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Olson KR, Clear KJ, Takata T, Gao Y, Ma Z, Pfaff E, Travlos A, Luu J, Wilson K, Joseph Z, Kyle I, Kasko SM, Jones Jr P, Fukuto J, Xian M, Wu G, Straub KD. Reaction Mechanisms of H 2S Oxidation by Naphthoquinones. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:619. [PMID: 38790724 PMCID: PMC11117753 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
1,4-naphthoquinones (NQs) catalytically oxidize H2S to per- and polysufides and sulfoxides, reduce oxygen to superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, and can form NQ-SH adducts through Michael addition. Here, we measured oxygen consumption and used sulfur-specific fluorophores, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and UV-Vis spectrometry to examine H2S oxidation by NQs with various substituent groups. In general, the order of H2S oxidization was DCNQ ~ juglone > 1,4-NQ > plumbagin >DMNQ ~ 2-MNQ > menadione, although this order varied somewhat depending on the experimental conditions. DMNQ does not form adducts with GSH or cysteine (Cys), yet it readily oxidizes H2S to polysulfides and sulfoxides. This suggests that H2S oxidation occurs at the carbonyl moiety and not at the quinoid 2 or 3 carbons, although the latter cannot be ruled out. We found little evidence from oxygen consumption studies or LC-MS/MS that NQs directly oxidize H2S2-4, and we propose that apparent reactions of NQs with inorganic polysulfides are due to H2S impurities in the polysulfides or an equilibrium between H2S and H2Sn. Collectively, NQ oxidation of H2S forms a variety of products that include hydropersulfides, hydropolysulfides, sulfenylpolysulfides, sulfite, and thiosulfate, and some of these reactions may proceed until an insoluble S8 colloid is formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R. Olson
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine—South Bend Center, South Bend, IN 46617, USA; (T.T.); (Y.G.); (Z.M.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (J.L.); (K.W.); (Z.J.); (I.K.); (S.M.K.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Kasey J. Clear
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Indiana University South Bend, South Bend, IN 46615, USA;
| | - Tsuyoshi Takata
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine—South Bend Center, South Bend, IN 46617, USA; (T.T.); (Y.G.); (Z.M.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (J.L.); (K.W.); (Z.J.); (I.K.); (S.M.K.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine—South Bend Center, South Bend, IN 46617, USA; (T.T.); (Y.G.); (Z.M.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (J.L.); (K.W.); (Z.J.); (I.K.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Zhilin Ma
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine—South Bend Center, South Bend, IN 46617, USA; (T.T.); (Y.G.); (Z.M.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (J.L.); (K.W.); (Z.J.); (I.K.); (S.M.K.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Ella Pfaff
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine—South Bend Center, South Bend, IN 46617, USA; (T.T.); (Y.G.); (Z.M.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (J.L.); (K.W.); (Z.J.); (I.K.); (S.M.K.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Anthony Travlos
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine—South Bend Center, South Bend, IN 46617, USA; (T.T.); (Y.G.); (Z.M.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (J.L.); (K.W.); (Z.J.); (I.K.); (S.M.K.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Jennifer Luu
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine—South Bend Center, South Bend, IN 46617, USA; (T.T.); (Y.G.); (Z.M.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (J.L.); (K.W.); (Z.J.); (I.K.); (S.M.K.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Katherine Wilson
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine—South Bend Center, South Bend, IN 46617, USA; (T.T.); (Y.G.); (Z.M.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (J.L.); (K.W.); (Z.J.); (I.K.); (S.M.K.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Zachary Joseph
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine—South Bend Center, South Bend, IN 46617, USA; (T.T.); (Y.G.); (Z.M.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (J.L.); (K.W.); (Z.J.); (I.K.); (S.M.K.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Ian Kyle
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine—South Bend Center, South Bend, IN 46617, USA; (T.T.); (Y.G.); (Z.M.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (J.L.); (K.W.); (Z.J.); (I.K.); (S.M.K.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Stephen M. Kasko
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine—South Bend Center, South Bend, IN 46617, USA; (T.T.); (Y.G.); (Z.M.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (J.L.); (K.W.); (Z.J.); (I.K.); (S.M.K.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Prentiss Jones Jr
- Toxicology Department, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA;
| | - Jon Fukuto
- Department of Chemistry, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA;
| | - Ming Xian
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA;
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas-McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Karl D. Straub
- Central Arkansas Veteran’s Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
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2
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Yu B, Yang X, Yuan Z, Wang B. Prodrugs of sulfide and persulfide species: Implications in their different pharmacological activities. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 75:102329. [PMID: 37279623 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reactive sulfur species (RSS), such as H2S, hydrogen polysulfide (H2Sn, n ≥ 2), and hydropersulfides (RSSnH, n ≥ 1), are known to mediate diverse signaling pathways and possess a plethora of exciting therapeutic opportunities. Historically, due to the rapid inter-conversion among those species in vivo, the biological differences of distinct sulfur species were often overlooked. These species were considered to enrich the global sulfur pool in almost an equal fashion. However, advancement in this field has revealed that sulfur species at different oxidation states result in different pharmacological effects including scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), activating ion channels, and exhibiting analgesic effects. Here, we summarize recent advances in studying the biological and pharmacological differences of distinct sulfur species; discuss this phenomenon from the view of chemical properties and sulfur signaling pathways; and lay out a roadmap to transforming such new knowledge into general principles in developing sulfur-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingchen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Zhengnan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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Olson KR, Derry PJ, Kent TA, Straub KD. The Effects of Antioxidant Nutraceuticals on Cellular Sulfur Metabolism and Signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:68-94. [PMID: 35819295 PMCID: PMC9885552 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Nutraceuticals are ingested for health benefits, in addition to their general nutritional value. These dietary supplements have become increasingly popular since the late 20th century and they are a rapidly expanding global industry approaching a half-trillion U.S. dollars annually. Many nutraceuticals are promulgated as potent antioxidants. Recent Advances: Experimental support for the efficacy of nutraceuticals has lagged behind anecdotal exuberance. However, accumulating epidemiological evidence and recent, well-controlled clinical trials are beginning to support earlier animal and in vitro studies. Although still somewhat limited, encouraging results have been suggested in essentially all organ systems and against a wide range of pathophysiological conditions. Critical Issues: Health benefits of "antioxidant" nutraceuticals are largely attributed to their ability to scavenge oxidants. This has been criticized based on several factors, including limited bioavailability, short tissue retention time, and the preponderance of endogenous antioxidants. Recent attention has turned to nutraceutical activation of downstream antioxidant systems, especially the Keap1/Nrf2 (Kelch like ECH associated protein 1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) axis. The question now becomes, how do nutraceuticals activate this axis? Future Directions: Reactive sulfur species (RSS), including hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and its metabolites, are potent activators of the Keap1/Nrf2 axis and avid scavengers of reactive oxygen species. Evidence is beginning to accumulate that a variety of nutraceuticals increase cellular RSS by directly providing RSS in the diet, or through a number of catalytic mechanisms that increase endogenous RSS production. We propose that nutraceutical-specific targeting of RSS metabolism will lead to the design and development of even more efficacious antioxidant therapeutic strategies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 68-94.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R. Olson
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine—South Bend, South Bend, Indiana, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Paul J. Derry
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas A. Kent
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
- Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Karl D. Straub
- Central Arkansas Veteran's Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Naphthoquinones Oxidize H 2S to Polysulfides and Thiosulfate, Implications for Therapeutic Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113293. [PMID: 36362080 PMCID: PMC9657496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
1,4-Napththoquinones (NQs) are clinically relevant therapeutics that affect cell function through production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and formation of adducts with regulatory protein thiols. Reactive sulfur species (RSS) are chemically and biologically similar to ROS and here we examine RSS production by NQ oxidation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) using RSS-specific fluorophores, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, UV-Vis absorption spectrometry, oxygen-sensitive optodes, thiosulfate-specific nanoparticles, HPLC-monobromobimane derivatization, and ion chromatographic assays. We show that NQs, catalytically oxidize H2S to per- and polysulfides (H2Sn, n = 2−6), thiosulfate, sulfite and sulfate in reactions that consume oxygen and are accelerated by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and inhibited by catalase. The approximate efficacy of NQs (in decreasing order) is, 1,4-NQ ≈ juglone ≈ plumbagin > 2-methoxy-1,4-NQ ≈ menadione >> phylloquinone ≈ anthraquinone ≈ menaquinone ≈ lawsone. We propose that the most probable reactions are an initial two-electron oxidation of H2S to S0 and reduction of NQ to NQH2. S0 may react with H2S or elongate H2Sn in variety of reactions. Reoxidation of NQH2 likely involves a semiquinone radical (NQ·−) intermediate via several mechanisms involving oxygen and comproportionation to produce NQ and superoxide. Dismutation of the latter forms hydrogen peroxide which then further oxidizes RSS to sulfoxides. These findings provide the chemical background for novel sulfur-based approaches to naphthoquinone-directed therapies.
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Zhang H, Li J, Cao C, Zhang B, Yang W, Shi B, Shan A. Pyrroloquinoline quinone inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines via the SIRT1/NF-κB signal pathway in weaned piglet jejunum. Food Funct 2020; 11:2137-2153. [PMID: 32073012 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02609f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The small intestine is an important digestive organ and plays a vital role in the life of a pig. In this study, we explored the regulatory role and molecular mechanism of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) on intestinal health and to discussed the interaction between PQQ and vitamin C (VC). A total of 160 healthy piglets weaned at 21 d were randomly divided into four treatment groups according to 2 × 2 factoring. The results showed that dietary PQQ could significantly decrease the levels of plasma globulin, albumin/globulin (A/G), indirect bilirubin (IBIL), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CREA) (P < 0.05 for each), total bilirubin, (TBIL) (P < 0.01), diamine oxidase (DAO) (P < 0.01) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) (P < 0.0001) and increase the levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) (P < 0.0001) in the plasma of weaned piglets. Similarly, dietary VC could significantly decrease the levels of plasma globulin, A/G, DAO (P < 0.05 for each) and IgG (P < 0.0001) and increase the levels of IgA and IgM (P < 0.0001) in the plasma of weaned piglets. In addition, dietary PQQ increased (P < 0.05) the mRNA levels of antioxidant genes (NQO1, UGT1A1, and EPHX1), thereby enhancing (oxidized) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) concentration and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activity in tissues. However, the addition of 200 mg kg-1 VC to the diet containing PQQ reduced most of the effects of PQQ. We further show that PQQ reduced (P < 0.05) the expression of inflammation-related genes (IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2) via the SIRT1/NF-κB deacetylation signaling. In conclusion, our data reveals that PQQ exerts a certain protective effect on the intestines of piglets, but higher concentrations of VC react with PQQ, which inhibits the regulatory mechanism of PQQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinze Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunyu Cao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Boru Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Yang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baoming Shi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
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Luong NC, Abiko Y, Shibata T, Uchida K, Warabi E, Suzuki M, Noguchi T, Matsuzawa A, Kumagai Y. Redox cycling of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone activates epidermal growth factor receptor signaling through S-oxidation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 45:349-363. [PMID: 32493877 DOI: 10.2131/jts.45.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
9,10-Phenanthrenequinone (9,10-PQ) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon quinone contaminated in diesel exhaust particles and particulate matter 2.5. It is an efficient electron acceptor that induces redox cycling with electron donors, resulting in excessive reactive oxygen species and oxidized protein production in cells. The current study examined whether 9,10-PQ could activate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling in A431 cells through S-oxidation of its negative regulators such as protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) 1B. 9,10-PQ oxidized recombinant human PTP1B at Cys215 and inhibited its catalytic activity, an effect that was blocked by catalase (CAT), whereas cis-9,10-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (DDP), which lacks redox cycling activity, had no effect on PTP1B activity. Exposure of A431 cells to 9,10-PQ, but not DDP, activated signaling through EGFR and its downstream extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), coupled with a decrease of cellular PTP activity. Immunoprecipitation and UPLC-MSE revealed that PTP1B easily undergoes oxidation during exposure of A431 cells to 9,10-PQ. Pretreatment with polyethylene glycol conjugated with CAT (PEG-CAT) abolished 9,10-PQ-generated H2O2 production and significantly blocked the activation of EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling by 9,10-PQ, indicating the involvement of H2O2 in the activation because scavenging agents for hydroxyl radicals had no effect on the redox signal activation. These results suggest that such an air pollutant producing H2O2, activates EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling, presumably through the S-oxidation of PTPs such as PTP1B, and activation of the signal cascade may contribute, at least in part, to cellular responses in A431 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nho Cong Luong
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Vietnam
| | - Yumi Abiko
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba
| | | | - Koji Uchida
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University.,Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Eiji Warabi
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba
| | - Midori Suzuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Takuya Noguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | | | - Yoshito Kumagai
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba
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Zheng F, Gonçalves FM, Abiko Y, Li H, Kumagai Y, Aschner M. Redox toxicology of environmental chemicals causing oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101475. [PMID: 32336668 PMCID: PMC7327986 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms are surrounded with heavy metals such as methylmercury, manganese, cobalt, cadmium, arsenic, as well as pesticides such as deltamethrin and paraquat, or atmospheric pollutants such as quinone. Extensive studies have demonstrated a strong link between environmental pollutants and human health. Redox toxicity is proposed as one of the main mechanisms of chemical-induced pathology in humans. Acting as both a sensor of oxidative stress and a positive regulator of antioxidants, the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) has attracted recent attention. However, the role NRF2 plays in environmental pollutant-induced toxicity has not been systematically addressed. Here, we characterize NRF2 function in response to various pollutants, such as metals, pesticides and atmospheric quinones. NRF2 related signaling pathways and epigenetic regulations are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States.
| | - Filipe Marques Gonçalves
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States
| | - Yumi Abiko
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Huangyuan Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China.
| | - Yoshito Kumagai
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States.
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8
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Samet JM, Chen H, Pennington ER, Bromberg PA. Non-redox cycling mechanisms of oxidative stress induced by PM metals. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 151:26-37. [PMID: 31877355 PMCID: PMC7803379 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metallic compounds contribute to the oxidative stress of ambient particulate matter (PM) exposure. The toxicity of redox inert ions of cadmium, mercury, lead and zinc, as well as redox-active ions of vanadium and chromium is underlain by dysregulation of mitochondrial function and loss of signaling quiescence. Central to the initiation of these effects is the interaction of metal ions with cysteinyl thiols on glutathione and key regulatory proteins, which leads to impaired mitochondrial electron transport and persistent pan-activation of signal transduction pathways. The mitochondrial and signaling effects are linked by the production of H2O2, generated from mitochondrial superoxide anion or through the activation of NADPH oxidase, which extends the range and amplifies the magnitude of the oxidative effects of the metals. This oxidative burden can be further potentiated by inhibitory effects of the metals on the enzymes of the glutathione and thioredoxin systems. Along with the better-known Fenton-based mechanisms, the non-redox cycling mechanisms of oxidative stress induced by metals constitute significant pathways for cellular injury induced by PM inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Samet
- Environmental Public Health Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Hao Chen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Philip A Bromberg
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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