1
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Nishijima M, Kobayashi K, Masuda-Endo M, Yoda H, Koike-Takeshita A. Regioselective photocyclodimerization of 2-anthracenecarboxylic acid through ATP hydrolysis-driven conformational change using simulation prediction-designed GroEL mutant. J Biosci Bioeng 2024; 138:283-289. [PMID: 39097441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2024.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
GroEL, a chaperone protein responsible for peptide and denatured protein folding, undergoes substantial conformational changes driven by ATP binding and hydrolysis during folding. Utilizing these conformational changes, we demonstrated the GroEL-mediated regioselective photocyclodimerization of 2-anthracenecarboxylic acid (AC) using ATP hydrolysis as an external stimulus. We designed and prepared an optimal GroEL mutant to employ in a docking simulation that has been actively used in recent years. Based on the large difference in the motif of hydrogen bonds between AC and GroEL mutant compared with the wild-type, we predicted that GroELMEL, in which the 307‒309th amino acid residues were mutated to Ala, could alter the orientation of bound AC in GroEL. The GroELMEL-mediated photocyclodimerization of AC can be used for regioselective inversion upon ATP addition to a moderate extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Nishijima
- National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Wakayama College, 77 Noshima, Gobo, Wakayama 644-0023, Japan.
| | - Kota Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Engineering, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0292, Japan
| | - Megumi Masuda-Endo
- Biomedical Research Center, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0292, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yoda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Engineering, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0292, Japan; Biomedical Research Center, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0292, Japan
| | - Ayumi Koike-Takeshita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Engineering, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0292, Japan; Biomedical Research Center, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0292, Japan
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2
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Mondal S, Ghosh S, Hajra A. Visible-light-induced redox-neutral difunctionalization of alkenes and alkynes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:9659-9691. [PMID: 39129429 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03552f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
The twelve principles of green chemistry illuminate the pathway in the direction of sustainable and eco-friendly synthesis, marking a fundamental shift in synthetic organic chemistry paradigms. In this realm, harnessing the power of visible light for the difunctionalization of various skeletons without employing any external oxidant or reductant, specifically termed as redox-neutral difunctionalization, has attracted tremendous interest from synthetic organic chemists due to its low cost, easy availability and environmentally friendly nature in contrast to traditional metal-catalyzed difunctionalizations. This review presents an overview of recent updates on visible-light-induced redox-neutral difunctionalization reactions with literature coverage up to May 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Mondal
- Central Ayurvedic Research Institute, 4-CN Block, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India.
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India.
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3
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Tao F, Li S, Phanindrudu M, Yang H, Qi Y, Luo H, Zheng J. Palladium-Catalyzed Regio- and Diastereoselective Hydro(hetero)arylation for Rapid Construction of Quaternary Center Containing Cyclobutanes. Org Lett 2024; 26:7222-7226. [PMID: 39158209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Herein we report a Pd-catalyzed regio- and diastereoselective hydro(hetero)arylation of inactivated alkylidenecyclobutanes. This protocol provides a rapid and atom-economical route to access 3-cyclobutyl (hetero)arenes with good functionalities toleration. With the assistance of the directing group, nucleophilic attack happened on the bulkier γ-position to form the quaternary carbon center. Furthermore, the selected products exhibited antitumor bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Tao
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| | - Shuaikang Li
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| | - Mandalaparthi Phanindrudu
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| | - Haifei Yang
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| | - Yi Qi
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| | - Hui Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| | - Jia Zheng
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
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4
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Xu Y, Lin Y, Homölle SL, Oliveira JC, Ackermann L. Enantioselective Cobaltaphotoredox-Catalyzed C-H Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:24105-24113. [PMID: 39143928 PMCID: PMC11363020 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The quest for sustainable strategies in molecular synthesis has spurred the emergence of photocatalysis as a particularly powerful technique. In recent years, the application of photocatalysis in this context has greatly promoted the development of asymmetric catalysis. Despite the impressive advances, enantioselective photoinduced strong arene C-H activations by cobalt catalysis remain unexplored. Herein, we report a strategy that merges organic photoredox catalysis and enantioselective cobalt-catalyzed C-H activation, enabling the regio- and stereoselective dual functionalization of indoles in an enantioselective fashion. Thereby, the assembly of various chiral indolo[2,3-c]isoquinolin-5-ones was realized with high enantioselectivities of up to 99%. The robustness of the cobaltaphotoredox catalysis was demonstrated through enantioselective C-H activation and annulations in a continuous flow to provide straightforward access to central and axially chiral molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon L. Homölle
- Wöhler-Research Institute
for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - João C.
A. Oliveira
- Wöhler-Research Institute
for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Wöhler-Research Institute
for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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5
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Beil SB, Bonnet S, Casadevall C, Detz RJ, Eisenreich F, Glover SD, Kerzig C, Næsborg L, Pullen S, Storch G, Wei N, Zeymer C. Challenges and Future Perspectives in Photocatalysis: Conclusions from an Interdisciplinary Workshop. JACS AU 2024; 4:2746-2766. [PMID: 39211583 PMCID: PMC11350580 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalysis is a versatile and rapidly developing field with applications spanning artificial photosynthesis, photo-biocatalysis, photoredox catalysis in solution or supramolecular structures, utilization of abundant metals and organocatalysts, sustainable synthesis, and plastic degradation. In this Perspective, we summarize conclusions from an interdisciplinary workshop of young principal investigators held at the Lorentz Center in Leiden in March 2023. We explore how diverse fields within photocatalysis can benefit from one another. We delve into the intricate interplay between these subdisciplines, by highlighting the unique challenges and opportunities presented by each field and how a multidisciplinary approach can drive innovation and lead to sustainable solutions for the future. Advanced collaboration and knowledge exchange across these domains can further enhance the potential of photocatalysis. Artificial photosynthesis has become a promising technology for solar fuel generation, for instance, via water splitting or CO2 reduction, while photocatalysis has revolutionized the way we think about assembling molecular building blocks. Merging such powerful disciplines may give rise to efficient and sustainable protocols across different technologies. While photocatalysis has matured and can be applied in industrial processes, a deeper understanding of complex mechanisms is of great importance to improve reaction quantum yields and to sustain continuous development. Photocatalysis is in the perfect position to play an important role in the synthesis, deconstruction, and reuse of molecules and materials impacting a sustainable future. To exploit the full potential of photocatalysis, a fundamental understanding of underlying processes within different subfields is necessary to close the cycle of use and reuse most efficiently. Following the initial interactions at the Lorentz Center Workshop in 2023, we aim to stimulate discussions and interdisciplinary approaches to tackle these challenges in diverse future teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian B. Beil
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Max Planck
Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mulheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus
Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Casadevall
- Department
of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, University
Rovira i Virgili (URV), C/Marcel.lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Remko J. Detz
- Energy Transition
Studies (ETS), Netherlands Organization
for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Radarweg 60, 1043
NT Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
| | - Fabian Eisenreich
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry & Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Starla D. Glover
- Department
of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Line Næsborg
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Münster, Correnstr. 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sonja Pullen
- Homogeneous
and Supramolecular Catalysis, Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular
Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Golo Storch
- Technical
University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Ning Wei
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Max Planck
Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mulheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Cathleen Zeymer
- Center for
Functional Protein Assemblies & Department of Bioscience, TUM
School of Natural Sciences, Technical University
of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
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6
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Zanzi J, Pastorel Z, Duhayon C, Lognon E, Coudret C, Monari A, Dixon IM, Canac Y, Smietana M, Baslé O. Counterion Effects in [Ru(bpy) 3](X) 2-Photocatalyzed Energy Transfer Reactions. JACS AU 2024; 4:3049-3057. [PMID: 39211590 PMCID: PMC11350745 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalysis that uses the energy of light to promote chemical transformations by exploiting the reactivity of excited-state molecules is at the heart of a virtuous dynamic within the chemical community. Visible-light metal-based photosensitizers are most prominent in organic synthesis, thanks to their versatile ligand structure tunability allowing to adjust photocatalytic properties toward specific applications. Nevertheless, a large majority of these photocatalysts are cationic species whose counterion effects remain underestimated and overlooked. In this report, we show that modification of the X counterions constitutive of [Ru(bpy)3](X)2 photocatalysts modulates their catalytic activities in intermolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions operating through triplet-triplet energy transfer (TTEnT). Particularly noteworthy is the dramatic impact observed in low-dielectric constant solvent over the excited-state quenching coefficient, which varies by two orders of magnitude depending on whether X is a large weakly bound (BArF 4 -) or a tightly bound (TsO-) anion. In addition, the counterion identity also greatly affects the photophysical properties of the cationic ruthenium complex, with [Ru(bpy)3](BArF 4)2 exhibiting the shortest 3MLCT excited-state lifetime, highest excited state energy, and highest photostability, enabling remarkably enhanced performance (up to >1000 TON at a low 500 ppm catalyst loading) in TTEnT photocatalysis. These findings supported by density functional theory-based calculations demonstrate that counterions have a critical role in modulating cationic transition metal-based photocatalyst potency, a parameter that should be taken into consideration also when developing energy transfer-triggered processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Zanzi
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31077, France
| | - Zachary Pastorel
- Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université de Montpellier,
CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Carine Duhayon
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31077, France
| | - Elise Lognon
- ITODYS, Université Paris Cité
and CNRS, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Christophe Coudret
- Université
de Toulouse, UPS, Institut de Chimie de Toulouse, FR2599, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse F-31062, France
| | - Antonio Monari
- ITODYS, Université Paris Cité
and CNRS, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Isabelle M. Dixon
- LCPQ, Université
de Toulouse, CNRS, Université
Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse F-31062, France
| | - Yves Canac
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31077, France
| | - Michael Smietana
- Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université de Montpellier,
CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Olivier Baslé
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31077, France
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7
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Wang Y, Das S, Aboulhosn K, Champagne SE, Gemmel PM, Skinner KC, Ragsdale SW, Zimmerman PM, Narayan ARH. Nature-Inspired Radical Pyridoxal-Mediated C-C Bond Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:23321-23329. [PMID: 39106078 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) and derivatives of this cofactor enable a plethora of reactions in both enzyme-mediated and free-in-solution transformations. With few exceptions in each category, such chemistry has predominantly involved two-electron processes. This sometimes poses a significant challenge for using PLP to build tetrasubstituted carbon centers, especially when the reaction is reversible. The ability to access radical pathways is paramount to broadening the scope of reactions catalyzed by this coenzyme. In this study, we demonstrate the ability to access a radical PLP-based intermediate and engage this radical intermediate in a number of C-C bond-forming reactions. By selection of an appropriate oxidant, single-electron oxidation of the quinonoid intermediate can be achieved, which can subsequently be applied to C-C bond-forming reactions. Through this radical reaction pathway, we synthesized a series of α-tertiary amino acids and esters to investigate the substrate scope and identify nonproductive reaction pathways. Beyond the amino acid model system, we demonstrate that other classes of amine substrates can be applied in this reaction and that a range of small molecule reagents can serve as coupling partners to the semiquinone radical. We anticipate that this versatile semiquinone radical species will be central to the development of a range of novel reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Soumik Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kareem Aboulhosn
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sarah E Champagne
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Philipp M Gemmel
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kevin C Skinner
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephen W Ragsdale
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Alison R H Narayan
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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8
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Hou L, Yang L, Yang G, Luo Z, Xiao W, Yang L, Wang F, Gong LZ, Liu X, Cao W, Feng X. Catalytic Asymmetric Dearomative [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition/Ring-Expansion Sequence of Indoles with Diversified Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:23457-23466. [PMID: 38993029 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Developing novel strategies for catalytic asymmetric dearomatization (CADA) reactions is highly valuable. Visible light-mediated photocatalysis is demonstrated to be a powerful tool to activate aromatic compounds for further synthetic transformations. Herein, a catalytic asymmetric dearomative [2 + 2] photocycloaddition/ring-expansion sequence of indoles with simple alkenes was reported, providing a facile access to enantioenriched cyclopenta[b]indoles with good to high yields and enantioselectivities by means of chiral lanthanide photocatalysis. This protocol exhibited a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance, as well as potential applications in the synthesis of bioactive molecules. Mechanistic studies, including control experiments, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, emission spectroscopy, and DFT calculations, were carried out, shedding insights into the reaction mechanism and the origin of enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuzhen Hou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Longqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Gaofei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhe Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wanlong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Linhan Yang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610061, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610061, China
| | - Liu-Zhu Gong
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Weidi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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9
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Mukherjee U, Shah JA, Musaev DG, Ngai MY. Harnessing Bromo/Acyloxy Transposition (BrAcT) and Excited-State Copper Catalysis for Styrene Difunctionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21271-21279. [PMID: 39042434 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
1,2-Difunctionalization of styrenes, adding two distinct functional groups across the C═C double bond, has emerged as a powerful tool for enhancing molecular complexity. Herein, we report the development of a regioconvergent β-acyloxylation-α-ketonylation of styrenes through bromo/acyloxy transposition (BrAcT) and excited-state copper catalysis. This approach is amenable to gram-scale synthesis and tolerates a wide range of functional groups and complex molecular frameworks, including derivatives of natural products and marketed drugs. Our experimental and computational studies suggest a unique mechanism featuring a dynamic, ionic BrAcT process and excited-state copper-catalyzed redox reactions. We anticipate that this BrAcT process could serve as a broadly applicable and versatile strategy for β-acyloxylation-α-functionalization of styrenes, creating valuable intermediates for preparing new pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Jagrut A Shah
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Djamaladdin G Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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10
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Adachi S, Okada Y. Electrochemical radical cation aza-Wacker cyclizations. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1900-1905. [PMID: 39135656 PMCID: PMC11318630 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical or photochemical single-electron oxidation of bench-stable substrates can generate radical cations that offer unique reactivities as intermediates in various bond-formation processes. Such intermediates can potentially take part in both radical and ionic bond formation; however, the mechanisms involved are complicated and not fully understood. Herein, we report electrochemical radical cation aza-Wacker cyclizations under acidic conditions, which are expected to proceed via radical cations generated by single-electron oxidation of alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sota Adachi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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11
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Lee Y, Jhun BH, Woo S, Kim S, Bae J, You Y, Cho EJ. Charge-recombinative triplet sensitization of alkenes for DeMayo-type [2 + 2] cycloaddition. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12058-12066. [PMID: 39092097 PMCID: PMC11290448 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02601b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthetic photochemistry has undergone significant development, largely owing to the development of visible-light-absorbing photocatalysts (PCs). PCs have significantly improved the efficiency and precision of cycloaddition reactions, primarily through energy or electron transfer pathways. Recent research has identified photocatalysis that does not follow energy- or electron-transfer formalisms, indicating the existence of other, undiscovered photoactivation pathways. This study unveils an alternative route: a charge-neutral photocatalytic process called charge-recombinative triplet sensitization (CRTS), a mechanism with limited precedents in synthetic chemistry. Our investigations revealed CRTS occurrence in DeMayo-type [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions catalyzed by indole-fused organoPCs. Our mechanistic investigations, including steady-state and transient spectroscopic analyses, electrochemical investigations, and quantum chemical calculations, suggest a mechanism involving substrate activation through photoinduced electron transfer, followed by charge recombination, leading to substrate triplet state formation. Our findings provide valuable insights into the underlying photocatalytic reaction mechanisms and pave the way for the systematic design and realization of innovative photochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hak Jhun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Sihyun Woo
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehan Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin You
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
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12
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Wei W, Li C, Fan Y, Chen X, Zhao X, Qiao B, Jiang Z. Catalytic Asymmetric Redox-Neutral [3+2] Photocycloadditions of Cyclopropyl Ketones with Vinylazaarenes Enabled by Consecutive Photoinduced Electron Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406845. [PMID: 38687326 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (ConPET) is a powerful and atom-economical protocol to overcome the limitations of the intrinsic redox potential of visible light-absorbing photosensitizers, thereby considerably improving the substrate and reaction types. Likely because such an exothermic single-electron transfer (SET) process usually does not require the aid of chiral catalysts, resulting in an inevitable racemic background reaction, notably, no enantioselective manifolds have been reported. Herein, we report on the viability of cooperative ConPET and chiral hydrogen-bonding catalysis for the [3+2] photocycloaddition of cyclopropyl ketones with vinylazaarenes. In addition to enabling the first use of olefins that preferentially interact with chiral catalysts, this catalysis platform paves the way for the efficient synthesis of pharmaceutically and synthetically important cyclopentyl ketones functionalized by azaarenes with high yields, ees and dr. The robust capacity of the method can be further highlighted by the low loading of the chiral catalyst (1.0 mol %), the good compatibility of both 2-azaarene and 3-pyridine-based olefins, and the successful concurrent construction of three stereocenters on cyclopentane rings involving an elusive but important all-carbon quaternary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Wei
- Henan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Innovation and Transformation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Innovation and Transformation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Fan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Innovation and Transformation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Innovation and Transformation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Innovation and Transformation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Baokun Qiao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Innovation and Transformation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Innovation and Transformation, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
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13
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He XK, Lu LQ, Yuan BR, Luo JL, Cheng Y, Xiao WJ. Desymmetrization-Addition Reaction of Cyclopropenes to Imines via Synergistic Photoredox and Cobalt Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18892-18898. [PMID: 38968086 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we designed a reaction for the desymmetrization-addition of cyclopropenes to imines by leveraging the synergy between photoredox and asymmetric cobalt catalysis. This protocol facilitated the synthesis of a series of chiral functionalized cyclopropanes with high yield, enantioselectivity, and diastereoselectivity (44 examples, up to 93% yield and >99% ee). A possible reaction mechanism involving cyclopropene desymmetrization by Co-H species and imine addition by Co-alkyl species was proposed. This study provides a novel route to important chiral cyclopropanes and extends the frontier of asymmetric metallaphotoredox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Kui He
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Liang-Qiu Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
- Wuhan Institute of Photochemistry and Technology, 7 Bingang North Road, Wuhan 430080, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Ru Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Long Luo
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jing Xiao
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
- Wuhan Institute of Photochemistry and Technology, 7 Bingang North Road, Wuhan 430080, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China
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14
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Guo J, Qian J, Cai D, Huang J, Yang X, Sun N, Zhang J, Pang T, Zhao W, Wu G, Chen X, Zhong F, Wu Y. Chemogenetic Evolution of Diversified Photoenzymes for Enantioselective [2 + 2] Cycloadditions in Whole Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19030-19041. [PMID: 38976645 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Artificial photoenzymes with novel catalytic modes not found in nature are in high demand; yet, they also present significant challenges in the field of biocatalysis. In this study, a chemogenetic modification strategy is developed to facilitate the rapid diversification of photoenzymes. This strategy integrates site-specific chemical conjugation of various artificial photosensitizers into natural protein cavities and the iterative mutagenesis in cell lysates. Through rounds of directed evolution, prominent visible-light-activatable photoenzyme variants were developed, featuring a thioxanthone chromophore. They successfully enabled the enantioselective [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of 2-carboxamide indoles, a class of UV-sensitive substrates that are traditionally challenging for known photoenzymes. Furthermore, the versatility of this photoenzyme is demonstrated in enantioselective whole-cell photobiocatalysis, enabling the efficient synthesis of enantioenriched cyclobutane-fused indoline tetracycles. These findings significantly expand the photophysical properties of artificial photoenzymes, a critical factor in enhancing their potential for harnessing excited-state reactivity in stereoselective transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Junyi Qian
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Daihong Cai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jianjian Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xinjie Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
- Longgang Institute of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Wenzhou 325802, China
| | - Ningning Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Junshuai Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tengfei Pang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Weining Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Guojiao Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Fangrui Zhong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuzhou Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
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15
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Song G, Hao H, Yan S, Fang S, Xu W, Tong L, Zhang J. Observation of Chirality Transfer in Twisted Few-Layer Graphene. ACS NANO 2024; 18:17578-17585. [PMID: 38919006 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Chiral materials are the focus of research in a variety of fields such as chiroptical sensing, biosensing, catalysis, and spintronics. Twisted two-dimensional (2D) materials are rapidly developing into a class of atomically thin chiral materials that can be effectively modulated through interlayer twist. However, chirality transfer in chiral 2D materials has not been reported. Here, we show that the chirality from the twist interface of graphene can directly transfer to achiral few-layer graphene and lead to a strong chiroptical response probed with circularly polarized Raman spectroscopy. Distinct Raman optical activity (ROA) for the interlayer shear modes in achiral few-layer graphene is observed, with the degree of polarization reaching as high as 0.5. These findings demonstrate the programmability of chiroptical response through stacking and twist engineering in 2D materials and offer insights into the transfer of chirality in atomically thin chiral materials for optical and electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Song
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - He Hao
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuowen Yan
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Susu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weigao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lianming Tong
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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16
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Gong C, Huang J, Cai L, Yuan Y, Pu T, Huang M, Wu SH, Wang L. Visible-Light-Promoted Thiolation of Benzyl Chlorides with Thiosulfonates via a Photoactive Electron Donor-Acceptor Complex. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9450-9461. [PMID: 38867507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Visible-light-promoted thiolation of benzyl chlorides with thiosulfonates is disclosed via an electron donor-acceptor complex strategy. In addition to efficiently delivering a series of arylbenzylsulfide compounds, versatile thioglycosides were also successfully constructed by applying the metal- and photocatalyst-free protocol. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that a radical-radical coupling process was involved in this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gong
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, P. R. China
| | - Jialun Huang
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, P. R. China
| | - Liuyan Cai
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, P. R. China
| | - Yilong Yuan
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, P. R. China
| | - Tonglv Pu
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, P. R. China
| | - Mingjie Huang
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, P. R. China
| | - Si-Hai Wu
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, P. R. China
| | - Lianhui Wang
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, P. R. China
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17
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He JY, Zhu C, Duan WX, Kong LX, Wang NN, Wang YZ, Fan ZY, Qiao XY, Xu H. Bifunctional Chiral Electrocatalysts Enable Enantioselective α-Alkylation of Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202401355. [PMID: 38967087 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe an innovative approach to the asymmetric electrochemical α-alkylation of aldehydes facilitated by a newly designed bifunctional chiral electrocatalyst. The highly efficient bifunctional chiral electrocatalyst combines a chiral aminocatalyst with a redox mediator. It plays a dual role as a redox mediator for electrooxidation, while simultaneously providing remarkable asymmetric induction for the stereoselective α-alkylation of aldehydes. Additionally, this novel catalyst exhibits enhanced catalytic activity and excellent stereoselective control comparable to conventional catalytic systems. As a result, this strategy provides a new avenue for versatile asymmetric electrochemistry. The electrooxidation of diverse phenols enables the C-H/C-H oxidative α-alkylation of aldehydes in a highly chemo- and stereoselective fashion. Detailed mechanistic studies by control experiments and cyclic voltammetry analysis demonstrate possible reaction pathways and the origin of enantio-induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yu He
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Cuiju Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wen-Xi Duan
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Ling-Xuan Kong
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Na-Na Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yan-Zhao Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Fan
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xin-Ying Qiao
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
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18
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Li M, Huang XL, Zhang ZY, Wang Z, Wu Z, Yang H, Shen WJ, Cheng YZ, You SL. Gd(III)-Catalyzed Regio-, Diastereo-, and Enantioselective [4 + 2] Photocycloaddition of Naphthalene Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16982-16989. [PMID: 38870424 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic asymmetric dearomatization (CADA) reactions have evolved into an efficient strategy for accessing chiral polycyclic and spirocyclic scaffolds from readily available planar aromatics. Despite the significant developments, the CADA reaction of naphthalenes remains underdeveloped. Herein, we report a Gd(III)-catalyzed asymmetric dearomatization reaction of naphthalene with a chiral PyBox ligand via visible-light-enabled [4 + 2] cycloaddition. This reaction features application of a chiral Gd/PyBox complex, which regulates the reactivity and selectivity simultaneously, in excited-state catalysis. A wide range of functional groups is compatible with this protocol, giving the highly enantioenriched bridged polycycles in excellent yields (up to 96%) and selectivity (up to >20:1 chemoselectivity, >20:1 dr, >99% ee). The synthetic utility is demonstrated by a 2 mmol scale reaction, removal of directing group, and diversifications of products. Preliminary mechanistic experiments are performed to elucidate the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzi Li
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xu-Lun Huang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zuo-Yu Zhang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhuo Wu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui Yang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen-Jie Shen
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuan-Zheng Cheng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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19
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Teng MY, Liu DY, Mao SY, Wu X, Chen JH, Zhong MY, Huang FR, Yao QJ, Shi BF. Asymmetric Dearomatization of Indoles through Cobalt-Catalyzed Enantioselective C-H Functionalization Enabled by Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202407640. [PMID: 38898602 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalysis holds a pivotal position in modern organic synthesis, capable of inducing novel reactivities under mild and environmentally friendly reaction conditions. However, the merger of photocatalysis and transition-metal-catalyzed asymmetric C-H activation as an efficient and sustainable method for the construction of chiral molecules remains elusive and challenging. Herein, we develop a cobalt-catalyzed enantioselective C-H activation reaction enabled by visible-light photoredox catalysis, providing a synergistic catalytic strategy for the asymmetric dearomatization of indoles with high levels of enantioselectivity (96 % to >99 % ee). Mechanistic studies indicate that the excited photocatalyst was quenched by divalent cobalt species in the presence of Salox ligand, leading to the formation of catalytically active chiral Co(III) complex. Moreover, stoichiometric reactions of cobaltacycle intermediate with indole suggest that the irradiation of visible light also play a critical role in the dearomatization step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ya Teng
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - De-Yang Liu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shi-Yu Mao
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jia-Hao Chen
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ming-Yu Zhong
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Fan-Rui Huang
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Qi-Jun Yao
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Bing-Feng Shi
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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20
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Su Y, Li B, Wang Z, Legrand A, Aoyama T, Fu S, Wu Y, Otake KI, Bonn M, Wang HI, Liao Q, Urayama K, Kitagawa S, Huang L, Furukawa S, Gu C. Quasi-Homogeneous Photocatalysis in Ultrastiff Microporous Polymer Aerogels. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15479-15487. [PMID: 38780095 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The development of efficient and low-cost catalysts is essential for photocatalysis; however, the intrinsically low photocatalytic efficiency as well as the difficulty in using and recycling photocatalysts in powder morphology greatly limit their practical performance. Herein, we describe quasi-homogeneous photocatalysis to overcome these two limitations by constructing ultrastiff, hierarchically porous, and photoactive aerogels of conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs). The CMP aerogels exhibit low density but high stiffness beyond 105 m2 s-2, outperforming most low-density materials. Extraordinary stiffness ensures their use as robust scaffolds for scaled photocatalysis and recycling without damage at the macroscopic level. A challenging but desirable reaction for direct deaminative borylation is demonstrated using CMP aerogel-based quasi-homogeneous photocatalysis with gram-scale productivity and record-high efficiency under ambient conditions. Combined terahertz and transient absorption spectroscopic studies unveil the generation of high-mobility free carriers and long-lived excitonic species in the CMP aerogels, underlying the observed superior catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - Zaoming Wang
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Alexandre Legrand
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide (UCCS), CNRS, Centrale Lille, Université de Lille, Université d'Artois, UMR 8181, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Takuma Aoyama
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Shuai Fu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55122, Germany
| | - Yishi Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Ken-Ichi Otake
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55122, Germany
| | - Hai I Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55122, Germany
- Nanophotonics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, Utrecht 3584 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Qing Liao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Kenji Urayama
- Department of Material Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Susumu Kitagawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Liangbin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - Shuhei Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
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21
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Kidd JB, Fiala TA, Swords WB, Park Y, Meyer KA, Sanders KM, Guzei IA, Wright JC, Yoon TP. Enantioselective Paternò-Büchi Reactions: Strategic Application of a Triplet Rebound Mechanism for Asymmetric Photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15293-15300. [PMID: 38781687 PMCID: PMC11224773 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The Paternò-Büchi reaction is the [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of a carbonyl with an alkene to afford an oxetane. Enantioselective catalysis of this classical photoreaction, however, has proven to be a long-standing challenge. Many of the best-developed strategies for asymmetric photochemistry are not suitable to address this problem because the interaction of carbonyls with Brønsted or Lewis acidic catalysts can alter the electronic structure of their excited state and divert their reactivity toward alternate photoproducts. We show herein that a triplet rebound strategy enables the stereocontrolled reaction of an excited-state carbonyl compound in its native, unbound state. These studies have resulted in the development of the first highly enantioselective catalytic Paternò-Büchi reaction, catalyzed by a novel hydrogen-bonding chiral Ir photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse B. Kidd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Tahoe A. Fiala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Wesley B. Swords
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Yerin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kent A. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Kyana M. Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Ilia A. Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - John C. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Tehshik P. Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison WI 53706 USA
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22
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Cai M, Zhang L, Zhang W, Lin Q, Luo S. Enantioselective Transformations by "1 + x" Synergistic Catalysis with Chiral Primary Amines. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1523-1537. [PMID: 38700481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusSynergistic catalysis is a powerful tool that involves two or more distinctive catalytic systems to activate reaction partners simultaneously, thereby expanding the reactivity space of individual catalysis. As an established catalytic strategy, organocatalysis has found numerous applications in enantioselective transformations under rather mild conditions. Recently, the introduction of other catalytic systems has significantly expanded the reaction space of typical organocatalysis. In this regard, aminocatalysis is a prototypical example of synergistic catalysis. The combination of aminocatalyst and transition metal could be traced back to the early days of organocatalysis and has now been well explored as an enabling catalytic strategy. Particularly, the acid-base properties of aminocatalysis can be significantly expanded to include usually electrophiles generated in situ via metal-catalyzed cycles. Later on, aminocatalyst has also been exploited in synergistically combining with photochemical and electrochemical processes to facilitate redox transformations. However, synergistically combining one type of aminocatalyst with many different catalytic systems remains a great challenge. One of the most daunting challenges is the compatibility of aminocatalysts in coexistence with other catalytic species. As nucleophilic species, aminocatalysts may also bind with metal, which leads to mutual inhibition or even quenching of the individual catalytic activity. In addition, oxidative stability of aminocatalyst is also a non-neglectable issue, which causes difficulties in exploring oxidative enamine transformations.In 2007, we developed a vicinal diamine type of chiral primary aminocatalysts. This class of primary aminocatalysts was developed and evolved as functional and mechanistic mimics to the natural aldolase and has been widely applied in a number of enamine/iminium ion-based transformations. By following a "1 + x" synergistic strategy, the chiral primary amine catalysts were found to work synergistically or cooperatively with a number of transition metal catalysts, such as Pd, Rh, Ag, Co, and Cu, or other organocatalysts, such as B(C6F5)3, ketone, selenium, and iodide. Photocatalysis and electrochemical processes can also be incorporated to work together with the chiral primary amine catalysts. The 1 + x catalytic strategy enabled us to execute unexploited transformations by fine-tuning the acid-base and redox properties of the enamine intermediates and to achieve effective reaction and stereocontrol beyond the reach individually. During these efforts, an unprecedented excited-state chemistry of enamine was uncovered to make possible an effective deracemization process. In this Account, we describe our recent efforts since 2015 in exploring synergistic chiral primary amine catalysis, and the content is categorized according to the type of synergistic partner such that in each section the developed synergistic catalysis, reaction scopes, and mechanistic features are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Cai
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenzhao Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qifeng Lin
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sanzhong Luo
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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23
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Qiao H, Zhao K, Zhu X, Xu X, Wang S, Yang L, Wang C, Zhong L, Ma B, Yang D, Xing P, Liu G, Jiao M. Photocatalyzed C3-H Nitrosylation of Imidazo[1,2- a]pyridine under Continuous Flow and External Photocatalyst-, Oxidant-, and Additive-Free Conditions. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38753574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
This study reports a protocol for the highly regioselective photocatalyzed C-H nitrosylation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine scaffolds at the C3 position under a combination of visible-light irradiation and continuous flow without any external photocatalyst. This protocol involves mild and safe conditions and shows good tolerance to air and water along with excellent functional group compatibility and site selectivity, generating various 3-nitrosoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in excellent yields under photocatalyst-, oxidant-, and additive-free conditions.Notably, the proposed nitrosylation reaction, which introduces the chromophore NO into imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine scaffolds, occurs efficiently under visible-light irradiation without any additional photocatalyst owing to the intense light-absorption characteristics of the nitrosylation products. This study could guide future studies on the development of green organic-synthesis strategies with a wide variety of potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Qiao
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials, Center for Advanced Materials Research, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
| | - Kun Zhao
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials, Center for Advanced Materials Research, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
| | - Xilin Zhu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Xu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
| | - Shixing Wang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
| | - Liting Yang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials, Center for Advanced Materials Research, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Wang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
| | - Lulu Zhong
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
| | - Baiwei Ma
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials, Center for Advanced Materials Research, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
| | - Dehong Yang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
| | - Peizhi Xing
- Henan Bio-based material Industry Research Institute Co., LTD, Puyang 457001, P. R. China
| | - Guoqun Liu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
| | - Mingli Jiao
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
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24
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Wang Z, Zhu J, Wang M, Lu P. Palladium-Catalyzed Divergent Enantioselective Functionalization of Cyclobutenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12691-12701. [PMID: 38676653 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Aliphatic strained rings have been increasingly applied in medicinal chemistry due to their beneficial physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. However, the divergent synthesis of enantioenriched cyclobutane derivatives with various structural patterns continues to be a significant challenge. Here, we disclose a palladium-catalyzed enantioselective desymmetrization of cyclobutenes, resulting in a series of hydroarylation and 1,2- and 1,3-diarylation products via the interceptions of a common Heck intermediate. Mechanistic investigations provide valuable insights into understanding the catalytic mode of the palladium catalysts and the observed variations in the deuterium-responsive behavior during reactions. Furthermore, the synthetic utility is demonstrated in the syntheses of deuterated drug candidate belaperidone skeletons and pseudosymmetrical truxinic acid-type derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonggui Wang
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Lu, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Minyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Lu, Shanghai 200433, China
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25
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Lu YN, Che C, Zhen G, Chang X, Dong XQ, Wang CJ. Visible-light-enabled stereoselective synthesis of functionalized cyclohexylamine derivatives via [4 + 2] cycloadditions. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6507-6514. [PMID: 38699278 PMCID: PMC11062095 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00667d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
An unprecedented intermolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition of benzocyclobutylamines with α-substituted vinylketones, enabled by photoredox catalysis, has been developed. The current method enables facile access to highly functionalized cyclohexylamine derivatives that were otherwise inaccessible, in moderate to good yields with excellent diastereoselectivities. This protocol has some excellent features, such as full atom economy, good functional-group compatibility, mild reaction conditions, and an overall redox-neutral process. Additionally, an asymmetric version of this cycloaddition was preliminarily investigated via the incorporation of a chiral phosphoric acid (CPA), and moderate to good enantioselectivity could be effectively realized with excellent diastereoselectivity. Synthetic applications were demonstrated via a scale-up experiment and elaborations to access amino alcohol and cyclobutene derivatives. Based on the results of control experiments, a reasonable reaction mechanism was proposed to elucidate the reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Nan Lu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Chao Che
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Guangjin Zhen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Xin Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Xiu-Qin Dong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Chun-Jiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Shanghai 230021 China
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26
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Li S, Xu X, Xu L, Lin H, Kuang H, Xu C. Emerging trends in chiral inorganic nanomaterials for enantioselective catalysis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3506. [PMID: 38664409 PMCID: PMC11045795 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47657-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric transformations and synthesis have garnered considerable interest in recent decades due to the extensive need for chiral organic compounds in biomedical, agrochemical, chemical, and food industries. The field of chiral inorganic catalysts, garnering considerable interest for its contributions to asymmetric organic transformations, has witnessed remarkable advancements and emerged as a highly innovative research area. Here, we review the latest developments in this dynamic and emerging field to comprehensively understand the advances in chiral inorganic nanocatalysts and stimulate further progress in asymmetric catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Li
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liguang Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hengwei Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Hua Kuang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Hao Y, Lu YL, Jiao Z, Su CY. Photocatalysis Meets Confinement: An Emerging Opportunity for Photoinduced Organic Transformations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317808. [PMID: 38238997 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The self-assembled metal-organic cages (MOCs) have been evolved as a paradigm of enzyme-mimic catalysts since they are able to synergize multifunctionalities inherent in metal and organic components and constitute microenvironments characteristic of enzymatic spatial confinement and versatile host-guest interactions, thus facilitating unconventional organic transformations via unique driving-forces such as weak noncovalent binding and electron/energy transfer. Recently, MOC-based photoreactors emerged as a burgeoning platform of supramolecular photocatalysis, displaying anomalous reactivities and selectivities distinct from bulk solution. This perspective recaps two decades journey of the photoinduced radical reactions by using photoactive metal-organic cages (PMOCs) as artificial reactors, outlining how the cage-confined photocatalysis was evolved from stoichiometric photoreactions to photocatalytic turnover, from high-energy UV-irradiation to sustainable visible-light photoactivation, and from simple radical reactions to multi-level chemo- and stereoselectivities. We will focus on PMOCs that merge structural and functional biomimicry into a single-cage to behave as multi-role photoreactors, emphasizing their potentials in tackling current challenges in organic transformations through single-electron transfer (SET) or energy transfer (EnT) pathways in a simple, green while feasible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanke Hao
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yu-Lin Lu
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhiwei Jiao
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Cheng-Yong Su
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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28
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Fu Q, Cao S, Wang J, Lv X, Wang H, Zhao X, Jiang Z. Enantioselective [2π + 2σ] Cycloadditions of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes with Vinylazaarenes through Asymmetric Photoredox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8372-8380. [PMID: 38499472 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Here we present a highly enantioselective [2π + 2σ] photocycloaddition of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs). The reaction uses a variety of vinylazaarenes as partners and is catalyzed by a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-containing chiral phosphoric acid as a bifunctional chiral photosensitizer. A wide array of pharmaceutically important bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane (BCH) derivatives have been synthesized with high yields, enantioselectivity, and diastereoselectivity. In addition to the diverse 1-ketocarbonyl-3-substituted BCBs, α/β-substituted vinylazaarenes are compatible with such an unprecedented photoredox catalytic pathway, resulting in the successful assembly of an all-carbon quaternary stereocenter or two adjacent tertiary stereocenters on the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan,P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan,P. R. China
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29
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Hossain MM, Shaikh AC, Kaur R, Gianetti TL. Red Light-Blue Light Chromoselective C(sp 2)-X Bond Activation by Organic Helicenium-Based Photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7922-7930. [PMID: 38498938 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Chromoselective bond activation has been achieved in organic helicenium (nPr-DMQA+)-based photoredox catalysis. Consequently, control over chromoselective C(sp2)-X bond activation in multihalogenated aromatics has been demonstrated. nPr-DMQA+ can only initiate the halogen atom transfer (XAT) pathway under red light irradiation to activate low-energy-accessible C(sp2)-I bonds. In contrast, blue light irradiation initiates consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (conPET) to activate more challenging C(sp2)-Br bonds. Comparative reaction outcomes have been demonstrated in the α-arylation of cyclic ketones with red and blue lights. Furthermore, red-light-mediated selective C(sp2)-I bonds have been activated in iodobromoarenes to keep the bromo functional handle untouched. Finally, the strength of the chromoselective catalysis has been highlighted with two-fold functionalization using both photo-to-transition metal and photo-to-photocatalyzed transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mubarak Hossain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Aslam C Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Thomas L Gianetti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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30
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Yan P, Stegbauer S, Wu Q, Kolodzeiski E, Stein CJ, Lu P, Bach T. Enantioselective Intramolecular ortho Photocycloaddition Reactions of 2-Acetonaphthones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318126. [PMID: 38275271 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
2-Acetonaphthones, which bear an alkenyl group tethered to its C1 carbon atom via an oxygen atom, were found to undergo an enantioselective intramolecular ortho photocycloaddition reaction. A chiral oxazaborolidine Lewis acid leads to a bathochromic absorption shift of the substrate and enables an efficient enantioface differentiation. Visible light irradiation (λ=450 nm) triggers the reaction which is tolerant of various groups at almost any position except carbon atom C8 (16 examples, 53-99 % yield, 80-97 % ee). Consecutive reactions were explored including a sensitized rearrangement to tetrahydrobiphenylenes, which occurred with full retention of configuration. Evidence was collected that the catalytic photocycloaddition occurs via triplet intermediates, and the binding mode of the acetonaphthone to the chiral Lewis acid was elucidated by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yan
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Lu, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Simone Stegbauer
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Qinqin Wu
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Lu, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Elena Kolodzeiski
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Christopher J Stein
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Ping Lu
- Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Lu, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85747, Garching, Germany
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31
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Kushnarenko A, Zabelina A, Guselnikova O, Miliutina E, Vokatá B, Zabelin D, Burtsev V, Valiev R, Kolska Z, Paidar M, Sykora V, Postnikov P, Svorcik V, Lyutakov O. Merging gold plasmonic nanoparticles and L-proline inside a MOF for plasmon-induced visible light chiral organocatalysis at low temperature. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:5313-5322. [PMID: 38372626 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04707e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Light-driven asymmetric photocatalysis represents a straightforward approach in modern organic chemistry. In comparison to the homogeneous one, heterogeneous asymmetric photocatalysis has the advantages of easy catalyst separation, recovery, and reuse, thus being cost- and time-effective. Here, we demonstrate how plasmon-active centers (gold nanoparticles - AuNPs) allow visible light triggering of chiral catalyst (proline) in model aldol reaction between acetone and benzaldehyde. The metal-organic framework UiO-66-NH2 was used as an advanced host platform for the loading of proline and AuNPs and their stabilization in spatial proximity. Aldol reactions were carried out at a low temperature (-20 °C) under light illumination which resulted in 91% ee with a closed-to-quantitative yield, 4.5 times higher than that without light (i.e. in the absence of plasmon triggering). A set of control experiments and quantum chemical modeling revealed that the plasmon assistance proceeds through hot electron excitation followed by an interaction with an enamine with the formation of anion radical species. We also demonstrated the high stability of the proposed system in multiple catalytic cycles without leaching metal ions, which makes our approach especially promising for heterogeneous asymmetric photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kushnarenko
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - A Zabelina
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - O Guselnikova
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russian Federation.
| | - E Miliutina
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - B Vokatá
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - D Zabelin
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - V Burtsev
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - R Valiev
- Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Z Kolska
- Centre for Nanomaterials and Biotechnology, J. E. Purkyne University, 40096 Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - M Paidar
- Department of Inorganic Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Sykora
- Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - P Postnikov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russian Federation.
| | - V Svorcik
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - O Lyutakov
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic.
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32
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Ghorai D, Tóth BL, Lanzi M, Kleij AW. Vinyl and Alkynyl Substituted Heterocycles as Privileged Scaffolds in Transition Metal Promoted Stereoselective Synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:726-738. [PMID: 38387878 PMCID: PMC10918838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusBiologically active compounds and pharmaceutically relevant intermediates often feature sterically congested stereogenic centers, in particular, carbon stereocenters that are either tertiary tetrasubstituted ones or quaternary in nature. Synthons that comprise such bulky and often structurally complex core units are of high synthetic value and represent important incentives for communities connected to drug discovery and development. Streamlined approaches that give access to a diverse set of compounds incorporating acyclic bulky stereocenters are relatively limited, though vital. They enable further exploration of three-dimensional entities that can be designed and implemented in discovery programs, thereby extending the pool of molecular properties that is inaccessible for flat molecules. However, the lack of modular substrates in particular areas of chemical space inspired us to consider functionalized heterocycles known as cyclic carbonates and carbamates as a productive way to create sterically crowded alkenes and stereocenters.In this Account, we describe the major approximations we followed over the course of 8 years using transition metal (TM) catalysis as an instrument to control the stereochemical course of various allylic and propargylic substitution processes and related transformations. Allylic substitution reactions empowered by Pd-catalysis utilizing a variety of nucleophiles are discussed, with amination being the seed of all of this combined work. These procedures build on vinyl-substituted cyclic carbonates (VCCs) that are simple and easy-to-access precursors and highly modular in nature compared to synthetically limited vinyl oxiranes. Overall these decarboxylative conversions take place with either "linear" or "branched" regioselectivities that are ligand controlled and offer access to a wide scope of functional allylic scaffolds. Alternative approaches, including dual TM/photocatalyzed transformations, allowed us to expand the repertoire of challenging stereoselective conversions. This was achieved through key single-electron pathways and via formal umpolung of intermediates, resulting in new types of carbon-carbon bond formation reactions significantly expanding the scope of allylic substitution reactions.Heterocyclic substrate variants that have triple bond functional groups were also designed by us to enable difficult-to-promote stereoselective propargylic substitution reactions through TM catalysis. In these processes, inspired by the Nishibayashi laboratory and their seminal findings in the area, we discovered various new reactivity patterns. This provided access to a range of different stereodefined building blocks such as 1,2-diborylated 1,3-dienes and tetrasubstituted α-allenols under Cu- or Ni-catalysis. In this realm, the use of lactone-derived substrates gives access to elusive chiral γ-amino acids and lactams with high stereofidelity and good structural diversity.Apart from the synthetic efforts, we have elucidated some of the pertinent mechanistic manifolds operative in these transformations to better understand the limitations and opportunities with these specifically functionalized heterocycles that allowed us to create complex synthons. We combined both theoretical and experimental investigations that lead to several unexpected outcomes in terms of enantioinduction models, catalyst preactivation, and intermediates that are intimately connected to rationales for the observed selectivity profiles. The combined work we have communicated over the years offers insight into the unique reactivity of cyclic carbonates/carbamates acting as privileged precursors. It may inspire other members of the synthetic communities to widen the scope of precursors toward novel stereoselective transformations with added value in drug discovery and development in both academic and commercial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Ghorai
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), the Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Balázs L. Tóth
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), the Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Matteo Lanzi
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), the Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Arjan W. Kleij
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), the Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Catalan
Institute of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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33
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Lan S, Huang H, Liu W, Xu C, Lei X, Dong W, Liu J, Yang S, Cotman AE, Zhang Q, Fang X. Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Cyclobutenediones. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4942-4957. [PMID: 38326715 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Four-membered carbocycles are fundamental substructures in bioactive molecules and approved drugs and serve as irreplaceable building blocks in organic synthesis. However, developing efficient protocols furnishing diversified four-membered ring compounds in a highly regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselective fashion remains challenging but very desirable. Here, we report the unprecedented asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of cyclobutenediones. The reaction can selectively afford three types of four-membered products in high yields with high stereoselectivities, and the highly functionalized products enable a series of further transformations to form more diversified four-membered compounds. Asymmetric synthesis of di-, tri-, and tetrasubstituted bioactive molecules has also been achieved. Systematic mechanistic studies and theoretical calculations have revealed the origin of the regioselectivity, the key hydrogenation transition state models, and the sequence of the double and triple hydrogenation processes. The work provides a new choice for the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of cyclobutanes and related structures and demonstrates the robustness of asymmetric transfer hydrogenation in the accurate selectivity control of highly functionalized substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouang Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, and Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350100, China
| | - Huangjiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, and Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350100, China
- Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, and Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350100, China
| | - Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, and Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350100, China
| | - Xiang Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, and Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350100, China
| | - Wennan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, and Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350100, China
| | - Jinggong Liu
- Orthopedics Department, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, and Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350100, China
| | - Andrej Emanuel Cotman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xinqiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, and Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350100, China
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34
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Xie ZY, Xuan J. Advances in heterocycle synthesis through photochemical carbene transfer reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2125-2136. [PMID: 38284428 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06056j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Heterocyclic skeletons are commonly found in various bioactive molecules and pharmaceutical compounds, making them crucial in areas such as medicinal chemistry, materials science, and the realm of natural product synthesis. In recent years, the rapid advancements of visible light methodologies in organic synthesis have shown promising potential for the development of light-induced carbene transfer reactions. This is particularly significant as most organic molecules do not absorb visible light. Free carbene, known for its high activity, is frequently utilized for insertion reactions or cyclopropanation reactions. This review focuses on the photochemical strategy for the construction of heterocyclic skeletons, specifically highlighting the methods that employ visible light-promoted carbene transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yi Xie
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials and Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials of Anhui Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Xuan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials and Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials of Anhui Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
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35
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Huang J, Zhou TP, Sun N, Yu H, Yu X, Liao RZ, Yao W, Dai Z, Wu G, Zhong F. Accessing ladder-shape azetidine-fused indoline pentacycles through intermolecular regiodivergent aza-Paternò-Büchi reactions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1431. [PMID: 38365864 PMCID: PMC10873392 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Small molecules with conformationally rigid, three-dimensional geometry are highly desirable in drug development, toward which a direct, simple-to-complexity synthetic logic is still of considerable challenges. Here, we report intermolecular aza-[2 + 2] photocycloaddition (the aza-Paternò-Büchi reaction) of indole that facilely assembles planar building blocks into ladder-shape azetidine-fused indoline pentacycles with contiguous quaternary carbons, divergent head-to-head/head-to-tail regioselectivity, and absolute exo stereoselectivity. These products exhibit marked three-dimensionality, many of which possess 3D score values distributed in the highest 0.5% region with reference to structures from DrugBank database. Mechanistic studies elucidated the origin of the observed regio- and stereoselectivities, which arise from distortion-controlled C-N coupling scenarios. This study expands the synthetic repertoire of energy transfer catalysis for accessing structurally intriguing architectures with high molecular complexity and underexplored topological chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Huang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tai-Ping Zhou
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ningning Sun
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huaibin Yu
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xixiang Yu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Rong-Zhen Liao
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Weijun Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhifeng Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
- Longgang Institute of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Wenzhou, 325802, China
| | - Guojiao Wu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Fangrui Zhong
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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36
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Shah JA, Banerjee A, Mukherjee U, Ngai MY. Merging Excited-State Copper Catalysis and Triplet Nitro(hetero)arenes for Direct Synthesis of 2-Aminophenol Derivatives. Chem 2024; 10:686-697. [PMID: 38405332 PMCID: PMC10882994 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Nitro(hetero)arene derivatives are essential commodity chemicals used in various products, such as drugs, polymers, and agrochemicals. In this study, we leverage the excited-state reactivities of copper catalysts and nitro(hetero)arenes, and the Umpolung reactivity of acyl radicals to convert readily available nitro(hetero)arenes directly to valuable 2-aminophenol derivatives, which are important scaffolds in many top-selling pharmaceuticals. This reaction is applicable to a variety of nitro(hetero)arenes, acyl chlorides, and late-stage modifications of complex molecules, making it a useful tool for the discovery of new functional molecules. Mechanistic studies, including radical trapping experiments, Stern Volmer quenching studies, light ON/OFF experiments, and 18O-labeling studies, suggest a reaction mechanism involving photoexcitation of a copper complex, diradical couplings, and an in-cage contact ion pair (CIP) migration. Our findings offer a streamlined protocol for synthesizing essential pharmacophores from nitro(hetero)arenes while simultaneously advancing knowledge in excited-state and radical chemistry and stimulating new reaction design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagrut A. Shah
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Arghya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Upasana Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, United States
| | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, United States
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, United States
- Lead Contact
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37
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Dutta S, Erchinger JE, Strieth-Kalthoff F, Kleinmans R, Glorius F. Energy transfer photocatalysis: exciting modes of reactivity. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1068-1089. [PMID: 38168974 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00190c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Excited (triplet) states offer a myriad of attractive synthetic pathways, including cycloadditions, selective homolytic bond cleavages and strain-release chemistry, isomerizations, deracemizations, or the fusion with metal catalysis. Recent years have seen enormous advantages in enabling these reactivity modes through visible-light-mediated triplet-triplet energy transfer catalysis (TTEnT). This tutorial review provides an overview of this emerging strategy for synthesizing sought-after organic motifs in a mild, selective, and sustainable manner. Building on the photophysical foundations of energy transfer, this review also discusses catalyst design, as well as the challenges and opportunities of energy transfer catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Dutta
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Johannes E Erchinger
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Felix Strieth-Kalthoff
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Roman Kleinmans
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Frank Glorius
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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38
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Gu K, Yu C, Zhou W, Liu C. In Operando Visualization of Elementary Turnovers in Photocatalytic Organic Synthesis. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:717-724. [PMID: 38214912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
We report the in operando visualization of the photocatalytic turnovers on single eosin Y (EY) through a redox-induced photoblinking phenomenon. The photocatalytic cyclization of thiobenzamide (TB) catalyzed by EY was investigated. The analysis of the intensity-versus-time trajectories of single EYs revealed the kinetics and dynamics of the elementary photocatalytic turnovers and the heterogeneity of the activity of individual EYs. The quenching turnover time showed a fast population and a slow population, which could be attributed to the singlet and triplet states of photoexcited EY. The slow quenching turnovers were more dominant at higher TB concentrations. The activity heterogeneity of EYs was studied over a series of reactant concentrations. Excess quenching reagent was found to decrease the percentage of active EYs. The method can be broadly applied to studying the elementary processes of photocatalytic organic reactions in operando.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Christina Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Wenqiao Zhou
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Chunming Liu
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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39
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Xu GQ, Wang WD, Xu PF. Photocatalyzed Enantioselective Functionalization of C(sp 3)-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1209-1223. [PMID: 38170467 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Owing to its diverse activation processes including single-electron transfer (SET) and hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT), visible-light photocatalysis has emerged as a sustainable and efficient platform for organic synthesis. These processes provide a powerful avenue for the direct functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds under mild conditions. Over the past decade, there have been remarkable advances in the enantioselective functionalization of the C(sp3)-H bond via photocatalysis combined with conventional asymmetric catalysis. Herein, we summarize the advances in asymmetric C(sp3)-H functionalization involving visible-light photocatalysis and discuss two main pathways in this emerging field: (a) SET-driven carbocation intermediates are followed by stereospecific nucleophile attacks; and (b) photodriven alkyl radical intermediates are further enantioselectively captured by (i) chiral π-SOMOphile reagents, (ii) stereoselective transition-metal complexes, and (iii) another distinct stereoscopic radical species. We aim to summarize key advances in reaction design, catalyst development, and mechanistic understanding, to provide new insights into this rapidly evolving area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Wei David Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
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40
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Wang X, Hua X, Zhang H, Wu L, Yuan C, Liu Z, Zhang HL, Shao X. Transforming Hetera-Buckybowls into Chiral Conjugated Polycycles Incorporating Epoxycyclooctadiene: a Two-Step Approach. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202303085. [PMID: 37877318 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Chiral π-conjugated polycycles have garnered increasing attention due to versatile applications in optoelectronic materials and biological sciences. In this study, we report the synthesis of chiral π-conjugated polycycles incorporating a chiral epoxycyclooctadiene moiety. Our synthetic strategy capitalizes on the novel reactions of hetera-buckybowl triselenasumanene (TSS) and is achieved in two-step manner. Firstly, the TSS is regio-selectively transformed into its ortho-quinone form. Subsequently, the nucleophilic addition reactions of TSS ortho-quinone by phenylethynides are metal ion-dependent. When utilizing (phenylethynyl)magnesium bromide as the nucleophile, two phenylethynyls are furnished onto the edged benzene ring of TSS. When the nucleophile is (phenylethynyl)lithium, a cascade of nucleophilic addition, intermolecular electron-transfer, ring-opening, and tetradehydro-Diels-Alder (TDDA) reactions occur sequentially in one-pot, ultimately affording chiral π-conjugated polycycles featuring the epoxycyclooctadiene moiety as an integral part of their backbones. This work represents a step forward in the synthesis of chiral π-conjugated polycycles using TSS as synthon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Research Centre for Free Radical Chemistry of Lanzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Southern Road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xinqiang Hua
- Research Centre for Free Radical Chemistry of Lanzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Southern Road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Haomin Zhang
- Research Centre for Free Radical Chemistry of Lanzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Southern Road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Lingxi Wu
- Research Centre for Free Radical Chemistry of Lanzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Southern Road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Chengshan Yuan
- Research Centre for Free Radical Chemistry of Lanzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Southern Road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Zitong Liu
- Research Centre for Free Radical Chemistry of Lanzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Southern Road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Hao-Li Zhang
- Research Centre for Free Radical Chemistry of Lanzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Southern Road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xiangfeng Shao
- Research Centre for Free Radical Chemistry of Lanzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Southern Road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
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41
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Lei T, Graf S, Schöll C, Krätzschmar F, Gregori B, Appleson T, Breder A. Asymmetric Photoaerobic Lactonization and Aza-Wacker Cyclization of Alkenes Enabled by Ternary Selenium-Sulfur Multicatalysis. ACS Catal 2023; 13:16240-16248. [PMID: 38125978 PMCID: PMC10729055 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c04443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
An adaptable, sulfur-accelerated photoaerobic selenium-π-acid ternary catalyst system for the enantioselective allylic redox functionalization of simple, nondirecting alkenes is reported. In contrast to related photoredox catalytic methods, which largely depend on olefinic substrates with heteroatomic directing groups to unfold high degrees of stereoinduction, the current protocol relies on chiral, spirocyclic selenium-π-acids that covalently bind to the alkene moiety. The performance of this ternary catalytic method is demonstrated in the asymmetric, photoaerobic lactonization and cycloamination of enoic acids and unsaturated sulfonamides, respectively, leading to an averaged enantiomeric ratio (er) of 92:8. Notably, this protocol provides for the first time an asymmetric, catalytic entryway to pharmaceutically relevant 3-pyrroline motifs, which was used as a platform to access a 3,4-dihydroxyproline derivative in only seven steps with a 92:8 er.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christopher Schöll
- Institut Für Organische
Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Felix Krätzschmar
- Institut Für Organische
Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Gregori
- Institut Für Organische
Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Appleson
- Institut Für Organische
Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Breder
- Institut Für Organische
Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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42
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Swords WB, Lee H, Park Y, Llamas F, Skubi KL, Park J, Guzei IA, Baik MH, Yoon TP. Highly Enantioselective 6π Photoelectrocyclizations Engineered by Hydrogen Bonding. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27045-27053. [PMID: 38049954 PMCID: PMC10842740 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical electrocyclization reactions are valued for both their ability to produce structurally complex molecules and their central role in elucidating fundamental mechanistic principles of photochemistry. We present herein a highly enantioselective 6π photoelectrocyclization catalyzed by a chiral Ir(III) photosensitizer. This transformation was successfully realized by engineering a strong hydrogen-bonding interaction between a pyrazole moiety on the catalyst and a basic imidazolyl ketone on the substrate. To shed light on the origin of stereoinduction, we conducted a comprehensive investigation combining experimental and computational mechanistic studies. Results from density functional theory calculations underscore the crucial role played by the prochirality and the torquoselectivity in the electrocyclization process as well as the steric demand in the subsequent [1,4]-H shift step. Our findings not only offer valuable guidance for developing chiral photocatalysts but also serve as a significant reference for achieving high levels of enantioselectivity in the 6π photoelectrocyclization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley B Swords
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Hanna Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yerin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Franco Llamas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kazimer L Skubi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, United States
| | - Jiyong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilia A Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tehshik P Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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43
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Sun Y, Yang YL, Chen HJ, Liu J, Shi XL, Suo G, Hou X, Ye X, Zhang L, Lu S, Chen ZG. Flexible, recoverable, and efficient photocatalysts: MoS 2/TiO 2 heterojunctions grown on amorphous carbon-coated carbon textiles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 651:284-295. [PMID: 37542903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.07.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Most traditional powder photocatalysts are not easily recovered. Herein, we report a flexible and recoverable photocatalyst with superior photocatalytic activity, in which MoS2/TiO2 heterojunctions are grown on amorphous carbon-coated carbon textiles (CT@C-MoS2/TiO2). Recoverable CT@C-MoS2/TiO2 textile was used to degrade 10 mg L-1 rhodamine B, leading to a degradation rate of up to 98.8 % within 30 min. Such a degradation rate is much higher than that of most of the reported studies. A density functional theory (DFT) calculation results illustrate charge transfer mechanism inside TiO2-C, MoS2-C, and MoS2/TiO2 heterojunctions, which shows that CT@C-MoS2/TiO2 textile with three electron separation channels has a high photogenerated carrier separation rate, which remarkably enhances the photocatalytic activity. Our work provides a novel strategy to design an efficient and recoverable photocatalyst with high activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yan-Ling Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Hua-Jun Chen
- School of Environment and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Jiajun Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Shi
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Guoquan Suo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xiaojiang Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xiaohui Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Siyu Lu
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Chen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
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44
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Uchikura T, Takahashi K, Oishi T, Akiyama T. Visible-light-driven enantioselective intermolecular [2 + 2] photocyclization utilizing bathochromic excitation mediated by a chiral phosphoric acid. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9138-9142. [PMID: 37975203 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01425h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
We report herein an enantioselective intermolecular [2 + 2] photocyclization of alkenyl 2-pyrrolyl ketones using the bathochromic shift mediated by a chiral phosphoric acid. This synthetic method provides access to cyclobutanes with up to 98% ee. According to the UV-Vis spectra, the bathochromic effect was observed by mixing alkenyl 2-pyrrolyl ketones and a chiral phosphoric acid. A non-linear correlation was observed between the ee of the catalyst and the ee of the cycloadduct, suggesting that both substrates bind to the chiral phosphoric acid and form a dimer complex before photocycloaddition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Uchikura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1, Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1, Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tatsushi Oishi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1, Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takahiko Akiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1, Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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45
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Zhang Z, Slak D, Krebs T, Leuschner M, Schmickler N, Kuchuk E, Schmidt J, Domenianni LI, Kleine Büning JB, Grimme S, Vöhringer P, Gansäuer A. A Chiral Titanocene Complex as Regiodivergent Photoredox Catalyst: Synthetic Scope and Mechanism of Catalyst Generation. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 38016173 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
We describe a combined synthetic, spectroscopic, and computational study of a chiral titanocene complex as a regiodivergent photoredox catalyst (PRC). With Kagan's complex catCl2 either monoprotected 1,3-diols or 1,4-diols can be obtained in high selectivity from a common epoxide substrate in a regiodivergent epoxide opening depending on which enantiomer of the catalyst is employed. Due to the catalyst-controlled regioselectivity of ring opening and the broader substrate scope, the PRC with catCl2 is also a highly attractive branching point for diversity-oriented synthesis. The photochemical processes of cat(NCS)2, a suitable model for catCl2, were probed by time-correlated single-photon counting. The photoexcited complex displays a thermally activated delayed fluorescence as a result of a singlet-triplet equilibration, S1 ⇄ T1, via intersystem crossing and recrossing. Its triplet state is quenched by electron transfer to the T1 state. Computational and cyclic voltammetry studies highlight the importance of our sulfonamide additive. By bonding to sulfonamide additives, chloride abstraction from [catCl2]- is facilitated, and catalyst deactivation by coordination of the sulfonamide group is circumvented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhang
- Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Slak
- Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tim Krebs
- Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Leuschner
- Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Niklas Schmickler
- Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Kuchuk
- Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonas Schmidt
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Luis Ignacio Domenianni
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julius B Kleine Büning
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Vöhringer
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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46
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Yuan X, Zhang Y, Li Y, Yin J, Wang S, Xiong T, Zhang Q. Asymmetric Radical Oxyboration of β-Substituted Styrenes via Late-Stage Stereomutation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313770. [PMID: 37819256 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report an unprecedented copper-catalyzed highly enantio- and diastereoselective radical oxyboration of β-substituted styrenes. The lynchpin of success is ascribed to the development of a late-stage stereomutation strategy, which enables enantioenriched cis-isomers among a couple of early-generated diastereomers to be converted into trans-isomer counterparts, thus fulfilling high diastereocontrol; while the degree of enantio-differentiation is determined by the borocupration process of the C=C bond. This reaction provides an efficient protocol to access enantioenriched trans-1,2- dioxygenation products. The value of this method has further been highlighted in a diversity of follow-up stereospecific transformations and further modifying complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Yuan
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yiliang Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Jianjun Yin
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Simin Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Tao Xiong
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
- Department State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Institution Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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47
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Großkopf J, Plaza M, Kutta RJ, Nuernberger P, Bach T. Creating a Defined Chirality in Amino Acids and Cyclic Dipeptides by Photochemical Deracemization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313606. [PMID: 37793026 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
2,5-Diketopiperazines are cyclic dipeptides displaying a wide range of applications. Their enantioselective preparation has now been found possible from the respective racemates by a photochemical deracemization (53 examples, 74 % to quantitative yield, 71-99 % ee). A chiral benzophenone catalyst in concert with irradiation at λ=366 nm enables to establish the configuration at the stereogenic carbon atom C6 at will. If other stereogenic centers are present in the diketopiperazines they remain unaffected and a stereochemical editing is possible at a single position. Consecutive reactions, including the conversion into N-aryl or N-alkyl amino acids or the reduction to piperazines, occur without compromising the newly created stereogenic center. Transient absorption spectroscopy revealed that the benzophenone catalyst processes one enantiomer of the 2,5-diketopiperazines preferentially and enables a reversible hydrogen atom transfer that is responsible for the deracemization process. The remarkably long lifetime of the protonated ketyl radical implies a yet unprecedented mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Großkopf
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Manuel Plaza
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Roger Jan Kutta
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Nuernberger
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747, Garching, Germany
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48
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Jiang W, Yang X, Lin L, Yan C, Zhao Y, Wang M, Shi Z. Merging Visible Light Photocatalysis and P(III)-Directed C-H Activation by a Single Catalyst: Modular Assembly of P-Alkyne Hybrid Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309709. [PMID: 37814137 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal-catalyzed C-H activation strategies provide an efficient approach for synthesis by minimizing atom, step, and redox economy. Developing milder, greener, and more effective protocols for these strategies is always highly desirable to the scientific community. In this study, the utilization of a single rhodium complex enabled the visible-light-induced late-stage C-H activation of biaryl-type phosphines with alkynyl bromides, employing inherent phosphorus atoms as directing groups. This chemistry combines P(III)-directed C-H activation with visible light photocatalysis, under exogenous photosensitizer-free conditions, offering a unique platform for ligand design and preparation. Furthermore, this study also explores the asymmetric catalysis and coordination chemistry of the resulting P-alkyne hybrid ligands with specific transition metals. Experimental results and density functional theory calculations demonstrate the mechanistic intricacies of this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiuxiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Chaoguo Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Minyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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49
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Fanourakis A, Phipps RJ. Catalytic, asymmetric carbon-nitrogen bond formation using metal nitrenoids: from metal-ligand complexes via metalloporphyrins to enzymes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12447-12476. [PMID: 38020383 PMCID: PMC10646976 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04661c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of nitrogen atoms into small molecules is of fundamental importance and it is vital that ever more efficient and selective methods for achieving this are developed. With this aim, the potential of nitrene chemistry has long been appreciated but its application has been constrained by the extreme reactivity of these labile species. This liability however can be attenuated by complexation with a transition metal and the resulting metal nitrenoids have unique and highly versatile reactivity which includes the amination of certain types of aliphatic C-H bonds as well as reactions with alkenes to afford aziridines. At least one new chiral centre is typically formed in these processes and the development of catalysts to exert control over enantioselectivity in nitrenoid-mediated amination has become a growing area of research, particularly over the past two decades. Compared with some synthetic methods, metal nitrenoid chemistry is notable in that chemists can draw from a diverse array of metals and catalysts , ranging from metal-ligand complexes, bearing a variety of ligand types, via bio-inspired metalloporphyrins, all the way through to, very recently, engineered enzymes themselves. In the latter category in particular, rapid progress is being made, the rate of which suggests that this approach may be instrumental in addressing some of the outstanding challenges in the field. This review covers key developments and strategies that have shaped the field, in addition to the latest advances, up until September 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Fanourakis
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Robert J Phipps
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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50
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de Robichon M, Kratz T, Beyer F, Zuber J, Merten C, Bach T. Enantioselective, Intermolecular [ π2+ σ2] Photocycloaddition Reactions of 2(1 H)-Quinolones and Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37917070 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
1-Substituted bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes add enantioselectively to 2(1H)-quinolones upon irradiation (λ = 366 nm) in the presence of a chiral complexing agent. A two-point hydrogen bond between the quinolone and the template is responsible for stereocontrol in the photocycloaddition reaction. The reaction leads to the formation of products with a chiral bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane skeleton in high enantiomeric excess (91-99% ee). The chiral template can be almost quantitatively (97%) recovered and used in another reaction. A triplet reaction pathway is likely, and sensitization is a suitable tool if the reaction is to be performed with visible light (λ = 420 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane de Robichon
- School of Natural Sciences, Department Chemie, and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thilo Kratz
- School of Natural Sciences, Department Chemie, and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Frederike Beyer
- Organische Chemie II, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Julian Zuber
- School of Natural Sciences, Department Chemie, and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Merten
- Organische Chemie II, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- School of Natural Sciences, Department Chemie, and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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