1
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Sun J, Dong J, Gao L, Zhao YQ, Moon H, Scott SL. Catalytic Upcycling of Polyolefins. Chem Rev 2024; 124:9457-9579. [PMID: 39151127 PMCID: PMC11363024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
The large production volumes of commodity polyolefins (specifically, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and poly(vinyl chloride)), in conjunction with their low unit values and multitude of short-term uses, have resulted in a significant and pressing waste management challenge. Only a small fraction of these polyolefins is currently mechanically recycled, with the rest being incinerated, accumulating in landfills, or leaking into the natural environment. Since polyolefins are energy-rich materials, there is considerable interest in recouping some of their chemical value while simultaneously motivating more responsible end-of-life management. An emerging strategy is catalytic depolymerization, in which a portion of the C-C bonds in the polyolefin backbone is broken with the assistance of a catalyst and, in some cases, additional small molecule reagents. When the products are small molecules or materials with higher value in their own right, or as chemical feedstocks, the process is called upcycling. This review summarizes recent progress for four major catalytic upcycling strategies: hydrogenolysis, (hydro)cracking, tandem processes involving metathesis, and selective oxidation. Key considerations include macromolecular reaction mechanisms relative to small molecule mechanisms, catalyst design for macromolecular transformations, and the effect of process conditions on product selectivity. Metrics for describing polyolefin upcycling are critically evaluated, and an outlook for future advances is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakai Sun
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Jinhu Dong
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United
States
| | - Lijun Gao
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United
States
| | - Yu-Quan Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Hyunjin Moon
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United
States
| | - Susannah L. Scott
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United
States
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2
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Kulyabin PS, Goryunov GP, Iashin AN, Mladentsev DY, Uborsky DV, Ehm C, Canich JAM, Hagadorn JR, Voskoboynikov AZ. Reversible C-C bond formation in group 4 metal complexes: nitrile extrusion via β-aryl elimination. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc02173h. [PMID: 39268207 PMCID: PMC11388100 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02173h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyridylamides of zirconium and hafnium with [C,N,N]-ligands reversibly insert nitriles into M-CAr bonds leading to an observable equilibrium between the starting [C,N,N]-complexes and newly formed [N,N,N]-complexes with a ketimide moiety in a 7-membered metallacycle. The discovered reversible insertion of nitriles into M-CAr bonds represents an unprecedented example of β-aryl elimination from a ketimide ligand in early transition metal complexes. Experimental and computational studies suggest thermodynamic and electronic reasons for this reactivity. Weak orbital overlap between the ketimide nitrogen and the metal, and an unfavorable 7-membered metallacycle destabilize the product of insertion into the M-CAr bond, while the pyridylamide moiety acts as a directing group making the reverse process viable. The influence of non-chelate spectator ligands on the metal center and substituents in nitrile on the thermodynamic stability of the [N,N,N]-complexes was also studied. Exploiting β-carbon elimination in complexes of early transition metals may extend the range of catalysts that are accessible for C-C activation processes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel S Kulyabin
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninskie Gory, 1/3 Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Georgy P Goryunov
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninskie Gory, 1/3 Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Andrei N Iashin
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninskie Gory, 1/3 Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Y Mladentsev
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninskie Gory, 1/3 Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry V Uborsky
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninskie Gory, 1/3 Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia Napoli 80126 Italy
| | - Jo Ann M Canich
- Baytown Technology and Engineering Complex, ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company Baytown Texas 77520 USA
| | - John R Hagadorn
- Baytown Technology and Engineering Complex, ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company Baytown Texas 77520 USA
| | - Alexander Z Voskoboynikov
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninskie Gory, 1/3 Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
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3
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Mirabi B, Li S, Ching J, Lenz M, Popovic SM, Lautens M. Stereodivergency in Copper-Catalyzed Borylative Difunctionalizations: The Impact of Boron Coordination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202411156. [PMID: 39136344 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202411156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
A reagent-controlled diastereodivergent copper-catalyzed borylative difunctionalization is reported. The formation of Lewis adducts that guide selectivity is commonly invoked in organic reaction mechanisms. Using density functional theory calculations, we identified BpinBdan as a sterically similar and less Lewis acidic alternative to B2pin2. Using a newly developed borylative aldol domino reaction as the proof-of-concept, we demonstrate a change in stereochemical outcome by a simple change of borylating reagent-B2pin2 affords the diastereomer associated with coordination control while BpinBdan overturns this mode of binding. We show that this strategy can be generalized to other scaffolds and, more importantly, that BpinBdan does not alter the diastereomeric outcome of the reaction when coordination is not involved. BpinBdan can be viewed as a mechanistic probe for coordination in future copper-catalyzed borylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijan Mirabi
- Davenport Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Shangyu Li
- Davenport Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Justin Ching
- Davenport Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Madina Lenz
- Davenport Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Simon M Popovic
- Davenport Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mark Lautens
- Davenport Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
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4
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Borthakur I, Joshi A, Kumari S, Kundu S. Metal-Free Visible-Light Induced Oxidative Cleavage of C(sp 3 )-C, and C(sp 3 )-N Bonds of Nitriles, Alcohols, and Amines. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303295. [PMID: 38116901 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Selective cleavage of unstrained (sp3 ) C-C/ C-N bonds under mild conditions is highly challenging due to the higher bond dissociation energy. A visible light mediated metal-free oxidative dehomologation of aryl acetonitriles, primary alcohols and diols to carboxylic acids via organophotocatalyzed C(sp3 )-CN, C(sp3 )-C(OH) bond cleavage is reported. Notably, this methodology was further extended towards selective synthesis of aldehydes via deamination of both primary as well as secondary amines. This mild protocol features wide array of substrate variation with excellent functional group tolerance, preparative-scale synthesis, and operational simplicity. Possible mechanisms for these transformations were demonstrated through a series of control experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishani Borthakur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, 208016
| | - Abhisek Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, 208016
| | - Saloni Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, 208016
| | - Sabuj Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, 208016
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5
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Zheng W, Tan BB, Ge S, Lu Y. Enantioselective Copper-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Diboration of Arylidenecyclopropanes to Access Chiral Skipped 1,4- and 1,3-Diboronates. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5366-5374. [PMID: 38354313 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Two enantioselective approaches to synthesize chiral skipped diboronate compounds have been developed, relying on copper-catalyzed one-pot asymmetric ring-opening diboration of arylidenecyclopropanes. A wide range of arylidenecyclopropanes react smoothly with HBpin in the presence of CuOAc and (R)-DTBM-Segphos, affording chiral 1,4-diboronates with high enantioselectivity (up to 99% ee). Meanwhile, a variety of arylidenecyclopropanes react selectively with HBpin and B2pin2 in the presence of CuOAc and (S,S)-Ph-BPE with the sequential addition of MeOH, providing chiral 1,3-diboronates with high enantioselectivity (up to 98% ee). These enantioenriched 1,3- and 1,4-diboronates can undergo various enantiospecific transformations with minimal loss of their enantiopurity. Mechanistic studies reveal that these two diboration processes start with CuH-catalyzed ring-opening hydroboration of arylidenecyclopropanes to form a mixture of Z/E-homoallyl boronate intermediates, which subsequently undergo enantioselective CuH-catalyzed second hydroboration or Cu-Bpin-catalyzed protoboration to produce chiral 1,4-diboronates or 1,3-diboronates, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Boon Beng Tan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Shaozhong Ge
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yixin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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6
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Xu X, Gao A, Xu X, Li J, Cui C. Selective Access to Silacyclopentanes and Homoallylsilanes by La-Catalyzed Hydrosilylations of 1-Aryl Methylenecyclopropanes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4060-4067. [PMID: 38300299 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Methylenecyclopropanes (MCPs) have emerged as versatile building blocks in synthetic chemistry because of their unique reactivity. However, metal-catalyzed hydrosilylation of MCPs has met with very limited successes. In this paper, catalytic selective hydrosilylations of MCPs with some primary silanes using an ene-diamido lanthanum ate complex as the catalyst were described. The catalytic reactions resulted in the selective formation of silacyclopentanes and (E)-homoallylsilanes, respectively, depending on the substituents on MCPs. The formation of silacyclopentanes via a catalytic cascade inter- and intramolecular hydrosilylation mechanism is strongly supported by the control and deuteration-labeling experiments and DFT calculations. The unique reactivity and selectivity could be attributed to the large lanthanum ion and ate structure of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center of Organic Matters and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ailin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center of Organic Matters and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiufang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center of Organic Matters and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center of Organic Matters and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center of Organic Matters and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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7
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Parra-García S, Ballester-Ibáñez M, García-López JA. Pd-Catalyzed Formal [2 + 2]-Retrocyclization of Cyclobutanols via 2-Fold Csp 3-Csp 3 Bond Cleavage. J Org Chem 2024; 89:882-886. [PMID: 38175808 PMCID: PMC10804411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we describe the unexpected 2-fold Csp3-Csp3 bond cleavage suffered by cyclobutanols in the presence of a catalytic amount of Pd(OAc)2 and promoted by the bulky biaryl JohnPhos ligand. Overall, the sequential cleavage of a strained and an unstrained Csp3-Csp3 bond leads to the formal [2 + 2]-retrocyclization products, namely, styrene and acetophenone derivatives. This procedure might enable the use of cyclobutanols as masked acetyl groups, resisting harsh conditions in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Parra-García
- Grupo de Química Organometálica,
Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina Ballester-Ibáñez
- Grupo de Química Organometálica,
Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José-Antonio García-López
- Grupo de Química Organometálica,
Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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8
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Chauhan M, Antil N, Rana B, Akhtar N, Thadhani C, Begum W, Manna K. Isoreticular Metal-Organic Frameworks Confined Mononuclear Ru-Hydrides Enable Highly Efficient Shape-Selective Hydrogenolysis of Polyolefins. JACS AU 2023; 3:3473-3484. [PMID: 38155638 PMCID: PMC10751774 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Upcycling nonbiodegradable plastics such as polyolefins is paramount due to their ever-increasing demand and landfills after usage. Catalytic hydrogenolysis is highly appealing to convert polyolefins into targeted value-added products under mild reaction conditions compared with other methods, such as high-temperature incineration and pyrolysis. We have developed three isoreticular zirconium UiO-metal-organic frameworks (UiO-MOFs) node-supported ruthenium dihydrides (UiO-RuH2), which are efficient heterogeneous catalysts for hydrogenolysis of polyethylene at 200 °C, affording liquid hydrocarbons with a narrow distribution and excellent selectivity via shape-selective catalysis. UiO-66-RuH2 catalyzed hydrogenolysis of single-use low-density polyethylene (LDPE) produced a C12 centered narrow bell-shaped distribution of C8-C16 alkanes in >80% yield and 90% selectivity in the liquid phase. By tuning the pore sizes of the isoreticular UiO-RuH2 MOF catalysts, the distribution of the products could be systematically altered, affording different fuel-grade liquid hydrocarbons from LDPE in high yields. Our spectroscopic and theoretical studies and control experiments reveal that UiO-RuH2 catalysts enable highly efficient upcycling of plastic wastes under mild conditions owing to their unique combination of coordinatively unsaturated single-site Ru-active sites, uniform and tunable pores, well-defined porous structure, and superior stability. The kinetics and theoretical calculations also identify the C-C bond scission involving β-alkyl transfer as the turnover-limiting step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manav Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Neha Antil
- Department of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Bharti Rana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Naved Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Chhaya Thadhani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Wahida Begum
- Department of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Kuntal Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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9
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Lutz MR, Roediger S, Rivero-Crespo MA, Morandi B. Mechanistic Investigation of the Rhodium-Catalyzed Transfer Hydroarylation Reaction Involving Reversible C-C Bond Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26657-26666. [PMID: 38032811 PMCID: PMC10722515 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds are ubiquitous but are among the least reactive bonds in organic chemistry. Recently, catalytic approaches to activate C-C bonds by transition metals have demonstrated the synthetic potential of directly reorganizing the skeleton of small molecules. However, these approaches are usually restricted to strained molecules or rely on directing groups, limiting their broader impact. We report a detailed mechanistic study of a rare example of catalytic C-C bond cleavage of unstrained alcohols that enables reversible ketone transfer hydroarylation under Rh-catalysis. Combined insight from kinetic analysis, in situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) monitoring, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations supports a symmetric catalytic cycle, including a key reversible β-carbon elimination event. In addition, we provide evidence regarding the turnover-limiting step, the catalyst resting state, and the role of the sterically encumbered NHC ligand. The study further led to an improved catalytic system with the discovery of two air-stable precatalysts that showed higher activity for the transformation in comparison to the original conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven Roediger
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Bill Morandi
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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10
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Xiong S, Hong A, Ghana P, Bailey BC, Spinney HA, Bailey H, Henderson BS, Marshall S, Agapie T. Acrylate-Induced β-H Elimination in Coordination Insertion Copolymerizaton Catalyzed by Nickel. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26463-26471. [PMID: 37992227 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Polar monomer-induced β-H elimination is a key elementary step in polar polyolefin synthesis by coordination polymerization but remains underexplored. Herein, we show that a bulky neutral Ni catalyst, 1Ph, is not only a high-performance catalyst in ethylene/acrylate copolymerization (activity up to ∼37,000 kg/(mol·h) at 130 °C in a batch reactor, mol % tBA ∼ 0.3) but also a suitable platform for investigation of acrylate-induced β-H elimination. 4Ph-tBu, a novel Ni alkyl complex generated after acrylate-induced β-H elimination and subsequent acrylate insertion, was identified and characterized by crystallography. A combination of catalysis and mechanistic studies reveals effects of the acrylate monomer, bidentate ligand, and the labile ligand (e.g., pyridine) on the kinetics of β-H elimination, the role of β-H elimination in copolymerization catalysis as a chain-termination pathway, and its potential in controlling the polymer microstructure in polar polyolefin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoyan Xiong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Alexandria Hong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Priyabrata Ghana
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brad C Bailey
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Heather A Spinney
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Hannah Bailey
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Briana S Henderson
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Steve Marshall
- Chemical Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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11
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Schwarz R, Diesendruck CE. Semi-Telechelic Polymers from Mechanochemical C─C Bond Activation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304571. [PMID: 37870199 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Unstrained C─C bond activation is attained in homopolymers through mechanochemical bond scission followed by functionalization to yield mostly semi-telechelic polymer chains. Ball milling poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in the presence of 1-(bromoacetyl)pyrene (BAPy) yields the pyrene terminated PEO. Similarly, milling with 2,4'-dibromoacetophenone followed by Suzuki coupling allows the introduction of various aryl end groups. PEOs with a molecular weight below 20 kDa show no functionalization, supporting a mechanochemical mechanism. The protocol is also tested with doxorubicin, yielding the drug-polymer conjugate. PEO halogenation is also demonstrated by milling PEO with iodine, N-bromosuccinimide, or N-iodosuccinimide, which can then be reacted with an amine substituted anthracene. Grinding additional carbon polymers with BAPy indicates that this functionalization method is general for different polymer chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Schwarz
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and the Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200008, Israel
| | - Charles E Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and the Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200008, Israel
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12
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Samudrala K, Conley MP. A Supported Ziegler-Type Organohafnium Site Metabolizes Polypropylene. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145. [PMID: 37921588 PMCID: PMC10655186 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Cp2Hf(CH3)2 reacts with silica containing strong aluminum Lewis sites to form Cp2Hf-13CH3+ paired with aluminate anions. Solid-state NMR studies show that this reaction also forms neutral organohafnium and hafnium sites lacking methyl groups. Cp2Hf-13CH3+ reacts with isotatic polypropylene (iPP, Mn = 13.3 kDa; Đ = 2.4; mmmm = 94%; ∼110 C3H6/Hf) and H2 to form oils with moderate molecular weights (Mn = 290-1200 Da) in good yields. The aliphatic oils show characteristic 13C{1H} NMR properties consistent with complete loss of diastereoselectivity and formation of regioirregular errors under 1 atm H2. These results show that a Ziegler-Natta-type active site is compatible in a common reaction used to digest waste plastic into smaller aliphatic fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew P. Conley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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13
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Parr JM, Crimmin MR. Carbon-carbon bond activation by Mg, Al, and Zn complexes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11012-11021. [PMID: 37860653 PMCID: PMC10583701 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03336h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Examples of carbon-carbon bond activation reactions at Mg, Al, and Zn are described in this review. Several distinct mechanisms for C-C bond activation at these metals have been proposed, with the key C-C bond activation step occurring by (i) α-alkyl elimination, (ii) β-alkyl elimination, (iii) oxidative addition, or (iv) an electrocyclic reaction. Many of the known pathways involve an overall 2-electron redox process. Despite this, the direct oxidative addition of C-C bonds to these metals is relatively rare, instead most reactions occur through initial installation of the metal on a hydrocarbon scaffold (e.g. by a cycloaddition reaction or hydrometallation) followed by an α-alkyl or β-alkyl elimination step. Emerging applications of Mg, Al, and Zn complexes as catalysts for the functionalisation of C-C bonds are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Parr
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Science Research Hub, Imperial College London 82 Wood Lane, White City London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Mark R Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Science Research Hub, Imperial College London 82 Wood Lane, White City London W12 0BZ UK
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14
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Ajitha M, Haines BE, Musaev DG. Mechanism and Selectivity of Copper-Catalyzed Bromination of Distal C(sp 3)-H Bonds. Organometallics 2023; 42:2467-2476. [PMID: 37772274 PMCID: PMC10526628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds are the most challenging substrate class for transition metal-catalyzed C-H halogenation. Recently, the Yu group [Liu, T.; Myers, M. C.; Yu, J. Q. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.2017, 56 (1), 306-309] has demonstrated that a CuII/phenanthroline catalyst and BrN3, generated in situ from NBS and TMSN3 precursors, can achieve selective C-H bromination distal to a directing group. The current understanding of the mechanism of this reaction has left numerous questions unanswered. Here, we investigated the mechanism of Cu-catalyzed C(sp3)-H bromination with distal site selectivity using density functional theory calculations. We found that this reaction starts with the Br-atom transfer from BrN3 to the Cu center that occurs via a small energy barrier at the singlet-triplet state seam of crossing. In the course of this reaction, the presence of the N-H bond in the substrate is critically important and acts as a directing group for enhancing the stability of the catalyst-substrate interaction and for the recruitment of the substrate to the catalyst. The required C-centered radical substrate formation occurs via direct C-H dehydrogenation by the Cu-coordinated N3 radical, rather than via the previously proposed N-H bond dehydrogenation and then the 1,5-H transfer from the γ-(C-H) bond to the N-radical center pathway. The C-H bond activation by the azide radical is a regioselectivity-controlling step. The following bromination of the C-centered radical by the Cu-coordinated bromine completes the product formation. This reaction step is the rate-limiting step, occurs at the singlet-to-triplet state seam of the crossing point, and is exergonic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjaly
J. Ajitha
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific
Computation, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | - Djamaladdin G. Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific
Computation, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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15
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Eckart-Frank IK, Wilkerson-Hill SM. Palladium-Catalyzed Trans-Selective Synthesis of Spirocyclic Cyclobutanes Using α,α-Dialkylcrotyl- and Allylhydrazones. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18591-18597. [PMID: 37552631 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate the use of E/Z mixtures of α,α-disubstituted crotylhydrazones to obtain spirocyclic vinylcyclobutanes in a diastereoselective fashion. We show 24 examples of a 1,1-insertion/4-exo-trig tandem process to produce these motifs. Additionally, spirocyclic alkylidene cyclobutanes can be obtained by using α,α-disubstituted allylated hydrazones (11 examples). In this study, we show that the aryl migrating group has a dramatic impact on the course of the reaction. Specifically, allylic C-H insertion products can be obtained in good yields using bromoenones as reaction partners. When Pd(0) is used with no aryl or alkenyl bromide, an intramolecular cyclopropanation reaction takes place to afford [2.1.0]-bicycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah K Eckart-Frank
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sidney M Wilkerson-Hill
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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16
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Xu L, Shi H. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Activation of Nonpolar C-C Bonds via π-Coordination-Enabled Aromatization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307285. [PMID: 37379224 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Activation of C-C bonds allows editing of molecular skeletons, but methods for selective activation of nonpolar C-C bonds in the absence of a chelation effect or a driving force derived from opening of a strained ring are scarce. Herein, we report a method for ruthenium-catalyzed activation of nonpolar C-C bonds of pro-aromatic compounds by means of π-coordination-enabled aromatization. This method was effective for cleavage of C-C(alkyl) and C-C(aryl) bonds and for ring-opening of spirocyclic compounds, providing an array of benzene-ring-containing products. The isolation of a methyl ruthenium complex intermediate supports a mechanism involving ruthenium-mediated C-C bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
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17
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Lee TW, Yang HS, Dawange M, Han YK, Yang JW. Transition-Metal-Free Unusual Oxidative Cleavage of Homoallylic Alcohol and Its Application in the Upcycling of Terpene to Value-Added Chemicals. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202387. [PMID: 36658092 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A NaOtBu-O2 -mediated oxidative dehomologation of homoallylic alcohols into structurally different carboxylic acids through direct oxidative cleavage of either the C(sp2 )-C(sp2 ) or C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) bond utilizing enolate chemistry was demonstrated. Furthermore, under transition-metal-free conditions, this protocol has been applied to convert terpene as biomass feedstock into value-added chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Woo Lee
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Hye Sung Yang
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Monali Dawange
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Young Kwang Han
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Jung Woon Yang
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
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18
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Zhao Q, Yu L, Zhang YD, Guo YQ, Chen M, Ren ZH, Guan ZH. C(alkyl)-C(vinyl) bond cleavage enabled by Retro-Pallada-Diels-Alder reaction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2572. [PMID: 37142571 PMCID: PMC10160084 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation and cleavage of carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds is a fundamental transformation in organic chemistry while inert C-C bonds cleavage remains a long-standing challenge. Retro-Diels-Alder (retro-DA) reaction is a well-known and important tool for C-C bonds cleavage but less been explored in methodology by contrast to other strategies. Herein, we report a selective C(alkyl)-C(vinyl) bond cleavage strategy realized through the transient directing group mediated retro-Diels-Alder reaction of a six-membered palladacycle, which is obtained from an in situ generated hydrazone and palladium hydride species. This unprecedented strategy exhibits good tolerances and thus offers new opportunities for late-stage modifications of complex molecules. DFT calculations revealed that an intriguing retro-Pd(IV)-Diels-Alder process is possibly involved in the catalytic cycle, thus bridging both Retro-Diels-Alder reaction and C-C bond cleavage. We anticipate that this strategy should prove instrumental for potential applications to achieve the modification of functional organic skeletons in synthetic chemistry and other fields involving in molecular editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P.R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Le Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Yao-Du Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Hui Ren
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Hui Guan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P.R. China.
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19
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Tian J, Jin C, Wu X, Liao C, Xie J, Luo Y. Synthesis of temperature- and humidity-induced dual stimulation film PU-PNIPAm n and its independent film formation as a smart window application. RSC Adv 2023; 13:8923-8933. [PMID: 36936840 PMCID: PMC10020989 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08052d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic windows, which switch between transparent and opaque states as the temperature changes, can be applied in buildings to reduce building energy consumption. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) is the most studied thermochromic hydrogel for climate-resilient smart window applications. In addition to its poor mechanical properties and low reaction rate, the PNIPAm hydrogel must be sandwiched between two pieces of glass to form an interlayer in practical applications. Here, durable PU-PNIPAm n copolymers for smart windows were synthesized by reacting the synthesized poly-NIPAm diols with isocyanate (-NCO) monomer, which greatly improved the mechanical properties of the hydrogel and it was able to form a film alone. These temperature-sensitive films can switch between transparent (>80% transmittance) and opaque (<5% transmittance) states in less than 10 minutes, with no degradation in optical contrast, switching speed, or uniformity after at least 100 switching cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Yibin University Yibin 644007 PR China
| | - Chengguo Jin
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Yibin University Yibin 644007 PR China
| | - Xudong Wu
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Yibin University Yibin 644007 PR China
| | - Cong Liao
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Yibin University Yibin 644007 PR China
| | - Jiangping Xie
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Yibin University Yibin 644007 PR China
| | - Yajun Luo
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Yibin University Yibin 644007 PR China
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20
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Samudrala KK, Conley MP. Effects of surface acidity on the structure of organometallics supported on oxide surfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:4115-4127. [PMID: 36912586 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00047h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined organometallics supported on high surface area oxides are promising heterogeneous catalysts. An important design factor in these materials is how the metal interacts with the functionalities on an oxide support, commonly anionic X-type ligands derived from the reaction of an organometallic M-R with an -OH site on the oxide. The metal can either form a covalent M-O bond or form an electrostatic M+⋯-O ion-pair, which impacts how well-defined organometallics will interact with substrates in catalytic reactions. A less common reaction pathway involves the reaction of a Lewis site on the oxide with the organometallic, resulting in abstraction to form an ion-pair, which is relevant to industrial olefin polymerization catalysts. This Feature Article views the spectrum of reactivity between an organometallic and an oxide through the prism of Brønsted and/or Lewis acidity of surface sites and draws analogies to the molecular frame where Lewis and Brønsted acids are known to form reactive ion-pairs. Applications of the well-defined sites developed in this article are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew P Conley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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21
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Gao J, Zhu L, Conley MP. Cationic Tantalum Hydrides Catalyze Hydrogenolysis and Alkane Metathesis Reactions of Paraffins and Polyethylene. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4964-4968. [PMID: 36827508 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated aluminum oxide (SAO), a high surface area material containing sulfate anions that behave like weakly coordinating anions, reacts with Ta(═CHtBu)(CH2tBu)3 to form [Ta(CH2tBu)2(O-)2][SAO] (1). Subsequent treatment with H2 forms Ta-H+ sites supported on SAO that are active in hydrogenolysis and alkane metathesis reactions. In both reactions Ta-H+ is more active than related neutral Ta-H sites supported on silica. This reaction chemistry extends to melts of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), where Ta-H+ converts 30% of a low molecular weight HDPE (Mn = 2.5 kg mol-1; Đ = 3.6) to low molecular weight paraffins under hydrogenolysis conditions. Under alkane metathesis conditions Ta-H+ converts this HDPE to a high MW fraction (Mn = 6.2 kDa; Đ = 2.3) and low molecular weight alkane products (C13-C32). These results show that incorporating charge as a design element in supported d0 metal hydrides is a viable strategy to increase the reaction rate in challenging reactions involving reorganization of C-C bonds in alkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Lingchao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Matthew P Conley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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22
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Ultrasmall amorphous zirconia nanoparticles catalyse polyolefin hydrogenolysis. Nat Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-023-00910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractCarbon–carbon bond cleavage reactions, adapted to deconstruct aliphatic hydrocarbon polymers and recover the intrinsic energy and carbon value in plastic waste, have typically been catalysed by metal nanoparticles or air-sensitive organometallics. Metal oxides that serve as supports for these catalysts are typically considered to be inert. Here we show that Earth-abundant, non-reducible zirconia catalyses the hydrogenolysis of polyolefins with activity rivalling that of precious metal nanoparticles. To harness this unusual reactivity, our catalytic architecture localizes ultrasmall amorphous zirconia nanoparticles between two fused platelets of mesoporous silica. Macromolecules translocate from bulk through radial mesopores to the highly active zirconia particles, where the chains undergo selective hydrogenolytic cleavage into a narrow, C18-centred distribution. Calculations indicated that C–H bond heterolysis across a Zr–O bond of a Zr(O)2 adatom model for unsaturated surface sites gives a zirconium hydrocarbyl, which cleaves a C–C bond via β-alkyl elimination.
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23
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Parr JM, Phanopoulos A, Vickneswaran A, Crimmin MR. Understanding the role of ring strain in β-alkyl migration at Mg and Zn centres. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1590-1597. [PMID: 36794202 PMCID: PMC9906642 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06288g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of C-C σ-bonds within strained three- and four-membered hydrocarbons at electrophilic Mg and Zn centres is reported. This was achieved in a two-step process involving (i) hydrometallation of a methylidene cycloalkane followed by (ii) intramolecular C-C bond activation. While hydrometallation of methylidene cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane and cyclohexane occurs for both Mg and Zn reagents, the C-C bond activation step is sensitive to ring size. For Mg, both cyclopropane and cyclobutane rings participate in C-C bond activation. For Zn, only the smallest cyclopropane ring reacts. These findings were used to expand the scope of catalytic hydrosilylation of C-C σ-bonds to include cyclobutane rings. The mechanism of C-C σ-bond activation was investigated through kinetic analysis (Eyring), spectroscopic observation of intermediates, and a comprehensive series of DFT calculations, including activation strain analysis. Based on our current understanding, C-C bond activation is proposed to occur by a β-alkyl migration step. β-Alkyl migration is more facile for more strained rings and occurs with lower barriers for Mg compared to Zn. Relief of ring strain is a key factor in determining the thermodynamics of C-C bond activation, but not in stabilising the transition state for β-alkyl migration. Rather, we ascribe the differences in reactivity to the stabilising interaction between the metal centre and the hydrocarbon ring-system, with the smaller rings and more electropositive metal (Mg) leading to a smaller destabilisation interaction energy as the transition state is approached. Our findings represent the first example of C-C bond activation at Zn and provide detailed new insight into the factors at play in β-alkyl migration at main group centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. Parr
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London82 Wood Lane, White City, Shepherds BushLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Andreas Phanopoulos
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London 82 Wood Lane, White City, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Aaranjah Vickneswaran
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London 82 Wood Lane, White City, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Mark R. Crimmin
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London82 Wood Lane, White City, Shepherds BushLondonW12 0BZUK
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24
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Wang S, Wang Y, Hu K, Wang K, Zhou X. Controllable carbonyl-assisted C(sp 3)–C(sp 3) bond reduction and reorganization. Org Chem Front 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01981g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Unprecedentedly preferential reduction of unstrained C(sp3)–C(sp3) bond over ketone, hydrogenative [2+2+2]-cycloreversion of 2,4-diacylcyclohexanols, and cyclizative degradation of poly(vinylketone) have been achieved by organolanthanide catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengke Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yitu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Kun Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xigeng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai 200032, China
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25
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Bower JF, Sokolova OO, Dalling AG. C–C Bond Activations of Minimally Activated Cyclopropanes. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1753177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCatalytic processes involving oxidative addition of a C–C bond to a transition metal allow the atom economical assembly of complex scaffolds. The focus of this Account is on C–C bond activation-based methodologies that employ minimally activated cyclopropanes.
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26
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Kang T, Fu Y, Li-Matsuura R, Liu AL, Jankins TC, Rheingold AL, Bailey JB, Gembicky M, Liu P, Engle KM. Synthesis and Characterization of Post-β-Carbon-Elimination Organopalladium Complexes. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taeho Kang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California92037, United States
| | - Yue Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15260, United States
| | - Rei Li-Matsuura
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California92037, United States
| | - Anna L. Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California92037, United States
| | - Tanner C. Jankins
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California92037, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | - Jake B. Bailey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | - Milan Gembicky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15260, United States
| | - Keary M. Engle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California92037, United States
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27
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Mason AH, Motta A, Das A, Ma Q, Bedzyk MJ, Kratish Y, Marks TJ. Rapid atom-efficient polyolefin plastics hydrogenolysis mediated by a well-defined single-site electrophilic/cationic organo-zirconium catalyst. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7187. [PMID: 36418305 PMCID: PMC9684440 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyolefins comprise a major fraction of single-use plastics, yet their catalytic deconstruction/recycling has proven challenging due to their inert saturated hydrocarbon connectivities. Here a very electrophilic, formally cationic earth-abundant single-site organozirconium catalyst chemisorbed on a highly Brønsted acidic sulfated alumina support and characterized by a broad array of experimental and theoretical techniques, is shown to mediate the rapid hydrogenolytic cleavage of molecular and macromolecular saturated hydrocarbons under mild conditions, with catalytic onset as low as 90 °C/0.5 atm H2 with 0.02 mol% catalyst loading. For polyethylene, quantitative hydrogenolysis to light hydrocarbons proceeds within 48 min with an activity of > 4000 mol(CH2 units)·mol(Zr)-1·h-1 at 200 °C/2 atm H2 pressure. Under similar solventless conditions, polyethylene-co-1-octene, isotactic polypropylene, and a post-consumer food container cap are rapidly hydrogenolyzed to low molecular mass hydrocarbons. Regarding mechanism, theory and experiment identify a turnover-limiting C-C scission pathway involving ß-alkyl transfer rather than the more common σ-bond metathesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Motta
- Università di Roma "La Sapienza" and INSTM, UdR Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Qing Ma
- Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | | | - Yosi Kratish
- Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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28
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Liu SN, Liu JB, Huang F, Wang WJ, Wang Q, Yang C, Sun QM, Chen DZ. Origins of Stereospecificity and Divergent Reactivity of Pd-Catalyzed Cross Coupling with α,α-Disubstituted Alkenyl Hydrazones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15608-15617. [PMID: 36321171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This article presents an exploration of stereospecificity and divergent reactivity of Pd-catalyzed α,α-disubstituted alkenyl hydrazones to synthesize 1,4-dienes in the Z configuration and vinylcyclopropane. We calculated the energy profiles of four α,α-disubstituted alkenyl hydrazones. The results show that the energy profiles of the whole catalytic cycle are basically the same before the syn-carbopalladation step. Subsequent syn-β-C elimination yields skipping dienes, or direct β-H elimination yields vinylcyclopropane. Current theoretical calculations reveal that the stereospecificity and the divergent reactivity of reactions result from the competition between syn-β-C elimination and β-H elimination. The C-C bond rotation and subsequent syn-β-C elimination step control the stereospecificity of the reaction by changing the olefin stereostructure from E to Z configuration. The steric factor of α-substituted groups mediates the transformation between syn-β-C elimination and β-H elimination. The results are of great significance for the scientific design of substrates to achieve accurate synthesis of target products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Biao Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Fang Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Juan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Chong Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Min Sun
- Shandong Kaisheng New Materials Co., Ltd., Zibo 255185, P. R. China
| | - De-Zhan Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
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29
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Gu Y, Lin Y, Jiang H, Li B, Wu C, Liu J, Liu J, Wang Y, Cui D, Tang T. Mechanism for Coordination Quasi-Depolymerization of Polydiolefins with Cp 2ZrHCl. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- Hisense Ronshen (Guangdong) Refrigerator Co., LTD., Foshan 528303, China
| | - Yichao Lin
- School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Hanqing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Bingwen Li
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Chunji Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jingyao Liu
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Yanhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Dongmei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
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30
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Yang LM, Zeng HH, Liu XL, Ma AJ, Peng JB. Copper catalyzed borocarbonylation of benzylidenecyclopropanes through selective proximal C-C bond cleavage: synthesis of γ-boryl-γ,δ-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7304-7309. [PMID: 35799816 PMCID: PMC9214919 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01992b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A copper catalyzed borocarbonylation of BCPs via proximal C-C bond cleavage for the synthesis of γ-boryl-γ,δ-unsaturated carbonyl compounds has been developed. Using substituted benzylidenecyclopropanes (BCPs) and chloroformates as starting material, a broad range of γ-boryl-γ,δ-unsaturated esters were prepared in moderate to excellent yields with excellent regio- and stereoselectivity. Besides, when aliphatic acid chlorides were used in this reaction, γ-boryl-γ,δ-unsaturated ketones could be produced in excellent yields. When substituted BCPs were used as substrates, the borocarbonylation occurred predominantly at the proximal C-C bond trans to the phenyl group in a regio- and stereoselective manner, which leads to the Z-isomers as the products. This efficient methodology involves the cleavage of a C-C bond and the formation of a C-C bond as well as a C-B bond, and provides a new method for the proximal C-C bond difunctionalization of BCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Miao Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University Jiangmen Guangdong 529020 People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Hui Zeng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University Jiangmen Guangdong 529020 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Lian Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University Jiangmen Guangdong 529020 People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Jun Ma
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University Jiangmen Guangdong 529020 People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Bao Peng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University Jiangmen Guangdong 529020 People's Republic of China
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31
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Yu S, Ai Y, Hu L, Lu G, Duan C, Ma Y. Palladium-Catalyzed Stagewise Strain-Release-Driven C-C Activation of Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200052. [PMID: 35332648 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed chemoselective coupling of readily available bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl alcohols (BCP-OH) with various halides is reported, which offers expedient approaches to a wide range of cyclobutanone and β,γ-enone skeletons via single or double C-C activation. The chemistry shows a broad substrate scope in terms of both the range of BCP-OH and halides including a series of natural product derivatives. Moreover, dependency of reaction chemodivergence on base additive has been investigated through experimental and density functional theory (DFT) studies, which is expected to significantly enrich the reaction modes and increase the synthetic potential of BCP-OH in preparing more complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songjie Yu
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yinan Ai
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Lingfei Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Gang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Chunying Duan
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
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32
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Cannavacciuolo FD, Yadav R, Esper A, Vittoria A, Antinucci G, Zaccaria F, Cipullo R, Budzelaar PHM, Busico V, Goryunov GP, Uborsky DV, Voskoboynikov AZ, Searles K, Ehm C, Veige AS. A High-Throughput Approach to Repurposing Olefin Polymerization Catalysts for Polymer Upcycling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202258. [PMID: 35263499 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and economical plastic waste upcycling relies on the development of catalysts capable of polymer degradation. A systematic high-throughput screening of twenty-eight polymerization catalyst precursors, belonging to the catalyst families of metallocenes, ansa-metallocenes, and hemi- and post-metallocenes, in cis-1,4-polybutadiene (PB) degradation reveals, for the first time, important structure-activity correlations. The upcycling conditions involve activation of the catalysts (at 0.18 % catalyst loading) with tri-iso-butyl aluminum at 50 °C in toluene. The data indicate the ability to degrade PB is a general reactivity profile of neutral group 4 metal hydrides. A simple quantitative-structure activity relationship (QSAR) model utilizing two descriptors for the distribution of steric bulk in the active pocket and one measuring the metal ion electrophilicity reveals the degradation ability improves with increased but not overbearing steric congestion and lower electrophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia D Cannavacciuolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Rinku Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Alec Esper
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Antonio Vittoria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Antinucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Zaccaria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Peter H M Budzelaar
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Georgy P Goryunov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Uborsky
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Z Voskoboynikov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Keith Searles
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Adam S Veige
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Abstract
A catalytic enantioselective β-O-elimination reaction is reported in the form of a zirconium-catalyzed asymmetric opening of meso-ketene acetals. Furthermore, a regiodivergent β-O-elimination is demonstrated. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions, at low catalyst loadings, and produces chiral monoprotected cis-1,2-diols in good yield and enantiomeric excess. The combination with a Mitsunobu reaction or a one-pot hydroboration/Suzuki reaction sequence then gives access to additional diol and aminoalcohol building blocks. A stereochemical analysis supported by DFT calculations reveals that a high selectivity in the hydrozirconation step is also important for achieving high enantioselectivity, although it does not constitute the asymmetric step. This insight is crucial for the future development of related asymmetric β-elimination reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Matt
- Department of Chemistry—BMCUppsala UniversityHusargatan 375237UppsalaSweden
- Institut für Organische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104Freiburg im BreisgauGermany
| | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström LaboratoryUppsala UniversityLägerhyddsvägen 175237UppsalaSweden
| | - Jan Streuff
- Department of Chemistry—BMCUppsala UniversityHusargatan 375237UppsalaSweden
- Institut für Organische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104Freiburg im BreisgauGermany
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34
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Xu L, Shi H. Cobalt-catalyzed divergent functionalization of N-sulfonyl amines via β-carbon elimination. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Yu S, Ai Y, Hu L, Lu G, Duan C, Ma Y. Palladium‐Catalyzed Stagewise Strain‐Release‐Driven C−C Activation of Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Songjie Yu
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Yinan Ai
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Lingfei Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
| | - Gang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
| | - Chunying Duan
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Yue Ma
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
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36
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Cannavacciuolo FD, Yadav R, Esper A, Vittoria A, Antinucci G, Zaccaria F, Cipullo R, Budzelaar PHM, Busico V, Goryunov GP, Uborsky DV, Voskoboynikov AZ, Searles K, Ehm C, Veige AS. A High‐Throughput Approach to Repurposing Olefin Polymerization Catalysts for Polymer Upcycling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rinku Yadav
- Department of Chemistry Center for Catalysis University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Alec Esper
- Department of Chemistry Center for Catalysis University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Antonio Vittoria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Giuseppe Antinucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Francesco Zaccaria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Peter H. M. Budzelaar
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Georgy P. Goryunov
- Department of Chemistry Lomonosov Moscow State University 1/3 Leninskie Gory 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Uborsky
- Department of Chemistry Lomonosov Moscow State University 1/3 Leninskie Gory 119991 Moscow Russia
| | | | - Keith Searles
- Department of Chemistry Center for Catalysis University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Adam S. Veige
- Department of Chemistry Center for Catalysis University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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37
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Culver DB, Corieri J, Lief G, Conley MP. Reactions of Triisobutylaluminum with Unbridged or Bridged Group IV Metallocene Dichlorides. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien B. Culver
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jamesjohn Corieri
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Graham Lief
- Bartlesville Research and Technology Center, Chevron Phillips Chemical, Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74003, United States
| | - Matthew P. Conley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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38
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Matt C, Orthaber A, Streuff J. Catalytic Asymmetric β‐Oxygen Elimination**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christof Matt
- Department of Chemistry—BMC Uppsala University Husargatan 3 75237 Uppsala Sweden
- Institut für Organische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory Uppsala University Lägerhyddsvägen 1 75237 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Jan Streuff
- Department of Chemistry—BMC Uppsala University Husargatan 3 75237 Uppsala Sweden
- Institut für Organische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
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39
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Marchese AD, Mirabi B, Johnson CE, Lautens M. Reversible C-C bond formation using palladium catalysis. Nat Chem 2022; 14:398-406. [PMID: 35301473 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A widely appreciated principle is that all reactions are fundamentally reversible. Observing reversible transition metal-catalysed reactions, particularly those that include the cleavage of C-C bonds, is more challenging. The development of palladium- and nickel-catalysed carboiodination reactions afforded access to the cis and trans diastereomers of the iodo-dihydroisoquinolone products. Using these substrates, an extensive study investigating the reversibility of C-C bond formation using a simple palladium catalyst was undertaken. Herein we report a comprehensive investigation of reversible C-C bond formation using palladium catalysis employing diastereomeric neopentyl iodides as the starting point. It was shown that both diastereomers could be converted to a common product under identical catalytic conditions. A combination of experimental and computational studies were used to probe the operative mechanism. A variety of concepts key to understanding the process of reversible C-C bond formations were investigated, including the effect of electronic and steric parameters on the C-C bond-cleavage step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin D Marchese
- Department of Chemistry, Davenport Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bijan Mirabi
- Department of Chemistry, Davenport Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colton E Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Davenport Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Lautens
- Department of Chemistry, Davenport Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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40
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Computational Study of Key Mechanistic Details for a Proposed Copper (I)-Mediated Deconstructive Fluorination of N-Protected Cyclic Amines. Top Catal 2022; 65:418-432. [PMID: 35197715 DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Using calculations, we show that a proposed Cu(I)-mediated deconstructive fluorination of N-benzoylated cyclic amines with Selectfluor® is feasible and may proceed through: (a) substrate coordination to a Cu(I) salt, (b) iminium ion formation followed by conversion to a hemiaminal, and (c) fluorination involving C-C cleavage of the hemiaminal. The iminium ion formation is calculated to proceed via a F-atom coupled electron transfer (FCET) mechanism to form, formally, a product arising from oxidative addition coupled with electron transfer (OA + ET). The subsequent β-C-C cleavage/fluorination of the hemiaminal intermediate may proceed via either ring-opening or deformylative fluorination pathways. The latter pathway is initiated by opening of the hemiaminal to give an aldehyde, followed by formyl H-atom abstraction by a TEDA2+ radical dication, decarbonylation, and fluorination of the C3-radical center by another equivalent of Selectfluor®. In general, the mechanism for the proposed Cu(I)- mediated deconstructive C-H fluorination of N-benzoylated cyclic amines (LH) by Selectfluor® was calculated to proceed analogously to our previously reported Ag(I)-mediated reaction. In comparison to the Ag(I)-mediated process, in the Cu(I)-mediated reaction the iminium ion formation and hemiaminal fluorination have lower associated energy barriers, whereas the product release and catalyst re-generation steps have higher barriers.
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41
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Ritchie NFC, Zahara AJ, Wilkerson-Hill SM. Divergent Reactivity of α,α-Disubstituted Alkenyl Hydrazones: Bench Stable Cyclopropylcarbinyl Equivalents. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2101-2106. [PMID: 35086332 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the divergent reactivity of 2,2-dialkyl-3-(E)-alkenyl N-tosylhydrazones using Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling conditions, which enable the Z-selective synthesis of 3-aryl-1,4-dienes and gem-dialkyl vinylcyclopropanes. We found that the dialkylbiaryl phosphine ligand SPhos was the optimal ligand for this transformation producing skipped dienes in up to 83% isolated yield. The ratio of skipped diene to vinylcyclopropane is dependent on both the structure of the α,α-disubstituted hydrazones and the aryl halide partner. Using sterically encumbered aryl bromides provided the trans-cyclopropane products selectively in up to 69% yield. The reaction is stereospecific and stereoselective and occurs alongside a competing 1,2-alkenyl group migration pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina F C Ritchie
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Adam J Zahara
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Sidney M Wilkerson-Hill
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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42
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Iwamoto T, Shibuya K, Takakuwa T, Kuwabara T, Ishii Y. Experimental Observation of β-Carbon Elimination from Alkenylrhodium Complexes through Exchange Reactions of the Alkenyl Unit. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Iwamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Koushi Shibuya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Takakuwa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Takuya Kuwabara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Youichi Ishii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
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43
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Zubkevich SV, Tuskaev VA, Gagieva SC, Bulychev BM. Catalytic oligomerization and polymerization of ethylene with complexes of iron triad metals: influence of metal nature and new perspectives. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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44
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Pérez-Ortega I, Albéniz AC. A Different Polynorbornene Backbone by Combination of Two Polymer Growth Pathways: Vinylic Addition and Ring Opening via β-C Elimination. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1823-1828. [PMID: 35282631 PMCID: PMC8826958 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc07028b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A new polynorbornene skeleton has been found that contains bicyclic norbornane units and cyclohexenyl methyl linkages. The polymers have been synthesized using a nickel catalyst in the presence of a controlled amount of ligands with low or moderate coordination ability. The backbone structure is the result of a vinylic addition polymerization, via sequential insertions of norbornene into a Ni–C bond (bicyclic units) combined with an unusual ring opening of the norbornene structure by a β-C elimination (cyclohexenyl methyl units) to give a new Ni–C(alkyl) bond that continues the polymerization. The ring opening events are favored when the rate of propagation of the vinylic addition polymerization decreases, and this can be modulated by making the coordination of norbornene to the metal center less favorable using additional ligands. A new polynorbornene skeleton that contains a mixture of bicyclic norbornane units and cyclohexenylmethyl moieties can be obtained using a nickel catalyst.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Pérez-Ortega
- IU CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valladolid 47071 Valladolid Spain
| | - Ana C Albéniz
- IU CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valladolid 47071 Valladolid Spain
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Mashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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46
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Karimzadeh‐Younjali M, Wendt OF. α‐ and β‐Eliminations in Transition Metal Complexes: Strategies to Cleave Unstrained C−C and C−F Bonds. Helv Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ola F. Wendt
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis Department of Chemistry Lund University PO Box 124 SE-22100 Lund Sweden
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47
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Qiao X, Zhao YD, Rao M, Bu ZW, Zhang G, Xiong HY. Delivering 2-Aryl Benzoxazoles through Metal-Free and Redox-Neutral De-CF 3 Process. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13548-13558. [PMID: 34529441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An unexpected cleavage of the Csp3-CF3 bond of CF3-hydrobenzoxazoles has been disclosed, affording a range of 2-aryl benzoxazoles under metal-free and redox-neutral conditions. This transformation has demonstrated broad substrate scope and good compatibility of functional groups. 2-Aryl benzothiazole and 2-aryl benzoimidazole could be smoothly assembled in the same manner. On the basis of preliminary mechanistic studies, base initiated and aromatization driven β-carbon elimination was considered to be the key step for the formation of 2. This reaction offers an alternative, facile, and sustainable route to access important 2-aryl benzoxazole motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Qiao
- Institute of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Yong-De Zhao
- Institute of Chemistry, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Mingru Rao
- Institute of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Zhan-Wei Bu
- Institute of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Guangwu Zhang
- Institute of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Heng-Ying Xiong
- Institute of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
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48
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Xiong Z, Chen X, Gong Y. Mass spectrometric and theoretical study on the formation of uranyl hydride from uranyl carboxylate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20073-20079. [PMID: 34551043 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03092b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Uranyl hydride in the form of HUO2Cl2- was prepared upon collision-induced dissociation of (RCO2)UO2Cl2- (R = H, CH3CH2, CH3CH2CH2, CH3CHCH, (CH3)2CH, C5H9, C6H11 and C6H5CH2CH2) in the gas phase. It was found that uranyl hydrides result from alkene and alkyne elimination with concomitant β-hydride transfer of uranyl alkylides RUO2Cl2- following decarboxylation of the carboxylates with the exception of (HCO2)UO2Cl2-, and formation of HUVIO2Cl2- through alkene/alkyne loss is in competition with neutral ligand loss to give UVO2Cl2-. According to the calculations at the B3LYP level, loss of a neutral ligand is slightly less favorable in the cases of (CH3CH2)UO2Cl2- and (CH3CH2CH2)UO2Cl2-, and the situations of (CH3CHCH)UO2Cl2-, ((CH3)2CH)UO2Cl2-, (C5H9)UO2Cl2-, (C6H11)UO2Cl2- and (C6H5CH2CH2)UO2Cl2- with β-hydrogen atoms should be similar despite the fact that the yield of uranyl hydride depends on the nature of the ligand. Although no uranyl hydride was observed when β-hydrogen is not available in the carboxylate precursor, there is no HUO2Cl2- generated from (C6H5CO2)UO2Cl2-, (2-C6H4FCO2)UO2Cl2- and (CH2CHCH2CO2)UO2Cl2- with β-hydrogen either. This is attributed to the much more favorable formation of UO2Cl2- over HUO2Cl2- as revealed by the B3LYP calculations, which is similar to the absence of HUO2Cl2- in the (CH3CO2)UO2Cl2- case where highly reactive CH2 would be formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Xiong
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China. .,School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiuting Chen
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Yu Gong
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
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49
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Stewart AWE, Ma HZ, Weragoda GK, Khairallah GN, Canty AJ, O’Hair RAJ. Dissecting Transmetalation Reactions at the Molecular Level: Role of the Coordinated Anion in Gas-Phase Models for the Transmetalation Step of the Hiyama Cross-Coupling Reaction. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam W. E. Stewart
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Howard Z. Ma
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Geethika K. Weragoda
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - George N. Khairallah
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Accurate Mass Scientific P/L, P.O. Box 92, Keilor, Victoria 3036, Australia
| | - Allan J. Canty
- School of Natural Sciences − Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Richard A. J. O’Hair
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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50
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Belov DS, Tejeda G, Bukhryakov KV. Olefin Metathesis by First-Row Transition Metals. Chempluschem 2021; 86:924-937. [PMID: 34160903 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic olefin metathesis based on the second- and third-row transition metals has become one of the most powerful transformations in modern organic chemistry. The shift to first-row metals to produce fine and commodity chemicals would be an important achievement to complement existing methods with inexpensive and greener alternatives. In addition, those systems can offer unusual reactivity based on the unique electronic structure of the base metals. In this Minireview, we summarize the progress of the development of alkylidenes and metallacycles of first-row transition metals from scandium to nickel capable of performing cycloaddition and cycloreversion steps, crucial reactions in olefin metathesis. In addition, we will discuss systems capable of performing olefin metathesis; however, the nature of active species is not yet known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S Belov
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Gabriela Tejeda
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Konstantin V Bukhryakov
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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