1
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Patel MA, Kapdi AR. Ubiquitous Role of Phosphine-Based Water-Soluble Ligand in Promoting Catalytic Reactions in Water. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202400057. [PMID: 39162777 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202400057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Catalysis has been at the forefront of the developments that has revolutionised synthesis and provided the impetus in the discovery of platform technologies for efficient C-C or C-X bond formation. Current environmental situation however, demands a change in strategy with catalysis being promoted more in solvents that are benign (Water) and for that the development of hydrophilic ligands (especially phosphines) is a necessity which could promote catalytic reactions in water, allow recyclability of the catalytic solutions and make it possible to isolate products using column-free techniques that involve lesser usage of hazardous organic solvents. In this review, we therefore critically analyse such catalytic processes providing examples that do follow the above-mentioned parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha A Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh road, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Anant R Kapdi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh road, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
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2
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Zhou J, Huang X, Yu X, Yang L, Han JY, Lhazom T, Cui HL. HCl/DMSO/HFIP-Mediated Chlorination of Pyrrolo[2,1- a]isoquinolines and Other Electron-Rich Heteroarenes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9789-9799. [PMID: 38920085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
An efficient oxidative chlorination of pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines has been established using HCl (aq) as the chlorine source and DMSO as the terminal oxidant in HFIP at ambient temperature. A variety of chlorinated pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline derivatives have been prepared readily in 23 to 99% yields. This chlorination strategy can be expanded to the functionalization of other electron-rich heteroarenes including substituted pyrroles, indoles, and naphthols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Huang
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yu
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
| | - Liu Yang
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Yi Han
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
| | - Tsesong Lhazom
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Lei Cui
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
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3
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Kania MJ, Reyes A, Neufeldt SR. Oxidative Addition of (Hetero)aryl (Pseudo)halides at Palladium(0): Origin and Significance of Divergent Mechanisms. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19249-19260. [PMID: 38959060 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Two limiting mechanisms are possible for oxidative addition of (hetero)aryl (pseudo)halides at Pd(0): a 3-centered concerted and a nucleophilic displacement mechanism. Until now, there has been little understanding about when each mechanism is relevant. Prior investigations to distinguish between these pathways were limited to a few specific combinations of the substrate and ligand. Here, we computationally evaluated over 180 transition structures for oxidative addition in order to determine mechanistic trends based on substrate, ligand(s), and coordination number. Natural abundance 13C kinetic isotope effects provide experimental results consistent with computational predictions. Key findings include that (1) differences in highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) symmetries dictate that, although 12e- PdL is strongly biased toward a 3-centered concerted mechanism, 14e- PdL2 often prefers a nucleophilic displacement mechanism; (2) ligand electronics and sterics, including ligand bite angle, influence the preferred mechanism of the reaction at PdL2; (3) phenyl triflate always reacts through a displacement mechanism regardless of the catalyst structure due to the stability of a triflate anion and the inability of oxygen to effectively donate electron density to Pd; and (4) the high reactivity of C-X bonds adjacent to nitrogen in pyridine substrates relates to stereoelectronic stabilization of a nucleophilic displacement transition state. This work has implications for controlling rate and selectivity in catalytic couplings, and we demonstrate application of the mechanistic insight toward chemodivergent cross-couplings of bromochloroheteroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Kania
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Albert Reyes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Sharon R Neufeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
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4
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Phulwale V, Shet H, Gunturu KC, Rout SR, Dandela R, Adhav S, Kapdi AR. Cu(II)/PTABS-Promoted, Chemoselective Amination of HaloPyrimidines. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9243-9254. [PMID: 38878304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Chemoselective amination is a highly desired synthetic methodology, given its importance as a possible strategy to synthesize various drug molecules and agrochemicals. We, herein, disclose a highly chemoselective Cu(II)-PTABS-promoted amination of pyrimidine structural feature containing different halogen atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Phulwale
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Road, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Harshita Shet
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Road, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | | | - Smruti Rekha Rout
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology-Indian Oil Odisha Campus , Samantpuri, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India
| | - Rambabu Dandela
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology-Indian Oil Odisha Campus , Samantpuri, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India
| | - Suyog Adhav
- BASF Chemicals India Pvt. Ltd., Plot No 12, Thane Belapur Road, Navi Mumbai 400705, India
| | - Anant R Kapdi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Road, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
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5
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Larson NG, Norman JP, Neufeldt SR. Mechanistic Origin of Ligand Effects on Exhaustive Functionalization During Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Dihaloarenes. ACS Catal 2024; 14:7127-7135. [PMID: 38911468 PMCID: PMC11192547 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
We describe a detailed investigation into why bulky ligands-those that enable catalysis at "12e -" Pd0-tend to promote overfunctionalization during Pd-catalyzed cross-couplings of dihalogenated substrates. After one cross-coupling event takes place, PdL initially remains coordinated to the π system of the nascent product. Selectivity for mono- vs. difunctionalization arises from the relative rates of π-decomplexation versus a second oxidative addition. Under the Suzuki coupling conditions in this work, direct dissociation of 12e - PdL from the π-complex cannot outcompete oxidative addition. Instead, Pd must be displaced from the π-complex as 14e - PdL(L') by a second incoming ligand L'. The incoming ligand is another molecule of dichloroarene if the reaction conditions do not include π-coordinating solvents or additives. More overfunctionalization tends to result when increased ligand or substrate sterics raises the energy of the bimolecular transition state for separating 14e - PdL(L') from the mono-cross-coupled product. This work has practical implications for optimizing selectivity in cross-couplings involving multiple halogens. For example, we demonstrate that small coordinating additives like DMSO can largely suppress overfunctionalization and that precatalyst structure can also impact selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel G. Larson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - Jacob P. Norman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - Sharon R. Neufeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
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6
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Nikulshin PV, Makarov AY, Koskin IP, Becker CS, Kazantsev MS, Beckmann J, Balmohammadi Y, Grabowsky S, Mebs S, Naumova OV, Protasov DY, Svit KA, Irtegova IG, Radiush EA, Bagryanskaya IY, Shundrin LA, Zibarev AV. 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobiphenylene: A Prototype Janus-Headed Scaffold for Ambipolar Materials. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300692. [PMID: 38052725 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The title compound was synthesized by Ullmann cross-coupling in low yield as the first representative of [n]phenylene containing hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon rings. Stille/Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions, as well as substitution of fluorine in suitable starting compounds, failed to give the same product. The geometric and electronic structures of the title compound were studied by X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry and density functional theory calculations, together with Hirshfeld surface and reduced density gradient analyses. The crystal structure features head-to-tail π-stacking and other fluorine-related secondary bonding interactions. From the nucleus-independent chemical shifts descriptor, the four-membered ring of the title compound is antiaromatic, and the six-membered rings are aromatic. The Janus molecule is highly polarized; and the six-membered fluoro- and hydrocarbon rings are Lewis π-acidic and π-basic, respectively. The electrochemically-generated radical cation of the title compound is long-lived as characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance, whereas the radical anion is unstable in solution. The title compound reveals electrical properties of an insulator. On expanding its molecular scaffold towards partially fluorinated [n]phenylenes (n≥2), the properties presumably can be transformed into those of semiconductors. In this context, the title compound is suggested as a prototype scaffold for ambipolar materials for organic electronics and spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel V Nikulshin
- Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Current address: Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Yu Makarov
- Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Igor P Koskin
- Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Christina S Becker
- Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maxim S Kazantsev
- Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Yaser Balmohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Free University of Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olga V Naumova
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry Yu Protasov
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kirill A Svit
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina G Irtegova
- Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Radiush
- Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina Yu Bagryanskaya
- Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Leonid A Shundrin
- Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey V Zibarev
- Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
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7
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Bone KI, Puleo TR, Bandar JS. Direct C-H Hydroxylation of N-Heteroarenes and Benzenes via Base-Catalyzed Halogen Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9755-9767. [PMID: 38530788 PMCID: PMC11006572 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxylated (hetero)arenes are valued in many industries as both key constituents of end products and diversifiable synthetic building blocks. Accordingly, the development of reactions that complement and address the limitations of existing methods for the introduction of aromatic hydroxyl groups is an important goal. To this end, we apply base-catalyzed halogen transfer (X-transfer) to enable the direct C-H hydroxylation of mildly acidic N-heteroarenes and benzenes. This protocol employs an alkoxide base to catalyze X-transfer from sacrificial 2-halothiophene oxidants to aryl substrates, forming SNAr-active intermediates that undergo nucleophilic hydroxylation. Key to this process is the use of 2-phenylethanol as an inexpensive hydroxide surrogate that, after aromatic substitution and rapid elimination, provides the hydroxylated arene and styrene byproduct. Use of simple 2-halothiophenes allows for C-H hydroxylation of 6-membered N-heteroarenes and 1,3-azole derivatives, while a rationally designed 2-halobenzothiophene oxidant extends the scope to electron-deficient benzene substrates. Mechanistic studies indicate that aromatic X-transfer is reversible, suggesting that the deprotonation, halogenation, and substitution steps operate in synergy, manifesting in unique selectivity trends that are not necessarily dependent on the most acidic aryl position. The utility of this method is further demonstrated through streamlined target molecule syntheses, examples of regioselectivity that contrast alternative C-H hydroxylation methods, and the scalable recycling of the thiophene oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendelyn I. Bone
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Thomas R. Puleo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Bandar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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8
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Cui HL. Recent advances in oxidative chlorination. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1580-1601. [PMID: 38312070 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02012f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Considering the wide occurrence and extensive application of organic chlorides in many research fields, the development of easy, practical and green chlorination methodologies is much needed. In the oxidative chlorination strategy, active chlorinating species can be in situ formed by the interaction of easily accessible chlorides such as NaCl, HCl, KCl, CHCl3, etc. and suitable oxidants. Among the established chlorination approaches, this strategy is an attractive one as it features the use of readily available, cheap and safe inorganic or organic chlorides, good atom economy of chlorine, and multiple choices of oxidants. This review summarizes the representative methodologies in the field of oxidative chlorination, covering 2013 to 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Lei Cui
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing, 402160, PR China.
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9
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Cai X, Ding D, Zhao S, Wen S, Zhang G, Bai P, Zhang W, Song H, Xu C. Zwitterionic Aqua Palladacycles with Noncovalent Interactions for meta-Selective Suzuki Coupling of 3,4-Dichlorophenol and 3,4-Dichlorobenzyl Alcohol in Water. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:2313-2321. [PMID: 38112695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The site-selective reaction of substrates with multiple reactive sites has been a focus of the current synthetic chemistry. The use of attractive noncovalent interactions between the catalyst and substrate is emerging as a versatile approach to address site-selectivity challenges. Herein, we designed and synthesized a series of palladacycles, to control meta-selective Suzuki coupling of 3,4-dichlorophenol and 3,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol. Noncovalent interactions directed zwitterionic aqua palladacycles catalyzed meta-selective Suzuki couplings of 3,4-dichloroarenes bearing hydroxyl in water have been developed. Experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that the electrostatic interactions play a critical role in meta-selective coupling of 3,4-dichlorophenol, while meta-selective coupling of 3,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol arises due to the hydrogen-bonding interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwei Cai
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology. Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu, China
| | - Danli Ding
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology. Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu, China
| | - Shangxun Zhao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology. Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuo Wen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology. Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology. Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengtao Bai
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology. Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001 Henan, China
| | - Heng Song
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology. Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology. Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu, China
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10
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Vedovato V, Gangano AJ, Ghiviriga I, Grenning AJ. Three-Component cine, ipso-Disubstitution of Nitrocoumarins. Org Lett 2024; 26:647-652. [PMID: 38215699 PMCID: PMC11392425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The development of a three-component cine,ipso-disubstitution of nitrocoumarins is reported. The reaction leverages the electrophilicity of nitrocoumarins, the nucleophilicity of nitronates, and the leaving group ability of nitrite (NO2-) to yield complex polyfunctionalized biaryls that often display stable axial chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Vedovato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Anghelo J Gangano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Alexander J Grenning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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11
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Huang YW, Li JZ, Yang F, Zhang XY, Wang YJ, Meng XC, Leng BR, Wang DC, Zhu YL. Photocatalytic selective synthesis of ( E)-β-aminovinyl sulfones and ( E)-β-amidovinyl sulfones using Ru(bpy) 3Cl 2 as the catalyst. RSC Adv 2024; 14:700-706. [PMID: 38173585 PMCID: PMC10758941 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08272e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Selectively producing a variety of valuable compounds using controlled chemical reactions starting from a common material is an appealing yet complex concept. Herein, a photocatalytic approach for the selective synthesis of (E)-β-aminovinyl sulfones and (E)-β-amidovinyl sulfones from allenamides and sodium sulfinates was established. This reaction exhibits the traits of an eco-friendly solvent and adjustable amide cleavage, and can accommodate a diverse range of substrates with exceptional functional group tolerance. Based on control experiments and deuterium labeling experiments, a plausible radical reaction pathway is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Huang
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Jia-Zhuo Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Feng Yang
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Xi-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Yan-Jing Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Xin-Chao Meng
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Bo-Rong Leng
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
- College of Life and Health, Nanjing Polytechnic Institute Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - De-Cai Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Yi-Long Zhu
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
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12
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Prasoon A, Yu X, Hambsch M, Bodesheim D, Liu K, Zacarias A, Nguyen NN, Seki T, Dianat A, Croy A, Cuniberti G, Fontaine P, Nagata Y, Mannsfeld SCB, Dong R, Bonn M, Feng X. Site-selective chemical reactions by on-water surface sequential assembly. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8313. [PMID: 38097633 PMCID: PMC10721922 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling site-selectivity and reactivity in chemical reactions continues to be a key challenge in modern synthetic chemistry. Here, we demonstrate the discovery of site-selective chemical reactions on the water surface via a sequential assembly approach. A negatively charged surfactant monolayer on the water surface guides the electrostatically driven, epitaxial, and aligned assembly of reagent amino-substituted porphyrin molecules, resulting in a well-defined J-aggregated structure. This constrained geometry of the porphyrin molecules prompts the subsequent directional alignment of the perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride reagent, enabling the selective formation of a one-sided imide bond between porphyrin and reagent. Surface-specific in-situ spectroscopies reveal the underlying mechanism of the dynamic interface that promotes multilayer growth of the site-selective imide product. The site-selective reaction on the water surface is further demonstrated by three reversible and irreversible chemical reactions, such as imide-, imine-, and 1, 3-diazole (imidazole)- bonds involving porphyrin molecules. This unique sequential assembly approach enables site-selective chemical reactions that can bring on-water surface synthesis to the forefront of modern organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Prasoon
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Xiaoqing Yu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mike Hambsch
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - David Bodesheim
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kejun Liu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Angelica Zacarias
- Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Nguyen Ngan Nguyen
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Takakazu Seki
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Aerzoo Dianat
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Croy
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07737, Jena, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science (DCMS), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Philippe Fontaine
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190, Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Yuki Nagata
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan C B Mannsfeld
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Renhao Dong
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany.
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13
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Hooker LV, Bandar JS. Synthetic Advantages of Defluorinative C-F Bond Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308880. [PMID: 37607025 PMCID: PMC10843719 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Much progress has been made in the development of methods to both create compounds that contain C-F bonds and to functionalize C-F bonds. As such, C-F bonds are becoming common and versatile synthetic functional handles. This review summarizes the advantages of defluorinative functionalization reactions for small molecule synthesis. The coverage is organized by the type of carbon framework the fluorine is attached to for mono- and polyfluorinated motifs. The main challenges, opportunities and advances of defluorinative functionalization are discussed for each class of organofluorine. Most of the text focuses on case studies that illustrate how defluorofunctionalization can improve routes to synthetic targets or how the properties of C-F bonds enable unique mechanisms and reactions. The broader goal is to showcase the opportunities for incorporating and exploiting C-F bonds in the design of synthetic routes, improvement of specific reactions and advent of new methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leidy V Hooker
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Bandar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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14
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Dahiya A, Schoetz MD, Schoenebeck F. Orthogonal Olefination with Organogermanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310380. [PMID: 37698171 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Reported herein is a fully orthogonal olefination, which involves the site- and E-selective coupling of aryl germanes with alkenes, tolerating otherwise widely employed coupling handles such as aromatic (pseudo)halogens (C-I, C-Br, C-Cl, C-F, C-OTf, C-OSO2 F), silanes and boronic acid derivatives as well as alternative functionalities. This unprecedented [Ge]-based oxidative Heck coupling proceeds at room temperature with high speed (10 min to 2 hours) and operational simplicity owing to its base-free and air-tolerant features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Dahiya
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus D Schoetz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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15
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Kumar Someswara Ashwathappa P, Higashi T, Desrosiers V, Omaña AA, Fontaine FG. Metal-Free Directed Site-Selective Csp 3 -H Borylation of Saturated Cyclic Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309295. [PMID: 37535392 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The borylation of Csp3 -H bonds is a challenging transformation that is typically restricted to transition metal catalysis. Herein, we report the site-selective metal-free Csp3 -H borylation of saturated cyclic amines. It is possible to selectively borylate piperidine derivatives at the α or β positions according to the reaction conditions. The mechanism was supported by NMR spectroscopy, calorimetry experiments and density functional theory (DFT) computations. It suggests that the piperidine is dehydrogenated by complexation with BBr3 to produce an enamine intermediate, which is in turn borylated at either the α or β position according to the reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takuya Higashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Vincent Desrosiers
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1 V 0 A6, Canada
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1 V 0 A6, Canada
| | - Frédéric-Georges Fontaine
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1 V 0 A6, Canada
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16
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Platt G, Aguiar PM, Athavan G, Bray JT, Scott NW, Fairlamb IJ, Perutz RN. Opening a Pandora's Flask on a Prototype Catalytic Direct Arylation Reaction of Pentafluorobenzene: The Ag 2CO 3/Pd(OAc) 2/PPh 3 System. Organometallics 2023; 42:2378-2394. [PMID: 37711884 PMCID: PMC10498494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Direct C-H functionalization reactions have opened new avenues in catalysis, removing the need for prefunctionalization of at least one of the substrates. Although C-H functionalization catalyzed by palladium complexes in the presence of a base is generally considered to proceed by the CMD/AMLA-6 mechanism, recent research has shown that silver(I) salts, frequently used as bases, can function as C-H bond activators instead of (or in addition to) palladium(II). In this study, we examine the coupling of pentafluorobenzene 1 to 4-iodotoluene 2a (and its analogues) to form 4-(pentafluorophenyl)toluene 3a catalyzed by palladium(II) acetate with the commonplace PPh3 ligand, silver carbonate as base, and DMF as solvent. By studying the reaction of 1 with Ag2CO3/PPh3 and with isolated silver (triphenylphosphine) carbonate complexes, we show the formation of C-H activation products containing the Ag(C6F5)(PPh3)n unit. However, analysis is complicated by the lability of the Ag-PPh3 bond and the presence of multiple species in the solution. The speciation of palladium(II) is investigated by high-resolution-MAS NMR (chosen for its suitability for suspensions) with a substoichiometric catalyst, demonstrating the formation of an equilibrium mixture of Pd(Ar)(κ1-OAc)(PPh3)2 and [Pd(Ar)(μ-OAc)(PPh3)]2 as resting states (Ar = Ph, 4-tolyl). These two complexes react stoichiometrically with 1 to form coupling products. The catalytic reaction kinetics is investigated by in situ IR spectroscopy revealing a two-term rate law and dependence on [Pdtot/nPPh3]0.5 consistent with the dissociation of an off-cycle palladium dimer. The first term is independent of [1], whereas the second term is first order in [1]. The observed rates are very similar with Pd(PPh3)4, Pd(Ph)(κ1-OAc)(PPh3)2, and [Pd(Ph)(μ-OAc)(PPh3)]2 catalysts. The kinetic isotope effect varied significantly according to conditions. The multiple speciation of both AgI and PdII acts as a warning against specifying the catalytic cycles in detail. Moreover, the rapid dynamic interconversion of AgI species creates a level of complexity that has not been appreciated previously.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joshua T.W. Bray
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United
Kingdom
| | - Neil W.J. Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United
Kingdom
| | - Ian J.S. Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United
Kingdom
| | - Robin N. Perutz
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United
Kingdom
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17
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Ashaduzzaman M, Lingkon K, De Silva AJ, Bellizzi JJ. Crystallographic and thermodynamic evidence of negative cooperativity of flavin and tryptophan binding in the flavin-dependent halogenases AbeH and BorH. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.22.554356. [PMID: 37662313 PMCID: PMC10473636 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.22.554356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The flavin-dependent halogenase AbeH produces 5-chlorotryptophan in the biosynthetic pathway of the chlorinated bisindole alkaloid BE-54017. We report that in vitro, AbeH (assisted by the flavin reductase AbeF) can chlorinate and brominate tryptophan as well as other indole derivatives and substrates with phenyl and quinoline groups. We solved the X-ray crystal structures of AbeH alone and complexed with FAD, as well as crystal structures of the tryptophan-6-halogenase BorH alone, in complex with 6-chlorotryptophan, and in complex with FAD and tryptophan. Partitioning of FAD and tryptophan into different chains of BorH and failure to incorporate tryptophan into AbeH/FAD crystals suggested that flavin and tryptophan binding are negatively coupled in both proteins. ITC and fluorescence quenching experiments confirmed the ability of both AbeH and BorH to form binary complexes with FAD or tryptophan and the inability of tryptophan to bind to AbeH/FAD or BorH/FAD complexes. FAD could not bind to BorH/tryptophan complexes, but FAD appears to displace tryptophan from AbeH/tryptophan complexes in an endothermic entropically-driven process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ashaduzzaman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo OH 43606
| | - Kazi Lingkon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo OH 43606
| | - Aravinda J De Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo OH 43606
| | - John J Bellizzi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo OH 43606
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18
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Cui HL, Chen XH. POCl 3/Sulfoxide and AcCl/Sulfoxide Mediated Chlorination of Pyrrolo[2,1- a]isoquinolines. J Org Chem 2023; 88:11935-11944. [PMID: 37550603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an efficient chlorination of pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline derivatives using POCl3 as the chlorine source and tetramethylene sulfoxide as a promoter. A series of pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines, polysubstituted pyrroles, and naphthols have been readily chlorinated under mild reaction conditions (26 examples, up to >99% yield). AcCl can also act as the chlorine source competently in this chlorination reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Lei Cui
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Hui Chen
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
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19
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Li JC, Yan BX, Wang G, Ye ZS. Rhodium-Catalyzed Selective Nucleophilic Cyclization/Cross-Coupling of Two ortho-Alkynylanilines Bearing Differential N-Substituents. Org Lett 2023; 25:5890-5895. [PMID: 37530173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we reported an effective selective nucleophilic cyclization/cross-coupling cascade reaction of N-tosyl ortho-alkynylanilines and N-acyl ortho-alkynylanilines using Rh(COD)2BF4/tBuXantPhos as a catalyst. The present protocol features excellent chemo- and regioselectivity, high atom-economy, and a broad range of substrates. The mechanism studies indicated that the key to the success of this reaction is the powerful capacity of the rhodium catalyst to recognize the N-substituent group in the selective nucleophilic cyclization and selective alkyne insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chen Li
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Xia Yan
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Shi Ye
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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20
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Shet H, Gunturu KC, Gharpure SJ, Prasad Kommyreddy S, Gupta KS, Rout SR, Dandela R, Kapdi AR. Cu(II)/PTABS-Promoted, Regioselective S NAr Amination of Polychlorinated Pyrimidines with Mechanistic Understanding. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37486860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Regioselective amination of polyhalogenated heteroarenes (especially pyrimidines) has extensive synthetic and commercial relevance for drug synthesis applications but is plagued by the lack of effective synthetic strategies. Herein, we report the Cu(II)/PTABS-promoted highly regioselective nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) of polychlorinated pyrimidines assisted by DFT predictions of the bond dissociation energies of different C-Cl bonds. The unique reactivity of Cu(II)-PTABS has been attributed to the coordination/activation mechanism that has been known to operate in these reactions, but further insights into the catalytic species have also been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Shet
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Road, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | | | - Santosh J Gharpure
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | | | - Krishna S Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Smruti Rekha Rout
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Indian Oil Odisha Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Mouza Samantpuri, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India
| | - Rambabu Dandela
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Indian Oil Odisha Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Mouza Samantpuri, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India
| | - Anant R Kapdi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Road, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
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21
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Karl TM, Bouayad-Gervais S, Hueffel JA, Sperger T, Wellig S, Kaldas SJ, Dabranskaya U, Ward JS, Rissanen K, Tizzard GJ, Schoenebeck F. Machine Learning-Guided Development of Trialkylphosphine Ni (I) Dimers and Applications in Site-Selective Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37411044 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the unknown correlation of a metal's ligand and its resulting preferred speciation in terms of oxidation state, geometry, and nuclearity, a rational design of multinuclear catalysts remains challenging. With the goal to accelerate the identification of suitable ligands that form trialkylphosphine-derived dihalogen-bridged Ni(I) dimers, we herein employed an assumption-based machine learning approach. The workflow offers guidance in ligand space for a desired speciation without (or only minimal) prior experimental data points. We experimentally verified the predictions and synthesized numerous novel Ni(I) dimers as well as explored their potential in catalysis. We demonstrate C-I selective arylations of polyhalogenated arenes bearing competing C-Br and C-Cl sites in under 5 min at room temperature using 0.2 mol % of the newly developed dimer, [Ni(I)(μ-Br)PAd2(n-Bu)]2, which is so far unmet with alternative dinuclear or mononuclear Ni or Pd catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Karl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Samir Bouayad-Gervais
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Julian A Hueffel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wellig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sherif J Kaldas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Jas S Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, FIN40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, FIN40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Graham J Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southhampton, U.K
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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22
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Ortiz KG, Dotson JJ, Robinson DJ, Sigman MS, Karimov RR. Catalyst-Controlled Enantioselective and Regiodivergent Addition of Aryl Boron Nucleophiles to N-Alkyl Nicotinate Salts. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11781-11788. [PMID: 37205733 PMCID: PMC10363019 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Dihydropyridines are versatile building blocks for the synthesis of pyridines, tetrahydropyridines, and piperidines. Addition of nucleophiles to activated pyridinium salts allows synthesis of 1,2-, 1,4-, or 1,6-dihydropyridines; however, this process often leads to a mixture of constitutional isomers. Catalyst-controlled regioselective addition of nucleophiles to pyridiniums has the potential to solve this problem. Herein, we report that the regioselective addition of boron-based nucleophiles to pyridinium salts can be accomplished by the choice of a Rh catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacey G Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Jordan J Dotson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Donovan J Robinson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Rashad R Karimov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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23
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Burden TJ, Fernandez KPR, Kagoro M, Eastwood JB, Tanner TFN, Whitwood AC, Clark IP, Towrie M, Krieger J, Lynam JM, Fairlamb IJS. Coumarin C-H Functionalization by Mn(I) Carbonyls: Mechanistic Insight by Ultra-Fast IR Spectroscopic Analysis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203038. [PMID: 36625067 PMCID: PMC10947090 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mn(I) C-H functionalization of coumarins provides a versatile and practical method for the rapid assembly of fused polycyclic pyridinium-containing coumarins in a regioselective manner. The synthetic strategy enables application of bench-stable organomanganese reagents in both photochemical- and thermal-promoted reactions. The cyclomanganated intermediates, and global reaction system, provide an ideal testing ground for structural characterization of the active Mn(I) carbonyl-containing species, including transient species observable by ultra-fast time-resolved spectroscopic methods. The thermodynamic reductive elimination product, solely encountered from reaction between alkynes and air-stable organometallic cyclomanganated coumarins, has enabled characterization of a critical seven-membered Mn(I) intermediate, detected by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy, enabling the elucidation of the temporal profile of key steps in the reductive elimination pathway. Quantitative data are provided. Manganated polycyclic products are readily decomplexed by AgBF4 , opening-up an efficient route to the formation of π-extended hybrid coumarin-pyridinium compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Burden
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of York HeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | | | - Mary Kagoro
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of York HeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | | | | | | | - Ian P. Clark
- Central Laser FacilityResearch Complex at Harwell STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Campus DidcotOxfordshireOX11 0QXUK
| | - Michael Towrie
- Central Laser FacilityResearch Complex at Harwell STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Campus DidcotOxfordshireOX11 0QXUK
| | | | - Jason M. Lynam
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of York HeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
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24
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Abstract
A mild bromination of pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines has been achieved using acetyl bromide and dimethyl sulfoxide. A series of brominated pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines could be obtained in moderate to excellent yields (46-99%) at room temperature. This strategy can also be expanded to the facile bromination of polysubstituted pyrroles, indoles, electron-rich phenols, aniline, and 2-naphthol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Lei Cui
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P. R. China
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25
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Liu Y, Tang M, Lai Y, Huang W, Tang Y. Site-Selective Oxidative Coupling Reaction of Diamines toward Aminoazo Compounds. Org Lett 2023; 25:1061-1065. [PMID: 36779577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
A selective oxidative coupling reaction of a diamine containing both C- and N-NH2 was achieved using acidic potassium permanganate as the coupling reagent. The reaction conditions were optimized, and the reaction selectivity was illustrated by quantum calculations. Furthermore, the azo-coupled product was derivatized to four nitroamine energetic materials with excellent detonation performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Mingjie Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yuan Lai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yongxing Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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26
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Jiang DB, Wu FY, Cui HL. Recent progress in the oxidative bromination of arenes and heteroarenes. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1571-1590. [PMID: 36723168 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00019b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative bromination has been serving as a powerful tool for the synthesis of bromo-containing molecules, as this bromination strategy features environmental friendliness, high flexibility in reaction system design and wide abundance of bromide sources and oxidants. The past decade has witnessed a large number of efficient oxidative bromination reaction systems and novel brominated aromatics. This review summarizes recent developments in the field of oxidative preparation of bromoarenes and bromoheteroarenes covering from 2012 to 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Bo Jiang
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing, 402160, PR China. .,State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Fei-Yue Wu
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing, 402160, PR China.
| | - Hai-Lei Cui
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing, 402160, PR China.
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27
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Remote control over both site-selectivity and atroposelectivity of Suzuki–Miyaura coupling through distal ionic interactions. Tetrahedron Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2023.154408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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28
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Lin Z, Cai Y, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Xia H. Heterocyclic Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction of metalla-aromatics and mechanistic analysis of site selectivity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1227-1233. [PMID: 36756314 PMCID: PMC9891379 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05455h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling is one of the most straightforward and versatile methods for the construction of functionalized arenes and heteroarenes but site-selective cross-coupling of polyhalogenated (hetero)arenes containing identical halogen substituents remains a challenging problem. Herein, we report a new candidate for heterocyclic Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. This candidate has been applied in organometallic systems by combining classical aryl boronic acid reagents with non-classical heteroarenes. Experimental and computational studies of the mechanism of the reactions were performed, with an emphasis on the identity of the reactive species in the oxidative addition step and the nature of the precise site selectivity. The influence of both the aromaticity of the metalla-aromatic substrates and the steric and electronic properties of the halogenated sites are studied in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzhang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yapeng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Haiping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
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29
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Messaoudi C, Jismy B, Jacquemin J, Allouchi H, M'Rabet H, Abarbri M. Stepwise synthesis of 2,6-difunctionalized ethyl pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidine-3-carboxylate via site-selective cross-coupling reactions: experimental and computational studies. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:9684-9697. [PMID: 36416338 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01760a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A variety of novel disubstituted 2-(alknyl, aryl and arylamine)-6-alkynylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives was prepared via sequential site-selective cross-coupling reactions from 2,6-dibromopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine 3. The regio-controlled Sonogashira-type coupling of 3 with a wide range of terminal alkynes proceeded smoothly with excellent selectivity in favor of the C6-position through careful adjustment of the coupling conditions, followed by the subsequent introduction of alkynyl, aryl or arylamine groups at the C2-position via the Sonogashira, Suzuki-Miyaura and Buchwald-Hartwig coupling reactions, respectively. These promising results allow for further use and diversification of the chemically and biologically interesting pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine scaffold. In addition, computational studies were conducted to provide explanations for the origin of regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaima Messaoudi
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des Electrolytes pour l'Energie (PCM2E), EA 6299. Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Avenue Monge Faculté des Sciences, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France. .,Laboratoire de Synthese Organique Sélective et Hétérocyclique-Evaluation de l'Activité Biologique, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
| | - Badr Jismy
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des Electrolytes pour l'Energie (PCM2E), EA 6299. Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Avenue Monge Faculté des Sciences, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France.
| | - Johan Jacquemin
- Materials Science and Nano-Engineering (MSN) Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Lot 660-Hay Moulay Rachid, Benguerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Hassan Allouchi
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Tours, EA 7502 SIMBA, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Hédi M'Rabet
- Laboratoire de Synthese Organique Sélective et Hétérocyclique-Evaluation de l'Activité Biologique, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Abarbri
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des Electrolytes pour l'Energie (PCM2E), EA 6299. Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Avenue Monge Faculté des Sciences, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France.
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30
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Norman JP, Neufeldt SR. The Road Less Traveled: Unconventional Site Selectivity in Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings of Dihalogenated N-Heteroarenes. ACS Catal 2022; 12:12014-12026. [PMID: 36741273 PMCID: PMC9894105 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority (≥90%) of literature reports agree on the regiochemical outcomes of Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions for most classes of dihalogenated N-heteroarenes. Despite a well-established mechanistic rationale for typical selectivity, several examples reveal that changes to the catalyst can switch site selectivity, leading to the unconventional product. In this Perspective, we survey these unusual cases in which divergent selectivity is controlled by ligands or catalyst speciation. In some cases, the mechanistic origin of inverted selectivity has been established, but in others the mechanism remains unknown. This Perspective concludes with a discussion of remaining challenges and opportunities for the field of site-selective cross-coupling. These include developing a better understanding of oxidative addition mechanisms, understanding the role of catalyst speciation on selectivity, establishing an explanation for the influence of ring substituents on regiochemical outcome, inverting selectivity for some "stubborn" classes of substrates, and minimizing unwanted over-reaction of di- and polyhalogenated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P. Norman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Sharon R. Neufeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
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31
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Abdalkareem Jasim S, Thaeer Hammid A, Kamal Abdelbasset W, Hussien M, Urunbaevna Tillaeva G, Majdi A, Yasin G, Fakri Mustafa Y. Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetized Di(Pyridin-2-Yl)Amine-Copper (II) Complex and Its Catalytic Applications in Synthesis of Ynones and Amides. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2112713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saade Abdalkareem Jasim
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Maarif University College, Al-Anbar-Ramadi, Iraq
| | - Ali Thaeer Hammid
- Computer Engineering Department, Imam Ja’afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Walid Kamal Abdelbasset
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kasr Al-Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hussien
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Pesticide Formulation Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Gulnora Urunbaevna Tillaeva
- Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
- Department of Research and Development, School of Pharmacy, Akfa University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Ali Majdi
- Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Iraq
| | - Ghulam Yasin
- Department of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
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32
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Qin Q, Wang D, Shao Z, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Li X, Huang C, Mi L. Sequentially Regulating the Structural Transformation of Copper Metal-Organic Frameworks (Cu-MOFs) for Controlling Site-Selective Reaction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:36845-36854. [PMID: 35938901 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Regulating atomically precise sites in catalysts to achieve site-selective reactions is remarkable but challenging. In this work, a convenient and facile solid-gas/liquid reaction strategy was used to construct controllable active sites in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to guide an orientation site-selective reaction. A flexible CuI-MOF-1 with dynamics originating from an anionic and tailorable framework could undergo a reversible structural transformation to engineer a topologically equivalent mixed-valent CuICuII-MOF-2 via a solid-gas/liquid oxidation/reduction process. More importantly, CuI-MOF-1 and CuICuII-MOF-2 could further execute the solid-gas/liquid reaction under ammonia vapor/solution to generate CuII-MOF-3. Furthermore, the transformation from CuI-MOF-1 to CuICuII-MOF-2 and CuII-MOF-3 served as controllable catalysts to facilitate site-selective reactions to realize direct C-N bond arylations. The results demonstrated that CuI-MOF-1 and CuII-MOF-3 possessed well-defined platforms with uniformly and accurately active sites to attain a "turn-on/off" process via different reaction routes, providing the desired site-selective ring-opening products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qin
- Center for Advanced Materials Research and Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Di Wang
- Center for Advanced Materials Research and Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Zhichao Shao
- Center for Advanced Materials Research and Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Center for Advanced Materials Research and Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Center for Advanced Materials Research and Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- Center for Advanced Materials Research and Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Center for Advanced Materials Research and Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Liwei Mi
- Center for Advanced Materials Research and Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China
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33
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Norman JP, Larson NG, Neufeldt SR. Different Oxidative Addition Mechanisms for 12- and 14-Electron Palladium(0) Explain Ligand-Controlled Divergent Site Selectivity. ACS Catal 2022; 12:8822-8828. [PMID: 37601556 PMCID: PMC10438894 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In cross-coupling reactions, dihaloheteroarenes are usually most reactive at C─halide bonds adjacent to a heteroatom. This selectivity has been previously rationalized. However, no mechanistic explanation exists for anomalous reports in which specific ligands effect inverted selectivity with dihalopyridines and -pyridazines. Here we provide evidence that these ligands uniquely promote oxidative addition at 12e- Pd(0). Computations indicate that 12e- and 14e- Pd(0) can favor different mechanisms for oxidative addition due to differences in their HOMO symmetries. These mechanisms are shown to lead to different site preferences, where 12e- Pd(0) can favor oxidative addition at an atypical site distal to nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sharon R. Neufeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
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34
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Zeng Z, Chen Y, Zhu X, Yu L. Polyaniline-supported nano metal-catalyzed coupling reactions: Opportunities and challenges. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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35
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Li YF, Wei YF, Tian J, Zhang J, Chang HH, Gao WC. N-Thiohydroxy Succinimide Esters (NTSEs): Versatile Reagents for Selective Acyl and Acylthio Transfer. Org Lett 2022; 24:5736-5740. [PMID: 35904329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation between similarly reactive sites in molecules represents an ongoing challenge of organic synthesis. Herein we described one kind of versatile reagents, N-thiohydroxy succinimide esters (NTSEs), serving as both acyl and acylthio surrogates for the diverse synthesis of ketones, thioesters, amides, and acyl disulfides by selective cleavage of similarly reactive C-S and N-S bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Feng Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Feng Wei
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Tian
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Hong Chang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, People's Republic of China.,Shanxi Tihondan Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd., Jinzhong 030600, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Chao Gao
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, People's Republic of China.,Shanxi Tihondan Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd., Jinzhong 030600, People's Republic of China
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36
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Wu MC, Chen YX, Li MZ, Xiao JA, Ye ZP, Guan JP, Xiang HY, Chen K, Yang H. Photocatalyzed Defluorinative Dichloromethylation of α-CF 3 Alkenes Using CHCl 3 as the Radical Source. J Org Chem 2022; 88:6354-6363. [PMID: 35723452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-induced defluorinative dichloromethylation of α-CF3 alkenes was developed with cheap and readily accessible chloroform simultaneously as a dichloromethylation reagent and reaction medium, leading to the facile preparation of new polyhalogenated scaffolds. Notably, the change from CHCl3 to CDCl3 offers a straightforward pathway for accessing the deuterated analogues with excellent degrees of D incorporation. Mechanistic studies suggested the reaction underwent a radical addition of the dichloromethyl radical with alkenes, followed by sequential single-electron transfer and defluorination. This protocol features mild conditions, easy operation, facile scalability, and high efficiency, allowing convenient access to dichloronated gem-difluoroalkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chun Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418008, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Xuan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Zhi Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Jun-An Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Peng Ye
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Guan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Yue Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Kai Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
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37
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Norman JP, Larson NG, Entz ED, Neufeldt SR. Unconventional Site Selectivity in Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings of Dichloroheteroarenes under Ligand-Controlled and Ligand-Free Systems. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7414-7421. [PMID: 35584051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Halides adjacent to nitrogen are conventionally more reactive in Pd-catalyzed cross-couplings of dihalogenated N-heteroarenes. However, a very sterically hindered N-heterocyclic carbene ligand is shown to promote room-temperature cross-coupling at C4 of 2,4-dichloropyridines with high selectivity (∼10:1). This work represents the first highly selective method with a broad scope for C4-coupling of these substrates where selectivity is clearly under ligand control. Under the optimized conditions, diverse substituted 2,4-dichloropyridines and related compounds undergo cross-coupling to form C4-C(sp2) and C4-C(sp3) bonds using organoboron, -zinc, and -magnesium reagents. The synthetic utility of this method is highlighted in multistep syntheses that combine C4-selective cross-coupling with subsequent nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. The majority of the products herein (71%) have not been previously reported, emphasizing the ability of this methodology to open up underexplored chemical space. Remarkably, we find that ligand-free "Jeffery" conditions enhance the C4 selectivity of Suzuki coupling by an order of magnitude (>99:1). These ligand-free conditions enable the first C5-selective cross-couplings of 2,5-dichloropyridine and 2,5-dichloropyrimidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P Norman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Nathaniel G Larson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Emily D Entz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Sharon R Neufeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
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38
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Porter G, Saulnier M, Wu YJ. SNAr Reactions of 5-bromo-2-chloro-4-fluoro-3-iodopyridine and its 3-substituted analogs. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Elias EK, Rehbein SM, Neufeldt SR. Solvent coordination to palladium can invert the selectivity of oxidative addition. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1618-1628. [PMID: 35282616 PMCID: PMC8827013 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05862b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reaction solvent was previously shown to influence the selectivity of Pd/P t Bu3-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings of chloroaryl triflates. The role of solvents has been hypothesized to relate to their polarity, whereby polar solvents stabilize anionic transition states involving [Pd(P t Bu3)(X)]- (X = anionic ligand) and nonpolar solvents do not. However, here we report detailed studies that reveal a more complicated mechanistic picture. In particular, these results suggest that the selectivity change observed in certain solvents is primarily due to solvent coordination to palladium. Polar coordinating and polar noncoordinating solvents lead to dramatically different selectivity. In coordinating solvents, preferential reaction at triflate is likely catalyzed by Pd(P t Bu3)(solv), whereas noncoordinating solvents lead to reaction at chloride through monoligated Pd(P t Bu3). The role of solvent coordination is supported by stoichiometric oxidative addition experiments, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and catalytic cross-coupling studies. Additional results suggest that anionic [Pd(P t Bu3)(X)]- is also relevant to triflate selectivity in certain scenarios, particularly when halide anions are available in high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Elias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University Bozeman Montana 59717 USA
| | - Steven M Rehbein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University Bozeman Montana 59717 USA
| | - Sharon R Neufeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University Bozeman Montana 59717 USA
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40
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Yoon H, Galls A, Rozema SD, Miller SJ. Atroposelective Desymmetrization of Resorcinol-Bearing Quinazolinones via Cu-Catalyzed C-O Bond Formation. Org Lett 2022; 24:762-766. [PMID: 35007090 PMCID: PMC8968294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective Cu-catalyzed C-O cross coupling reactions yielding atropisomeric resorcinol-bearing quinazolinones have been developed. Utilizing a new guanidinylated dimeric peptidic ligand, a set of products were generated in good yields with excellent stereocontrol. The transformation was readily scalable, and a range of product derivatizations were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Alexandra Galls
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Soren D Rozema
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Scott J Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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41
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Wu YJ, Porter GJ, Frennesson DB, Saulnier MG. 5-Bromo-2-chloro-4-fluoro-3-iodopyridine as a Halogen-rich Intermediate for the Synthesis of Pentasubstituted Pyridines. J Org Chem 2022; 87:2559-2568. [PMID: 35020387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The 60 individual halopyridine isomers that contain one bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine, and H are valuable potential building blocks in medicinal chemistry research, but surprisingly, there has been only one report on the synthesis of just two of them. Herein, we describe simple syntheses of the unique 5-bromo-2-chloro-4-fluoro-3-iodopyridine (10) and 3-bromo-6-chloro-4-fluoro-2-iodopyridine (32) using halogen dance reactions. C6 magnesiation of 10 and its 3-phenyl analogue 22 followed by trapping with electrophiles generated a variety of pentasubstituted pyridines with desired functionalities for further chemical manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jin Wu
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Gerard J Porter
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - David B Frennesson
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Mark G Saulnier
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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42
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Lu J, Donnecke S, Paci I, Leitch DC. A reactivity model for oxidative addition to palladium enables quantitative predictions for catalytic cross-coupling reactions. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3477-3488. [PMID: 35432873 PMCID: PMC8943861 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00174h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Making accurate, quantitative predictions of chemical reactivity based on molecular structure is an unsolved problem in chemical synthesis, particularly for complex molecules. We report an approach to reactivity prediction for...
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd Victoria BC V8P 5C2 Canada
| | - Sofia Donnecke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd Victoria BC V8P 5C2 Canada
| | - Irina Paci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd Victoria BC V8P 5C2 Canada
| | - David C Leitch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd Victoria BC V8P 5C2 Canada
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