. A more accurate tool is the use of biomarkers such as cotinine (COT) and trans-3'-hydrocycotinine (3HC) as biomarkers of SHS exposure, alongside 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), a reduction product in the body of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), both potent carcinogens. We measured urinary COT, 3HC and total NNAL using sensitive and specific high-performance LC-MS/MS methods. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for each assay were 0.05 ng/mL, 0.1 ng/mL and 0.25 pg/mL respectively. The aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure to SHS of school children (9-11 years), from five public schools in the island of Malta, from questionnaire information about smoking at home and verify it by urinary biomarker data of COT, 3HC and NNAL. These biomarkers were measurable in 99.4%, 95.4% and 98.3% of the participating children respectively. From the children reporting smoking at home, 11% had a history of asthma and had COT, 3HC and NNAL geometric mean concentrations double compared to the non-asthmatic group. In has been confirmed that non-smokers exposed to SHS and THS have a higher NNAL/COT ratio than the group identified as smokers according to specific and defined COT threshold levels (despite the fact that a priori, the entire study group was composed of non-smokers). The implication of high measured levels of urinary NNAL in children should be of concern given its potency. A main effects multifactor ANOVA model was developed and the children's house and school locations and the smoking frequency were statistically significant to predict the levels of the three metabolites. For 3HC only, the status of the employment of the mother was also an important predictor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel J Aquilina
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, Msida MSD, 2080, Malta; Division of Cardiology, Clinical Pharmacology Program, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Division of Cardiology, Clinical Pharmacology Program, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Cardiology, Clinical Pharmacology Program, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - P Fsadni
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida MSD, 2080, Malta
| | - S Montefort
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida MSD, 2080, Malta
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8
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Yeh K, Li L, Wania F, Abbatt JPD. Thirdhand smoke from tobacco, e-cigarettes, cannabis, methamphetamine and cocaine: Partitioning, reactive fate, and human exposure in indoor environments. Environ Int 2022; 160:107063. [PMID: 34954646 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A source of chemical exposure to humans, thirdhand smoke (THS) refers to the contamination that persists indoors following the cessation of a smoking event. The composition of thirdhand smoke depends on the type of substance from which it originates. Although past studies have investigated the effects of tobacco THS on indoor air quality and human health, few have focused on the chemical composition and health impacts of other sources and components of THS. Here we review the state of knowledge of the composition and partitioning behavior of various types of indoor THS, with a focus on THS from tobacco, e-cigarettes, cannabis, and illicit substances (methamphetamine and cocaine). The discussion is supplemented by estimates of human exposure to THS components made with a chemical fate and exposure model. The modeling results show that while very volatile THS compounds (i.e., aromatics) are likely to be taken up by inhalation, highly water-soluble compounds tended to be dermally absorbed. Conversely, minimally volatile THS compounds with low solubility are predicted to be ingested through hand-to-mouth and object-to-mouth contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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Parks J, McLean KE, McCandless L, de Souza RJ, Brook JR, Scott J, Turvey SE, Mandhane PJ, Becker AB, Azad MB, Moraes TJ, Lefebvre DL, Sears MR, Subbarao P, Takaro TK. Assessing secondhand and thirdhand tobacco smoke exposure in Canadian infants using questionnaires, biomarkers, and machine learning. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2022; 32:112-123. [PMID: 34175887 PMCID: PMC8770125 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00350-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As smoking prevalence has decreased in Canada, particularly during pregnancy and around children, and technological improvements have lowered detection limits, the use of traditional tobacco smoke biomarkers in infant populations requires re-evaluation. OBJECTIVE We evaluated concentrations of urinary nicotine biomarkers, cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (3HC), and questionnaire responses. We used machine learning and prediction modeling to understand sources of tobacco smoke exposure for infants from the CHILD Cohort Study. METHODS Multivariable linear regression models, chosen through a combination of conceptual and data-driven strategies including random forest regression, assessed the ability of questionnaires to predict variation in urinary cotinine and 3HC concentrations of 2017 3-month-old infants. RESULTS Although only 2% of mothers reported smoking prior to and throughout their pregnancy, cotinine and 3HC were detected in 76 and 89% of the infants' urine (n = 2017). Questionnaire-based models explained 31 and 41% of the variance in cotinine and 3HC levels, respectively. Observed concentrations suggest 0.25 and 0.50 ng/mL as cut-points in cotinine and 3HC to characterize SHS exposure. This cut-point suggests that 23.5% of infants had moderate or regular smoke exposure. SIGNIFICANCE Though most people make efforts to reduce exposure to their infants, parents do not appear to consider the pervasiveness and persistence of secondhand and thirdhand smoke. More than half of the variation in urinary cotinine and 3HC in infants could not be predicted with modeling. The pervasiveness of thirdhand smoke, the potential for dermal and oral routes of nicotine exposure, along with changes in public perceptions of smoking exposure and risk warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Parks
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Russell J de Souza
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R Brook
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James Scott
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Piush J Mandhane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Allan B Becker
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Meghan B Azad
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Diana L Lefebvre
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Malcolm R Sears
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Padmaja Subbarao
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tim K Takaro
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
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Mahabee-Gittens EM, Merianos AL, Jandarov RA, Quintana PJE, Hoh E, Matt GE. Differential associations of hand nicotine and urinary cotinine with children's exposure to tobacco smoke and clinical outcomes. Environ Res 2021; 202:111722. [PMID: 34297932 PMCID: PMC8578289 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children's overall tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) consists of both inhalation of secondhand smoke (SHS) and ingestion, dermal uptake, and inhalation of thirdhand smoke (THS) residue from dust and surfaces in their environments. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to compare the different roles of urinary cotinine as a biomarker of recent overall TSE and hand nicotine as a marker of children's contact with nicotine pollution in their environments. We explored the differential associations of these markers with sociodemographics, parental smoking, child TSE, and clinical diagnoses. METHODS Data were collected from 276 pediatric emergency department patients (Median age = 4.0 years) who lived with a cigarette smoker. Children's hand nicotine and urinary cotinine levels were determined using LC-MS/MS. Parents reported tobacco use and child TSE. Medical records were reviewed to assess discharge diagnoses. RESULTS All children had detectable hand nicotine (GeoM = 89.7ng/wipe; 95 % CI = [78.9; 102.0]) and detectable urinary cotinine (GeoM = 10.4 ng/ml; 95%CI = [8.5; 12.6]). Although hand nicotine and urinary cotinine were highly correlated (r = 0.62, p < 0.001), urinary cotinine geometric means differed between racial groups and were higher for children with lower family income (p < 0.05), unlike hand nicotine. Independent of urinary cotinine, age, race, and ethnicity, children with higher hand nicotine levels were at increased risk to have discharge diagnoses of viral/other infectious illness (aOR = 7.49; 95%CI = [2.06; 27.24], p = 0.002), pulmonary illness (aOR = 6.56; 95%CI = [1.76; 24.43], p = 0.005), and bacterial infection (aOR = 5.45; 95%CI = [1.50; 19.85], p = 0.03). In contrast, urinary cotinine levels showed no associations with diagnosis independent of child hand nicotine levels and demographics. DISCUSSION The distinct associations of hand nicotine and urinary cotinine suggest the two markers reflect different exposure profiles that contribute differentially to pediatric illness. Because THS in a child's environment directly contributes to hand nicotine, additional studies of children of smokers and nonsmokers are warranted to determine the role of hand nicotine as a marker of THS exposure and its potential role in the development of tobacco-related pediatric illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Ashley L Merianos
- School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Roman A Jandarov
- Department of Environmental Health, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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Merianos AL, Mahabee-Gittens EM, Choi K. Tobacco smoke exposure and inadequate sleep among U.S. school-aged children. Sleep Med 2021; 86:99-105. [PMID: 34479053 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND Inadequate sleep and tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) have been separately linked to adverse childhood health consequences. Our objective was to assess the association between home TSE status and inadequate sleep among U.S. school-aged children. METHODS We analyzed 2018-2019 National Survey of Children's Health data, and included 17,851 children ages 6-11 years. Children were classified into three parent-report TSE groups: (1) did not live with a smoker (no TSE at home); (2) lived with a smoker who did not smoke inside the home (thirdhand smoke (THS) exposure only); and (3) lived with a smoker who smoked inside the home (secondhand smoke (SHS) and THS exposure). Parent-report of inadequate sleep on most weeknights was defined as <9 h, following age-specific national guidelines. We fitted a weighted multivariable logistic model to assess the association between TSE groups and inadequate sleep, adjusting for child covariates (sociodemographics, overweight status, health status, physical activity, and screen time). RESULTS About 13% and 1% of school-aged children were exposed to home THS only and home SHS and THS, respectively; approximately 36% overall had inadequate sleep. Compared to children with no TSE at home, children who were exposed to home THS only had higher odds of inadequate sleep (AOR = 1.44, 95%CI = 1.20-1.73); those exposed to home SHS and THS had higher odds of inadequate sleep (AOR = 1.83, 95%CI = 1.20-2.78). CONCLUSIONS TSE is associated with school-aged children having inadequate sleep, even when smokers did not smoke inside the home. Promoting parental smoking cessation is essential to fully protect children from related risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Merianos
- School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Kelvin Choi
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Northrup TF, Stotts AL, Suchting R, Matt GE, Quintana PJE, Khan AM, Green C, Klawans MR, Johnson M, Benowitz N, Jacob P, Hoh E, Hovell MF, Stewart CJ. Thirdhand smoke associations with the gut microbiomes of infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit: An observational study. Environ Res 2021; 197:111180. [PMID: 33865820 PMCID: PMC8187318 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microbiome differences have been found in adults who smoke cigarettes compared to non-smoking adults, but the impact of thirdhand smoke (THS; post-combustion tobacco residue) on hospitalized infants' rapidly developing gut microbiomes is unexplored. Our aim was to explore gut microbiome differences in infants admitted to a neonatal ICU (NICU) with varying THS-related exposure. METHODS Forty-three mother-infant dyads (household member[s] smoke cigarettes, n = 32; no household smoking, n = 11) consented to a carbon monoxide-breath sample, bedside furniture nicotine wipes, infant-urine samples (for cotinine [nicotine's primary metabolite] assays), and stool collection (for 16S rRNA V4 gene sequencing). Negative binomial regression modeled relative abundances of 8 bacterial genera with THS exposure-related variables (i.e., household cigarette use, surface nicotine, and infant urine cotinine), controlling for gestational age, postnatal age, antibiotic use, and breastmilk feeding. Microbiome-diversity outcomes were modeled similarly. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) ≥75.0% were considered meaningful. RESULTS A majority of infants (78%) were born pre-term. Infants from non-smoking homes and/or with lower NICU-furniture surface nicotine had greater microbiome alpha-diversity compared to infants from smoking households (PP ≥ 75.0%). Associations (with PP ≥ 75.0%) of selected bacterial genera with urine cotinine, surface nicotine, and/or household cigarette use were evidenced for 7 (of 8) modeled genera. For example, lower Bifidobacterium relative abundance associated with greater furniture nicotine (IRR<0.01 [<0.01, 64.02]; PP = 87.1%), urine cotinine (IRR = 0.08 [<0.01,2.84]; PP = 86.9%), and household smoking (IRR<0.01 [<0.01, 7.38]; PP = 96.0%; FDR p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS THS-related exposure was associated with microbiome differences in NICU-admitted infants. Additional research on effects of tobacco-related exposures on healthy infant gut-microbiome development is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Northrup
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin, JJL 324, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Angela L Stotts
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UTHealth, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin, JJL 324, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Robert Suchting
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UTHealth, McGovern Medical School, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4611, USA.
| | - Penelope J E Quintana
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA.
| | - Amir M Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin, MSB 3.236, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Charles Green
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Clinical Research and Evidence-Based Medicine, UTHealth, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin, MSB 2.106, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Michelle R Klawans
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, UTHealth, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin, JJL 324, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Mary Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin, MSB 3.244, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Neal Benowitz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave, SFGH 30, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, Division of Cardiology, Clinical Pharmacology Program, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, Box 1220, San Francisco, CA, 94143-1220, USA.
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA.
| | - Melbourne F Hovell
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 9245 Sky Park Court, Suite 102, Mail Box 102, San Diego, CA, 92123-4388, USA.
| | - Christopher J Stewart
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Torres S, Samino S, Ràfols P, Martins-Green M, Correig X, Ramírez N. Unravelling the metabolic alterations of liver damage induced by thirdhand smoke. Environ Int 2021; 146:106242. [PMID: 33197790 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thirdhand smoke (THS) is the accumulation of tobacco smoke gases and particles that become embedded in materials. Previous studies concluded that THS exposure induces oxidative stress and hepatic steatosis in liver. Despite the knowledge of the increasing danger of THS exposure, the metabolic disorders caused in liver are still not well defined. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to investigate the metabolic disorders caused by THS exposure in liver of male mice and to evaluate the effects of an antioxidant treatment in the exposed mice. METHODS We investigated liver from three mice groups: non-exposed mice, exposed to THS in conditions that mimic human exposure and THS-exposed treated with antioxidants. Liver samples were analyzed using a multiplatform untargeted metabolomics approach including nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), able to map lipids in liver tissues. RESULTS Our multiplatform approach allowed the annotation of eighty-eight metabolites altered by THS exposure, including amino acids, nucleotides and several types of lipids. The main dysregulated pathways by THS exposure were D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation and glutathione metabolism, being the last two related to oxidative stress. THS-exposed mice also presented higher lipid accumulation and decrease of metabolites involved in the phosphocholine synthesis, as well as choline deficiency, which is related to Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and steatohepatitis. Interestingly, the antioxidant treatment of THS-exposed mice reduced the accumulation of some lipids, but could not revert all the metabolic alterations, including some related to the impairment of the mitochondrial function. CONCLUSIONS THS alters liver function at a molecular level, dysregulating many metabolic pathways. The molecular evidences provided here confirm that THS is a new factor for liver steatosis and provide the basis for future research in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sònia Torres
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sara Samino
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pere Ràfols
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manuela Martins-Green
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside CA 92521, USA
| | - Xavier Correig
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Noelia Ramírez
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Matt GE, Quintana PJE, Hoh E, Dodder NG, Mahabee-Gittens EM, Padilla S, Markman L, Watanabe K. Tobacco smoke is a likely source of lead and cadmium in settled house dust. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 63:126656. [PMID: 33022485 PMCID: PMC7722169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Environmental exposure to lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are risk factors for adverse health outcomes in children and adults. This study examined whether thirdhand smoke residue contributes to Pb and Cd in settled house dust. METHODS Participants were 60 multiunit housing residents in San Diego, California. All had indoor smoking bans during the study period, and 55 were nonsmokers. Wipe samples from different surfaces and vacuum floor dust samples were analyzed for nicotine, a marker of thirdhand smoke, and for Pb and Cd using liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, respectively. RESULTS Examined in each sample type separately, Pb and Cd loadings were significantly correlated (r = 0.73, vacuum floor dust; 0.52, floor wipes; 0.72, window sill/trough wipes; all p < 0.0025). Pb and Cd loadings from different sample types were not correlated (all p > 0.30). Nicotine loading in dust was significantly correlated with Pb and Cd loading in dust (r = 0.49 for Pb; r = 0.39 for Cd, all p < 0.0025). Pb and Cd loadings on floor or window surfaces, showed no association with nicotine loading in dust, on floors, or on furniture (all p < 0.30). CONCLUSIONS Tobacco smoke is a likely source of Pb and Cd that accumulates in settled house dust in multiunit housing, suggesting that Pb and Cd are constituents of thirdhand smoke that lingers long after smoking has ended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg E Matt
- San Diego State University Department of Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | | | - Eunha Hoh
- San Diego State University School of Public Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Samuel Padilla
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Laura Markman
- San Diego State University School of Public Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kayo Watanabe
- San Diego State University School of Public Health, San Diego, CA, USA
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Matt GE, Mahabee-Gittens EM, Zakarian JM, Quintana PJE, Hoh E, Myers M. Nicotine in thirdhand smoke residue predicts relapse from smoking cessation: A pilot study. Addict Behav 2019; 98:106041. [PMID: 31330468 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thirdhand smoke (THS) residue lingers for months in homes of former smokers and may play a role in relapse after smoking cessation. This study examined the association between THS pollution as measured by the level of nicotine in house dust and continued abstinence from smoking. METHODS Participants were 65 cigarette smokers who reported they were enrolled in any type of smoking cessation program, had set a specific date to quit, and had biochemical verification of continuous abstinence at 1-week (W1), 1-month (M1), 3-months (M3), or 6-months (M6) after their quit date. House dust samples collected at baseline before quitting were analyzed for nicotine concentration (μg/g) and nicotine loading (μg/m2) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS Controlling for age, gender, overall and indoor smoking rates, and years lived in their home, dust nicotine concentration and loading predicted abstinence at W1, M1, M3, and M6. A 10-fold increase in dust nicotine loading and concentration were associated with approximately 50% lower odds of remaining abstinent. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest nicotine in house dust may play a role in facilitating relapse after smoking cessation. Additional research is warranted to investigate the causal role of THS residue in homes of former smokers on cravings and continued abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg E Matt
- San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joy M Zakarian
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Eunha Hoh
- San Diego State University, School of Public Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark Myers
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Hang B, Wang P, Zhao Y, Chang H, Mao JH, Snijders AM. Thirdhand smoke: Genotoxicity and carcinogenic potential. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2020; 6:27-34. [PMID: 32226932 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdtm.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirdhand smoke (THS), the residual tobacco smoke remaining in the environment after tobacco has been smoked, represents a hidden and underestimated public health hazard. Evidence supports its widespread presence in indoor environments. Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS), a precursor of THS, has been well documented as a risk factor for human cancers, especially lung cancer. However, the concept of THS as a distinct entity that poses health risks for small children has developed only recently and the associations of THS with cancer risk and other chronic diseases are poorly understood due to limited numbers of studies to date. In this perspective, we mainly summarize all published studies on the genotoxicity and carcinogenic potential of THS exposure. These studies begin to fill the knowledge gap in our understanding of cancer risk of THS. Accumulating data from existing and future studies will help reduce the tobacco-related cancer incidence through changes in lifestyle and tobacco control policies.
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Matt GE, Hoh E, Quintana PJE, Zakarian JM, Arceo J. Cotton pillows: A novel field method for assessment of thirdhand smoke pollution. Environ Res 2019; 168:206-210. [PMID: 30317105 PMCID: PMC6800039 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Thirdhand smoke (THS) is the residue left behind by secondhand smoke (SHS) that accumulates in indoor environments. THS chemicals can persist long after smoking has ceased and can re-emit semivolatile compounds back into the air. Measuring tobacco smoke pollution in real-world field setting can be technically complex, expensive, and intrusive. This study placed pillows in homes of former smokers and examined how much nicotine adsorbed to them over a three-week period. Organic cotton pillows were placed in the homes of 8 former smokers following the first week after verified smoking cessation until the fourth week. For comparison, pillows were also placed in 4 homes of nonsmokers. Nicotine concentrations were determined in the pillow case, fabric, and cotton filling, using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Cotton pillows placed in homes of former smokers absorbed on average 21.5 μg of nicotine. Nicotine concentration per gram of material significantly differed between pillow components (p < 0.001) and was highest for the pillow case (257 ng/g), followed by the pillow fabric (97 ng/g), and the pillow filling (17 ng/g). Nicotine levels in pillows placed in nonsmokers' homes did not differ from laboratory blanks (p > 0.40), or between pillow components (p > 0.40). In the absence of any smoking activity, cotton pillows absorbed significant amounts of nicotine emitted from THS reservoirs in the homes of former smokers. Given the much higher concentrations of SHS in the homes of active smokers, fabrics found throughout the home of a smoker are likely to store a substantial mass of tobacco smoke toxicants. Cotton pillows present a novel method that could be of interest to researchers requiring robust and unobtrusive methods to examine tobacco smoke pollution in real-world field settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg E Matt
- San Diego State University Department of Psychology, San Diego, 92182-4611 CA, USA.
| | - Eunha Hoh
- San Diego State University School of Public Health, San Diego, 92182-4162 CA, USA
| | | | - Joy M Zakarian
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, 92182 CA, USA
| | - Jayson Arceo
- San Diego State University School of Public Health, San Diego, 92182-4162 CA, USA
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Chao MR, Cooke MS, Kuo CY, Pan CH, Liu HH, Yang HJ, Chen SC, Chiang YC, Hu CW. Children are particularly vulnerable to environmental tobacco smoke exposure: Evidence from biomarkers of tobacco-specific nitrosamines, and oxidative stress. Environ Int 2018; 120:238-245. [PMID: 30103123 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, smoking is a major public health problem, with exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) affecting both smokers, and passive smokers, including children. Despite ETS also describing secondhand, and thirdhand smoke (SHS, and THS respectively), the health effects of exposure to passive smoking via these sources are not fully understood, particularly in children. Although cotinine, the primary proximate metabolite of nicotine, has been widely used as a biomarker of ETS exposure, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), the metabolite of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), provides a uniquely important contribution, both as a biomarker of exposure, and as a specific risk indicator for pulmonary carcinogenesis. METHODS We used LC-MS/MS to study NNK metabolites, cotinine, and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (a biomarker of oxidative stress), in the urine of 110 non-smoking adults (age range: 23-62) and 101 children (age range: 9-11), exposed to ETS. RESULTS In our study of passive smoking adults, and children exposed to ETS, we showed that although the children had a similar urinary level of cotinine compared to the adults, the children had approximately two times higher levels of urinary total NNAL (P = 0.002), and free NNAL (P = 0.01), than adults. The children also had three times lower ability to detoxify NNK than adults (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the children showed 1.5 times higher ratio of total NNAL/cotinine than adults (P = 0.01), implying that THS is another important source of ETS in this population. Furthermore, ETS exposure in children appeared to lead to an increase in levels of oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results demonstrate that, in children, THS may play an important role in the ETS exposure, and that children are at particular risk of ETS-induced health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Rong Chao
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Marcus S Cooke
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Chung-Yih Kuo
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hong Pan
- Institute of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Labor, New Taipei City 221, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Hsin Liu
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jan Yang
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chieh Chen
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Chiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Chiung-Wen Hu
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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Díez-Izquierdo A, Cassanello-Peñarroya P, Lidón-Moyano C, Matilla-Santander N, Balaguer A, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Update on thirdhand smoke: A comprehensive systematic review. Environ Res 2018; 167:341-371. [PMID: 30096604 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to perform a comprehensive review of the literature about thirdhand smoke (THS). METHODS Systematic review of all aspects of THS. Standard methodological procedures were used to search the following databases through April 2018: MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Web of Science (WOS) in Indo-European languages. To identify published grey literature, the first 200 hits from Google Scholar™ were evaluated. Clinical trial databases, conference proceedings, and reference lists from the identified articles were also searched. Two unblinded review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion in the review. These same reviewers also extracted study data in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42018083619). RESULTS Sixty-eight articles were included in this systematic review. Of these, 28 analyzed the concentration of nicotine as a component of THS (the most commonly-used method to measure THS in those studies was chromatography, followed by the mass spectrometry), 21 evaluated the exposure and impact of THS on health (11 studies analyzed the effect of THS in cells [human and animal], 4 in animals, 1 in adults, and 5 in children), 16 investigated the beliefs, behaviours, and policies related to THS, and 3 evaluated other aspects such as THS in e-cigarettes or hookahs. In these 68 studies, THS was determined by measuring the following components: nicotine (30 studies), nitrosamines (17 studies) and cotinine (15 studies). The findings from most of these studies suggest a potential health impact of THS exposure (i.e.: cytotoxicity, metabolic alterations in metabolism, in glycemia; or cell structure; alterations in liver, lung, skin and behaviour in mice), and low awareness about the risks of THS among the general population. CONCLUSIONS Numerous specific biomarkers of THS were evaluated, with the most common being nicotine, nitrosamines, and cotinine. The most common method of preparing THS dust samples were cotton wipes, while chromatography, used alone or coupled with mass spectrometry, was the most common analytical technique. We have tried to establish common bases after reviewing all the current literature of the THS although, there is great heterogeneity between the studies and we have not always succeeded. The studies in this review demonstrate the harmful effects of THS on health in cells, in animal models, and in people including children. However, in people, the long-term effects remain unknown and more research is needed. These studies show that knowledge about THS and its potential harmful effects are poorly understood among the general population. For this reason, THS should receive greater emphasis in education and awareness policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Díez-Izquierdo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; Paediatrics Department, Hospital Universitari General de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Pia Cassanello-Peñarroya
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; Paediatrics Department, Hospital Universitari General de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Cristina Lidón-Moyano
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Departament de Ciències Bàsiques, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Nuria Matilla-Santander
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Departament de Ciències Bàsiques, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Albert Balaguer
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; Paediatrics Department, Hospital Universitari General de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Jose M Martínez-Sánchez
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Departament de Ciències Bàsiques, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain.
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20
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Yu M, Mukai K, Tsai M, Galli SJ. Thirdhand smoke component can exacerbate a mouse asthma model through mast cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1618-1627.e9. [PMID: 29678746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thirdhand smoke (THS) represents the accumulation of secondhand smoke on indoor surfaces and in dust, which, over time, can become more toxic than secondhand smoke. Although it is well known that children of smokers are at increased risk for asthma or asthma exacerbation if the disease is already present, how exposure to THS can influence the development or exacerbation of asthma remains unknown. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether epicutaneous exposure to an important component of THS, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), can influence asthma pathology in a mouse model elicited by means of repeated intranasal challenge with cockroach antigen (CRA). METHODS Wild-type mice, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)- or mast cell (MC)-deficient mice, and mice with MCs that lacked α7 nAChRs or were the host's sole source of α7 nAChRs were subjected to epicutaneous NNK exposure, intranasal CRA challenge, or both, and the severity of features of asthma pathology, including airway hyperreactivity, airway inflammation, and airway remodeling, was assessed. RESULTS We found that α7 nAChRs were required to observe adverse effects of epicutaneous NNK exposure on multiple features of CRA-induced asthma pathology. Moreover, MC expression of α7 nAChRs contributed significantly to the ability of epicutaneous NNK exposure to exacerbate airway hyperreactivity to methacholine, airway inflammation, and airway remodeling in this model. CONCLUSION Our results show that skin exposure to NNK, a component of THS, can exacerbate multiple features of a CRA-induced model of asthma in mice and define MCs as key contributors to these adverse effects of NNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mang Yu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.
| | - Kaori Mukai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.
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21
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Rendón AD, Unger JB, Cruz T, Soto DW, Baezconde-Garbanati L. Perceptions of Secondhand and Thirdhand Smoke Among Hispanic Residents of Multiunit Housing. J Immigr Minor Health 2017; 19:162-169. [PMID: 26545600 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-015-0309-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite the progressive adoption of smoking bans in public spaces, children living in multi-unit housing remain at risk of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) and thirdhand smoke (THS). Hispanic populations in California are particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of SHS and THS because a large proportion of Hispanics live in multi-unit housing. Three focus groups were conducted in the fall of 2012 (in Spanish and English, N = 24) to understand Hispanics' knowledge of and experiences with SHS and THS, including barriers to avoiding smoke exposure and strategies for protecting their homes from smoke. Hispanic residents reported unpleasant experiences with SHS and THS and were generally knowledgeable about the adverse health effects, although they were not familiar with the term "thirdhand smoke." Some participants also mentioned marijuana smoke as a potential health hazard. Hispanic cultural values made participants reluctant to confront their neighbors but also motivated them to find ways to protect their families from smoke. Potential solutions included working with the smokers to designate a smoking area and gaining support from the building owners. Broad smoking policies should be implemented to help Hispanic residents overcome cultural and social barriers to smoke free air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Delgado Rendón
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute for Prevention Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90034, USA
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute for Prevention Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90034, USA.
| | - Tess Cruz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute for Prevention Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90034, USA
| | - Daniel W Soto
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute for Prevention Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90034, USA
| | - Lourdes Baezconde-Garbanati
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute for Prevention Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90034, USA
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22
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Zakarian JM, Quintana PJE, Winston CH, Matt GE. Hotel smoking policies and their implementation: a survey of California hotel managers. Tob Induc Dis 2017; 15:40. [PMID: 29093657 PMCID: PMC5663030 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-017-0147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most states in the U.S. permit hotels to allow smoking in some guest rooms, and only five (Indiana, Michigan, North Dakota, Vermont, and Wisconsin) require that all hotel and motel rooms be 100% smoke-free (State and local 100% smokefree hotel and motel guest room laws enacted as of July 3, 2017). Little is known, however, about how hotels' smoking policies have been implemented. This study examined hotels' smoking policies and their implementation. METHODS A telephone survey of a random sample of 383 California hotel managers was conducted. RESULTS Overall, 60.6% of hotels reported that smoking was prohibited in all guest rooms, and 4.7% reported that smoking was prohibited everywhere on their property. While California law permitted smoking in up to 65% of guest rooms, only 6.9% of rooms were reported as smoking-permitted. Over 90% of hotels had smoking rooms scattered among nonsmoking rooms, and about half of the smoking hotels reported that guests requesting either smoking or nonsmoking rooms were sometimes assigned to the other room type. When guests smoked in nonsmoking rooms fees could be substantial, but were often uncollected. CONCLUSIONS Hotel smoking policies and their implementation fall short of protecting nonsmoking guests and workers from exposure to secondhand and thirdhand smoke. Complete indoor smoking bans for all hotels are needed to close existing loopholes. Nonsmokers who wish to protect themselves from exposure to tobacco smoke should avoid hotels that permit smoking and instead stay in completely smoke-free hotels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy M. Zakarian
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, 9245 Sky Park Court, Suite 225, San Diego, California, 92123 USA
| | - Penelope J. E. Quintana
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, 92182 USA
| | - Carl H. Winston
- L. Robert Payne School of Hospitality & Tourism Management, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, 92182 USA
| | - Georg E. Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, 92182 USA
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23
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Delgado-Rendon A, Boley Cruz T, Soto D, Baezconde-Garbanati L, Unger JB. Second and Thirdhand Smoke Exposure, Attitudes and Protective Practices: Results from a Survey of Hispanic Residents in Multi-unit Housing. J Immigr Minor Health 2017; 19:1148-1155. [PMID: 28074306 PMCID: PMC7453492 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-016-0540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Secondhand and third hand smoke (SHS, THS) exposure is prevalent in multi-unit housing (MUH). Minorities and low-income MUH residents are disproportionally exposed to SHS and THS compared to other populations. This study describes the characteristics, attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors related to SHS, THS and marijuana smoke exposure (MSHS) of a sample of Hispanic tenants in randomly selected MUH units in eastern metro Los Angeles (n = 402). Although most participants (97%) banned smoking inside their homes, 80% reported infiltration of SHS inside their apartments within the last year. Most (85%) favored a complete ban on smoking in apartment buildings. Twenty-eight percent did not know that marijuana (MSHS) smoke exposure is also harmful to their health. Knowledge scores were higher among Spanish-speakers (p < 0.05). Given the interpersonal barriers to advocating for change, widespread policy and communication interventions are also necessary to protect Hispanic MUH residents' rights to clean air in their living space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Delgado-Rendon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Institute for Prevention Research, University of Southern California, 2001N. Soto Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90034, USA
| | - Tess Boley Cruz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Institute for Prevention Research, University of Southern California, 2001N. Soto Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90034, USA
| | - Daniel Soto
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Institute for Prevention Research, University of Southern California, 2001N. Soto Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90034, USA
| | - Lourdes Baezconde-Garbanati
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Institute for Prevention Research, University of Southern California, 2001N. Soto Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90034, USA
| | - Jennifer B. Unger
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Institute for Prevention Research, University of Southern California, 2001N. Soto Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90034, USA
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24
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Haardörfer R, Berg CJ, Escoffery C, Bundy ŁT, Hovell M, Kegler MC. Development of a scale assessing Beliefs About ThirdHand Smoke (BATHS). Tob Induc Dis 2017; 15:4. [PMID: 28104999 PMCID: PMC5240270 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-017-0112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Similarly to secondhand smoke (SHS), thirdhand smoke (THS) beliefs may be correlated with smoking behaviors and smokefree policies in the home. Thus, there is a need to develop and validate measures to assess beliefs about THS. METHODS A list of 19 items related to THS were generated by an expert panel and tested in a pilot study. Based on results from an exploratory factor analysis, two factors emerged: THS persistence in the environment and THS impact on health. The scale was reduced to nine items, which showed no differential item functioning by smoking status or smoking ban status in the home. The nine items and the two factor structure were tested in a validation sample from a smoke-free homes intervention that included THS educational materials. RESULTS The 9-item scale showed excellent internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit for the two factor solution in a low-income population. Tests of construct validity indicated differences due to exposure to the smoke-free homes intervention, by smoking status, whether participants own or rent their home, and smoking ban status in the home. CONCLUSIONS The BATHS scale offers researchers a valid and reliable tool to assess THS beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Haardörfer
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Carla J Berg
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Cam Escoffery
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Łucja T Bundy
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Melbourne Hovell
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 9245 Sky Park Court, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Michelle C Kegler
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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Bahl V, Shim HJ, Jacob P, Dias K, Schick SF, Talbot P. Thirdhand smoke: Chemical dynamics, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity in outdoor and indoor environments. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 32:220-31. [PMID: 26689327 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We tested the toxicity of thirdhand smoke (THS) using two controlled laboratory exposure scenarios and low levels of THS. One exposure modeled THS in a car parked outdoors, while the second modeled THS in a room without sunlight. The fabrics were exposed to cigarette smoke and then extracted in culture medium. Concentrations of nicotine, nicotine related alkaloids, and tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) were determined in fresh and aged extracts. The concentration of TSNAs increased with aging in the indoor experiment. THS extracts were used for cytotoxicity testing using mouse neural stem cells (mNSC), human dermal fibroblasts (hDF) and human palatal mesenchyme cells (hPM). Extracts from the car experiment inhibited mNSC proliferation in a live cell imaging assay and induced single strand DNA breaks in mNSC and hDF. In the indoor experiment, THS extracts made with medium containing serum proteins were significantly more toxic than extracts made with basal medium, and mNSC and hPM were more sensitive than hDF. These data indicate that: (1) aging of THS chemical differs on different fabrics and differs with and without sunlight; (2) very few cigarettes are sufficient to produce a toxic THS residue; and (3) protein enhances the efficiency of extraction of cytotoxic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasundhra Bahl
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA; Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, USA.
| | - Hyung Jun Shim
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Kristen Dias
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Suzaynn F Schick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
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