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Grabka M, Jasek K, Witkiewicz Z. Hydrogen-Bond Acidic Materials in Acoustic Wave Sensors for Nerve Chemical Warfare Agents' Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2477. [PMID: 38676093 PMCID: PMC11054250 DOI: 10.3390/s24082477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The latest trends in the field of the on-site detection of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) involve increasing the availability of point detectors to enhance the operational awareness of commanders and soldiers. Among the intensively developed concepts aimed at meeting these requirements, wearable detectors, gas analyzers as equipment for micro- and mini-class unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and distributed sensor networks can be mentioned. One of the analytical techniques well suited for use in this field is surface acoustic wave sensors, which can be utilized to construct lightweight, inexpensive, and undemanding gas analyzers for detecting CWAs. This review focuses on the intensively researched and developed variant of this technique, utilizing absorptive sensor layers dedicated for nerve CWAs' detection. The paper describes the mechanism of the specific interaction occurring between the target analyte and the sensing layer, which serves as the foundation for their selective detection. The main section of this paper includes a chronological review of individual achievements in the field, largely based on the peer-reviewed scientific literature dating back to the mid-1980s to the present day. The final section presents conclusions regarding the prospects for the development of this analytical technique in the targeted application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Grabka
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (K.J.); (Z.W.)
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2
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De Iacovo A, Mitri F, De Santis S, Giansante C, Colace L. Colloidal Quantum Dots for Explosive Detection: Trends and Perspectives. ACS Sens 2024; 9:555-576. [PMID: 38305121 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Sensitive, accurate, and reliable detection of explosives has become one of the major needs for international security and environmental protection. Colloidal quantum dots, because of their unique chemical, optical, and electrical properties, as well as easy synthesis route and functionalization, have demonstrated high potential to meet the requirements for the development of suitable sensors, boosting the research in the field of explosive detection. Here, we critically review the most relevant research works, highlighting three different mechanisms for explosive detection based on colloidal quantum dots, namely photoluminescence, electrochemical, and chemoresistive sensing. We provide a comprehensive overview and an extensive discussion and comparison in terms of the most relevant sensor parameters. We highlight advantages, limitations, and challenges of quantum dot-based explosive sensors and outline future research directions for the advancement of knowledge in this surging research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea De Iacovo
- Department of Industrial, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, Roma Tre University, Via Vito Volterra 62, Rome I-00146, Italy
| | - Federica Mitri
- Department of Industrial, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, Roma Tre University, Via Vito Volterra 62, Rome I-00146, Italy
| | - Serena De Santis
- Department of Industrial, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, Roma Tre University, Via Vito Volterra 62, Rome I-00146, Italy
| | - Carlo Giansante
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Nanotecnologia CNR-NANOTEC, Via Monteroni, Lecce I-73100, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Colace
- Department of Industrial, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, Roma Tre University, Via Vito Volterra 62, Rome I-00146, Italy
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3
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Ullah MZ, Shahzad SA, Assiri MA, Irshad H, Rafique S, Shakir SA, Mumtaz A. An extensive experimental and DFT studies on highly selective detection of nitrobenzene through deferasirox based new fluorescent sensor. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 306:123607. [PMID: 37948931 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
A deferasirox based substituted triazole amine sensor TAD has been synthesized for the highly selective detection of nitrobenzene in real samples. Sensor TAD exhibited selective quenching response against nitrobenzene among the other nitroaromatic compounds (NACs). Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) process was devised as plausible sensing mechanisms which was supported via UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy, 1H NMR titration experiment, density functional theory (DFT) analysis and Job's plot. Non-covalent interaction (NCI) analysis and Bader's quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analysis were performed to investigate the presence of non-covalent interactions and symmetry perturbation theory (SAPT0) was performed for energy decomposition and quantitative analysis of interaction energies between sensor TAD and NB. Furthermore, sensor TAD was practically applied for the identification of NB in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahid Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Anjum Shahzad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
| | - Mohammed A Assiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61514, P. O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasher Irshad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sanwa Rafique
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ahmed Shakir
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Amara Mumtaz
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
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4
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Jin K, Moon D, Chen YP, Park J. Comprehensive Qualitative and Quantitative Colorimetric Sensing of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Monolayered Metal-Organic Framework Films. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309570. [PMID: 37992300 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Cross-responsive chemical sensors are in high demand owing to their ability to distinguish a broad range of analytes. In this study, a vapochromic sensor array based on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which exhibits distinct patterns when exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and humidity, is developed. Conventional sensor arrays consist of various receptors that produce different responses. The vapochromic MOF-based sensor comprises dicopper paddlewheel clusters and dimethylamine azobenzene as binary colorimetric sensing moieties. Upon exposure to VOCs, the constructed sensor encompasses a broad spectrum of colors, ranging from green to red. Furthermore, the color of the MOF is influenced by the solvent used during the pretreatment. Consequently, monolayered MOF thin films can be adapted to multicomponent array systems by immersing the MOF in different solvents. This system provides both qualitative and quantitative sensing, generating unique color patterns corresponding to specific VOC types. Notably, the sensor successfully discriminates each of 14 common VOCs and water and accurately categorizes unknown samples. Moreover, the system undergoes reversible color changes in response to humidity, obviating the need for high-temperature regeneration steps. This novel approach offers insights into the versatile applications of MOFs by creating a colorimetric sensor array capable of detecting various analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangwoo Jin
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Moon
- Beamline Department, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ying-Pin Chen
- Electrode Engineering, Panasonic Energy of North America, Reno, NV, 89502, USA
| | - Jinhee Park
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
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5
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Shim J, Sen A, Park K, Park H, Bala A, Choi H, Park M, Kwon JY, Kim S. Nanoporous MoS 2 Field-Effect Transistor Based Artificial Olfaction: Achieving Enhanced Volatile Organic Compound Detection Inspired by the Drosophila Olfactory System. ACS NANO 2023; 17:21719-21729. [PMID: 37902651 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Olfaction, a primal and effective sense, profoundly impacts our emotions and instincts. This sensory system plays a crucial role in detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and realizing the chemical environment. Animals possess superior olfactory systems compared to humans. Thus, taking inspiration from nature, artificial olfaction aims to achieve a similar level of excellence in VOC detection. In this study, we present the development of an artificial olfaction sensor utilizing a nanostructured bio-field-effect transistor (bio-FET) based on transition metal dichalcogenides and the Drosophila odor-binding protein LUSH. To create an effective sensing platform, we prepared a hexagonal nanoporous structure of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) using block copolymer lithography and selective etching techniques. This structure provides plenty of active sites for the integration of the LUSH protein, enabling enhanced binding with ethanol (EtOH) for detection purposes. The coupling of the biomolecule with EtOH influences the bio-FETs potential, which generates indicative electrical signals. By mimicking the sniffing techniques observed in Drosophila, these bio-FETs exhibit an impressive limit of detection of 10-6% for EtOH, with high selectivity, sensitivity, and detection ability even in realistic environments. This bioelectric sensor demonstrates substantial potential in the field of artificial olfaction, offering advancements in VOC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junoh Shim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Anamika Sen
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Keehyun Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Heekyeong Park
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Arindam Bala
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Mincheol Park
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunkook Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
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6
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Heaton C, Clement S, Kelly PF, King RSP, Reynolds JC. Differentiation of Body Fluid Stains Using a Portable, Low-Cost Ion Mobility Spectrometry Device-A Pilot Study. Molecules 2023; 28:6533. [PMID: 37764309 PMCID: PMC10534372 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification and recovery of suspected human biofluid evidence can present a bottleneck in the crime scene investigation workflow. Crime Scene Investigators typically deploy one of a number of presumptive enhancement reagents, depending on what they perceive an analyte to be; the selection of this reagent is largely based on the context of suspected evidence and their professional experience. Positively identified samples are then recovered to a forensic laboratory where confirmatory testing is carried out by large lab-based instruments, such as through mass-spectrometry-based techniques. This work proposes a proof-of-concept study into the use of a small, robust and portable ion mobility spectrometry device that can analyse samples in situ, detecting, identifying and discriminating commonly encountered body fluids from interferences. This analysis exploits the detection and identification of characteristic volatile organic compounds generated by gentle heating, at ambient temperature and pressure, and categorises samples using machine learning, providing investigators with instant identification. The device is shown to be capable of producing characteristic mobility spectra using a dual micro disc pump configuration which separates blood and urine from three visually similar interferences using an unsupervised PCA model with no misclassified samples. The device has the potential to reduce the need for potentially contaminating and destructive presumptive tests, and address the bottleneck created by the time-consuming and laborious detection, recovery and analysis workflow currently employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Heaton
- Foster + Freeman, Evesham WR11 1TD, UK; (S.C.); (R.S.P.K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK; (P.F.K.); (J.C.R.)
| | - Simon Clement
- Foster + Freeman, Evesham WR11 1TD, UK; (S.C.); (R.S.P.K.)
| | - Paul F. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK; (P.F.K.); (J.C.R.)
| | | | - James C. Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK; (P.F.K.); (J.C.R.)
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Kim SO, Kim SG, Ahn H, Yoo J, Jang J, Park TH. Ni-rGO Sensor Combined with Human Olfactory Receptor-Embedded Nanodiscs for Detecting Gas-Phase DMMP as a Simulant of Nerve Agents. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3095-3103. [PMID: 37555584 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Nerve agents are organophosphorus toxic chemicals that can inhibit acetylcholinesterase, leading to paralysis of the nervous system and death. Early detection of nerve agents is important for safety issues. Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) is widely used as a simulant of nerve agents, and many studies have been conducted using DMMP as a substitute for detecting nerve agents. Despite many studies on sensors for detecting DMMP, they have limitations in sensitivity and selectivity. To overcome these limitations, a nickel-decorated reduced graphene oxide (Ni-rGO) sensor with human olfactory receptor hOR2T7 nanodiscs was utilized to create a bioelectronic nose platform for DMMP gas detection. hOR2T7 was produced and reconstituted into nanodiscs for enhancing the sensor's stability, especially for detection in a gas phase. It could detect DMMP gas selectively and repeatedly at a concentration of 1 ppb. This sensitive and selective bioelectronic nose can be applied as a practical tool for the detection of gaseous chemical warfare agents in military and safety fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Ong Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gun Kim
- Samsung Electronics, San #16 Banwol-Dong, Hwasung, Gyeonggi-do 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyenjin Ahn
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yoo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jyongsik Jang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Hyun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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8
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Liu P, Guo X, Liang C, Du B, Tan Y, Zheng H, Min C, Guo Y, Yang X. Rapid Detection of Trace Nitro-Explosives under UV Irradiation by Electronic Nose with Neural Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37469023 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of an electronic nose (E-nose) for rapid explosive trace detection (ETD) has been extensively studied. However, the extremely low saturated vapor pressure of explosives becomes the major obstacle for E-nose to be applied in practical environments. In this work, we innovatively combine the decomposition characteristics of nitro explosives when exposed to ultraviolet light into gas sensors for detecting explosives, and an E-nose consisting of a SnO2/WO3 nanocomposite-based chemiresistive sensor array with an artificial neural network is utilized to identify trace nitro-explosives by detecting their photolysis gas products, rather than the explosive molecules themselves or their saturated vapor. The ultralow detection limits for nitro-explosives can be achieved, and the detection limits toward three representative nitro-explosives of trinitrotoluene, pentaerythritol tetranitrate, and cyclotetramethylene tetranitroamine are as low as 500, 100, and 50 ng, respectively. Moreover, by extracting the features of sensor responses within 15 s, a classification system based on convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory network (LSTM) is introduced to realize fast and accurate classification. The 5-fold cross-validation results demonstrate that the CNN-LSTM model exhibits the highest classification accuracy of 97.7% compared with those of common classification models. This work realizes the detection of explosives photolysis gases using sensor technology, which provides a unique insight for the classification of trace explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Liu
- Institute of Chemical materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, P. R. China
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Xuezheng Guo
- Institute of Chemical materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, P. R. China
| | - Chengyao Liang
- Institute of Chemical materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, P. R. China
| | - Bingsheng Du
- Institute of Chemical materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, P. R. China
| | - Yiling Tan
- Institute of Chemical materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zheng
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Chengzong Min
- Institute of Chemical materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, P. R. China
| | - Yuanjun Guo
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Xi Yang
- Institute of Chemical materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, P. R. China
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9
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Witkiewicz Z, Jasek K, Grabka M. Semiconductor Gas Sensors for Detecting Chemical Warfare Agents and Their Simulants. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23063272. [PMID: 36991985 PMCID: PMC10058525 DOI: 10.3390/s23063272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
On-site detection of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) can be performed by various analytical techniques. Devices using well-established techniques such as ion mobility spectrometry, flame photometry, infrared and Raman spectroscopy or mass spectrometry (usually combined with gas chromatography) are quite complex and expensive to purchase and operate. For this reason, other solutions based on analytical techniques well suited to portable devices are still being sought. Analyzers based on simple semiconductor sensors may be a potential alternative to the currently used CWA field detectors. In sensors of this type, the conductivity of the semiconductor layer changes upon interaction with the analyte. Metal oxides (both in the form of polycrystalline powders and various nanostructures), organic semiconductors, carbon nanostructures, silicon and various composites that are a combination of these materials are used as a semiconductor material. The selectivity of a single oxide sensor can be adjusted to specific analytes within certain limits by using the appropriate semiconductor material and sensitizers. This review presents the current state of knowledge and achievements in the field of semiconductor sensors for CWA detection. The article describes the principles of operation of semiconductor sensors, discusses individual solutions used for CWA detection present in the scientific literature and makes a critical comparison of them. The prospects for the development and practical application of this analytical technique in CWA field analysis are also discussed.
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Ron I, Sharabi H, Zaltsman A, Leibman A, Hotoveli M, Pevzner A, Kendler S. Non-Contact, Continuous Sampling of Porous Surfaces for the Detection of Particulate and Adsorbed Organic Contaminations by Low-Temperature Plasma Coupled to Ion Mobility Spectrometer. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2253. [PMID: 36850851 PMCID: PMC9961393 DOI: 10.3390/s23042253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemical analysis of hazardous surface contaminations, such as hazardous substances, explosives or illicit drugs, is an essential task in security, environmental and safety applications. This task is mostly based on the collection of particles with swabs, followed by thermal desorption into a vapor analyzer, usually a detector based on ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). While this methodology is well established for several civil applications, such as border control, it is still not efficient enough for various conditions, as in sampling rough and porous surfaces. Additionally, the process of thermal desorption is energetically inefficient, requires bulky hardware and introduces device contamination memory effects. Low-temperature plasma (LTP) has been demonstrated as an ionization and desorption source for sample preparation-free analysis, mostly at the inlet of a mass spectrometer analyzer, and in rare cases in conjunction with an ion mobility spectrometer. Herein, we demonstrate, for the first time, the operation of a simple, low cost, home-built LTP apparatus for desorbing non-volatile analytes from various porous surfaces into the inlet of a handheld IMS vapor analyzer. We show ion mobility spectra that originate from operating the LTP jet on porous surfaces such as asphalt and shoes, contaminated with model amine-containing organic compounds. The spectra are in good correlation with spectra measured for thermally desorbed species. We verify through LC-MS analysis of the collected vapors that the sampled species are not fragmented, and can thus be identified by commercial IMS detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Ron
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Hagay Sharabi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Amalia Zaltsman
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Amir Leibman
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Mordi Hotoveli
- Department of Environmental, Water and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Alexander Pevzner
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Shai Kendler
- Department of Environmental, Water and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
- Department of Environmental Physics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
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11
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Jindal G, Kaur N. Fluorimetric Recognition of Nerve Agent Mimic Diethylchlorophosphate Along with Cu 2+/Hg 2+ Ions Using Imidazole Possessing Sensor. J Fluoresc 2023; 33:359-371. [PMID: 36418615 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-03069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An imidazole possessing sensor (1) has been designed and developed by simple one step reaction and characterization was done by using common spectroscopic methods. The fluorimetric sensing of nerve agent mimic, DCP, was carried out by observing blue shift in spectra accompanied with quenching in semi-aqueous solvent. The sensor was found proficient for the detection of DCP amongst other phosphates with detection limit of 69 nM. Furthermore, upon incorporation of various metal ions to CH3CN:H2O (4:1, v/v) solution of 1 (λex 340 nm), the fluorescent probe turned non-fluorescent only in presence of Cu2+/Hg2+ ions. This was accompanied by fluorescent color change from light blue to yellow in case of Hg2+ and colorless in case of Cu2+ ions. Moreover, practical applications of sensor 1 were investigated for recognition of Cu2+ and Hg2+ ions in real water samples along with the detection of DCP in soil samples from different areas. Differential emission changes observed with addition of Hg2+ ions and DCP led to observation of "NOR" and an "INHIBIT" molecular photonic logic operations at 446 and 385 nm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitanjali Jindal
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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12
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Zhang T, Ren W, Xiao F, Li J, Zu B, Dou X. Engineered olfactory system for in vitro artificial nose. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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13
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AIEE Active Stilbene Based Fluorescent Sensor with Red-Shifted Emission for Vapor Phase Detection of Nitrobenzene and Moisture Sensing. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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14
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Sun X, Hu J, Yan X, Li T, Chang Y, Qu H, Pang W, Duan X. On-Chip Monolithic Integrated Multimode Carbon Nanotube Sensor for a Gas Chromatography Detector. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3049-3056. [PMID: 36227068 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT)-based chemiresistors are promising gas detectors for gas chromatography (GC) due to their intrinsic nanoscale porosity and excellent electrical conductivity. However, fabrication reproducibility, long desorption time, limited sensitivity, and low dynamic range limit their usage in real applications. This paper reports a novel on-chip monolithic integrated multimode CNT sensor, where a micro-electro-mechanical system-based bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonator is embedded underneath a CNT chemiresistor. The device fabrication repeatability was improved by on-site monitoring of CNT deposition using BAW. We found that the acoustic stimulation can accelerate the gas desorption rate from the CNT surface, which solves the slow desorption issue. Due to the different sensing mechanisms, the multimode CNT sensor provides complementary responses to targets with improved sensitivity and dynamic range compared to a single mode detector. A prototype of a chromatographic system using the multimode CNT sensor was prepared by dedicated design of the connection between the device and the separation column. Such a GC system is used for the quantitative identification of a gas mixture at different GC conditions, which proves the feasibility of the multimode CNT detector for chromatographic analysis. The as-developed CMOS compatible multimode CNT sensor offers high sensing performance, miniaturized size, and low power consumption, which are critical for developing portable GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyou Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Jizhou Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Xu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Tiechuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Ye Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Hemi Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Wei Pang
- College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Xuexin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
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15
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Ahrens A, Allers M, Bock H, Hitzemann M, Ficks A, Zimmermann S. Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents with a Miniaturized High-Performance Drift Tube Ion Mobility Spectrometer Using High-Energetic Photons for Ionization. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15440-15447. [PMID: 36301910 PMCID: PMC9647701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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A growing demand for low-cost gas sensors capable of
detecting
the smallest amounts of highly toxic substances in air, including
chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and toxic industrial chemicals (TICs),
has emerged in recent years. Ion mobility spectrometers (IMS) are
particularly suitable for this application due to their high sensitivity
and fast response times. In view of the preferred mobile use of such
devices, miniaturized ion drift tubes are required as the core of
IMS-based lightweight, low-cost, hand-held gas detectors. Thus, we
evaluate the suitability of a miniaturized ion mobility spectrometer
featuring an ion drift tube length of just 40 mm and a high resolving
power of Rp = 60 for the detection of
various CWAs, such as nerve agents sarin (GB), tabun (GA), soman (GD),
and cyclosarin (GF), as well as the blister agent sulfur mustard (HD),
the blood agent hydrogen cyanide (AC) and the choking agent chlorine
(CL). We report on the limits of detection reaching minimum concentration
levels of, for instance, 29 pptv for sarin (GB) within
an averaging time of only 1 s. Furthermore, we investigate the effects
of precursors, simulants, and other common interfering substances
on false positive alarms.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Ahrens
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, 30167Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Allers
- Bundeswehr Research Institute for Protective Technologies and CBRN Protection, Humboldtstraße 100, Munster29633, Germany
| | - Henrike Bock
- Bundeswehr Research Institute for Protective Technologies and CBRN Protection, Humboldtstraße 100, Munster29633, Germany
| | - Moritz Hitzemann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, 30167Hannover, Germany
| | - Arne Ficks
- Bundeswehr Research Institute for Protective Technologies and CBRN Protection, Humboldtstraße 100, Munster29633, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, 30167Hannover, Germany
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16
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Random Copolymers of Styrene with Pendant Fluorophore Moieties: Synthesis and Applications as Fluorescence Sensors for Nitroaromatics. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206957. [PMID: 36296548 PMCID: PMC9612241 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Five random copolymers comprising styrene and styrene with pendant fluorophore moieties, namely pyrene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and triphenylamine, in molar ratios of 10:1, were synthesized and employed as fluorescent sensors. Their photophysical properties were investigated using absorption and emission spectral analyses in dichloromethane solution and in solid state. All copolymers possessed relative quantum yields up to 0.3 in solution and absolute quantum yields up to 0.93 in solid state, depending on their fluorophore components. Fluorescence studies showed that the emission of these copolymers is highly sensitive towards various nitroaromatic compounds, both in solution and in the vapor phase. The detection limits of these fluorophores for nitroaromatic compounds in dichloromethane solution proved to be in the range of 10−6 to 10−7 mol/L. The sensor materials for new hand-made sniffers based on these fluorophores were prepared by electrospinning and applied for the reliable detection of nitrobenzene vapors at 1 ppm in less than 5 min.
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17
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Liu K, Qin M, Shi Q, Wang G, Zhang J, Ding N, Xi H, Liu T, Kong J, Fang Y. Fast and Selective Detection of Trace Chemical Warfare Agents Enabled by an ESIPT-Based Fluorescent Film Sensor. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11151-11158. [PMID: 35921590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reliable detection of airborne chemical warfare agents (CWAs) at the site and in real-time remains a challenge due to the rarity of miniaturized analytical tools. Herein, an o-carborane-functionalized benzothiazole derivative (PCBO) with excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) and AIE characteristics was synthesized. The PCBO-based film sensor showed a highly sensitive response to representative simulants of CWAs, and detection limits were found to be 1.0 mg·m-3 for triphosgene, 6.0 mg·m-3 for chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, and 0.2 mg·m-3 for diethyl chlorophosphite. Moreover, the sensor showed great reusability (>100 cycles) and unprecedented response speed (<0.5 s). The excellent sensing performance was ascribed to the microenvironmental sensitivity of the sensing fluorophore, the porous adlayer structure of the film, and the specific binding of the fluorophore to the analytes. Furthermore, discrimination and identification of the examined CWA simulants were realized via the introduction of another fluorophore (HCBO)-based film. Importantly, a portable fluorescent CWA detector was built with the sensor as the key component, and its applicability was demonstrated by the successful detection of a typical CWA sample (Sarin). The present study indicates that fluorescent film sensors could satisfy reliable onsite and real-time detection of harmful chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Molin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Qiyuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Nannan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Hailing Xi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Taihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Jinglin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
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18
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Grabka M, Witkiewicz Z, Jasek K, Piwowarski K. Acoustic Wave Sensors for Detection of Blister Chemical Warfare Agents and Their Simulants. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22155607. [PMID: 35957163 PMCID: PMC9371173 DOI: 10.3390/s22155607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
On-site detection and initial identification of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) remain difficult despite the many available devices designed for this type of analysis. Devices using well-established analytical techniques such as ion mobility spectrometry, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, or flame photometry, in addition to unquestionable advantages, also have some limitations (complexity, high unit cost, lack of selectivity). One of the emerging techniques of CWA detection is based on acoustic wave sensors, among which surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices and quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) are of particular importance. These devices allow for the construction of undemanding and affordable gas sensors whose selectivity, sensitivity, and other metrological parameters can be tailored by application of particular coating material. This review article presents the current state of knowledge and achievements in the field of SAW and QCM-based gas sensors used for the detection of blister agents as well as simulants of these substances. The scope of the review covers the detection of blister agents and their simulants only, as in the available literature no similar paper was found, in contrast to the detection of nerve agents. The article includes description of the principles of operation of acoustic wave sensors, a critical review of individual studies and solutions, and discusses development prospects of this analytical technique in the field of blister agent detection.
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Yu H, Zhu Y, Zhu L, Lin X, Wan Q. Recent Advances in Transistor-Based Bionic Perceptual Devices for Artificial Sensory Systems. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2022.954165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensory nervous system serves as the window for human beings to perceive the outside world by converting external stimuli into distinctive spiking trains. The sensory neurons in this system can process multimodal sensory signals with extremely low power consumption. Therefore, new-concept devices inspired by the sensory neuron are promising candidates to address energy issues in nowadays’ robotics, prosthetics and even computing systems. Recent years have witnessed rapid development in transistor-based bionic perceptual devices, and it is urgent to summarize the research and development of these devices. In this review, the latest progress of transistor-based bionic perceptual devices for artificial sense is reviewed and summarized in five aspects, i.e., vision, touch, hearing, smell, and pain. Finally, the opportunities and challenges related to these areas are also discussed. It would have bright prospects in the fields of artificial intelligence, prosthetics, brain-computer interface, robotics, and medical testing.
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20
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Wang W, Jin L, Hu F, Xu F, Ding CF. Nebulization Swab Assisted Photoionization Tandem Miniaturized Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry for On-Site Analysis of Nonvolatile Compounds. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:898-906. [PMID: 35475621 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nonvolatile compounds usually have a high molecular weight and exhibit a high boiling point, which poses great challenges to the ionization method of MS. Ambient ionization sources can efficiently analyze the nonvolatile compounds without complex pretreatment, but they generally require special media such as heating devices, laser optical devices, or corona needles. Acoustic nebulization assisted photoionization (ANPI) is a potential method for the analysis of nonvolatile compounds that uses nebulization as a prerequisite for photoionization and introduces many advantages of PI, including excellent ionization efficiency, a high yield of molecular ions, and simplified spectrum interpretation. However, the ANPI source can be limited in on-site applications by the complexity of the analytical devices and the high cost of the nebulization chip. To address this issue, in this paper, we explored cheap and commercially piezoelectric materials used in a mist sprayer and fabricated a nebulization swab assisted photoionization (NSAP) as an ambient ionization source. Some useful results are presented: numerical simulation was introduced successfully for optimizing the aerosol distribution in the NSAP source; nonvolatile muscle relaxants, drugs of abuse, antibiotics, phthalates, and cholesterol were detected mostly as their protonated molecular ions while some special acetone/water cluster ions were detected. In addition, the LOD for most of the target analytes ranged from 10.0 to 50.0 pg with RSD ≤ 9%. Finally, this method is implemented for Chinese baijiu spiked with phthalates. The experimental data shows the capability of a NSAP source in high sensitivity and on-site analysis of the nonvolatile compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Liuyu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Fengqing Hu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Fuxing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Chuan-Fan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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21
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Grabka M, Kula P, Szala M, Jasek K, Czerwiński M. Fluorophenol-Containing Hydrogen-Bond Acidic Polysiloxane for Gas Sensing-Synthesis and Characterization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061147. [PMID: 35335478 PMCID: PMC8949868 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the synthesis of a new polysiloxane, poly {dimethylsiloxane-co-[4-(2,3-difluoro-4-hydroxyphenoxy) butyl] methylsiloxane} (dubbed PMFOS), is presented. This polymer exhibits high hydrogen bond acidity and was designed to be used as a sensor layer in gas sensors. The description of the synthetic route of the PMFOS has been divided into two main stages: the synthesis of the functional substituent 4-(but-3-en-1-yloxy)-2,3-difluorophenol, and the post-polymerization functionalization of the polysiloxane chain (methylhydrosiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer) via hydrosilylation. The synthesized material was subjected to instrumental analysis, which confirmed its structure. The performed thermal analysis made it possible to determine some properties important for the sensor application, such as glass transition temperature and decomposition temperature. The results showed that PMFOS meets the requirements for materials intended for use in gas sensors based on acoustoelectric transducers.
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22
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Electrochemical Detection of Dinitrobenzene on Silicon Electrodes: Toward Explosives Sensors. SURFACES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/surfaces5010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Detection of explosives is vital for protection and criminal investigations, and developing novel explosives’ sensors stands at the forefront of the analytical and forensic chemistry endeavors. Due to the presence of terminal nitro groups that can be electrochemically reduced, nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) have been an analytical target for explosives’ electrochemical sensors. Various electrode materials have been used to detect NACs in solution, including glassy carbon electrodes (GCE), platinum (Pt), and gold (Au) electrodes, by tracking the reversible oxidation/reduction properties of the NACs on these electrodes. Here, we show that the reduction of dinitrobenzene (DNB) on oxide-free silicon (Si–H) electrodes is irreversible with two reduction peaks that disappear within the successive voltammetric scanning. AFM imaging showed the formation of a polymeric film whose thickness scales up with the DNB concentration. This suggest that Si–H surfaces can serve as DNB sensors and possibly other explosive substances. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements showed that the limit of detection (LoD) on Si–H is one order of magnitude lower than that obtained on GCE. In addition, EIS measurements showed that the LoD of DNB on Si–H is two orders of magnitude lower than the CV method. The fact that a Si–H surface can be used to track the presence of DNB makes it a suitable surface to be implemented as a sensing platform. To translate this concept into a sensor, however, it would require engineering and fabrication prospect to be compatible with the current semiconductor technologies.
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23
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Electrochemical determination of nitroaromatic explosives using glassy carbon/multi walled carbon nanotube/polyethyleneimine electrode coated with gold nanoparticles. Talanta 2022; 238:122990. [PMID: 34857323 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The on site/in field detection of explosives has become a rising priority for homeland security and counter-terrorism measures. This work presents the sensitive detection of nitroaromatic explosives using glassy carbon/multi-walled carbon nanotubes/polyethyleneimine (GC/MWCNTs/PEI) electrode coated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). MWCNTs and PEI could be well dispersed in ethanol/water solution, giving rise to a thin and homogeneous film on GCE. The GC/MWCNTs/PEI electrode was electrochemically modified with AuNPs and used for the differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) detection of nitroaromatics. The enhanced detection sensitivities were achieved through π-π and charge-transfer (CT) interactions between the electron-deficient nitroaromatic explosives and donor amine groups in PEI to which gold nanoparticles were linked, providing increased analyte affinity toward the modified GCE. Calibration curves of current intensity versus concentration were linear in the range of 0.05-8 mg L-1 for TNT, 0.2-4 mg L-1 for 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), 1-20 mg L-1 for 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), 0.25-10 mg L-1 for picric acid (PA), and 0.05-4 mg L-1 for 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-N-methylnitramine (tetryl) with detection limits (LOD) of 15 μg L-1, 45 μg L-1, 135 μg L-1, 30 μg L-1, and 12 μg L-1, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of nitroaromatics in synthetic explosive mixtures and military composite explosives (comp B and octol). The electrochemical method was not affected by possible interferents of electroactive camouflage materials and common soil ions. Method validation was performed against the reference LC-MS method on TNT and PA-contaminated clay soil samples separately.
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24
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Cheng C, Cui L, Xiong W, Gong Y, Ji H, Song W, Zhao J, Che Y. Emergent Photostability Synchronization in Coassembled Array Members for the Steady Multiple Discrimination of Explosives. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102739. [PMID: 34747152 PMCID: PMC8805549 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The design of sensor array members with synchronous fluorescence and photostability is crucial to the reliable performance of sensor arrays in multiple detections and their service life. Herein, a strategy is reported for achieving synchronous fluorescence and photostability on two coassemblies fabricated from carbazole-based energy donor hosts and a photostable energy acceptor. When a small number of the same energy acceptors are embedded into two carbazole-based energy donor hosts, the excitation energy of the donors can be efficiently harvested by the acceptors through long-range exciton migration and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to achieve synchronous fluorescence and photostability in both coassemblies. More intriguingly, the synchronous photostability substantially improves the multiple discrimination capacity (e.g., 10 times more discriminations of TNT in two coassemblies have been achieved compared to the sensor array comprising two individual donor assemblies) and the working lifetime of the sensor array. The concept of optical synchronization (i.e., emission and photostability) of sensor array members can be extended to other sensor arrays for the steady multiple detection of certain hazardous chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of PhotochemistryCAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Linfeng Cui
- Key Laboratory of PhotochemistryCAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of PhotochemistryCAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
| | - Yanjun Gong
- Key Laboratory of PhotochemistryCAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Hongwei Ji
- Key Laboratory of PhotochemistryCAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Wenjing Song
- Key Laboratory of PhotochemistryCAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Jincai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of PhotochemistryCAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Yanke Che
- Key Laboratory of PhotochemistryCAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
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Li M, Xie K, Wang G, Zheng J, Cao Y, Cheng X, Li Z, Wei F, Tu H, Tang J. An AIE-Active Ultrathin Polymeric Self-Assembled Monolayer Sensor for Trace Volatile Explosive Detection. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100551. [PMID: 34610177 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This work has prepared polymeric self-assembled monolayer (SAM) sensors for the detection of trace volatile nitroaromatic compound (NAC) explosives by fluorescence quenching. A typical aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogen 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethene (TPE) polymerizes into PTPE to increase the fluorescence intensity in the SAMs, and the phosphoric acid acts as the anchor group to form stable covalent bonds with the Al2 O3 substrate. This design takes advantage of the high sensitivity and good stability of SAMs, and high fluorescence intensity, and "wire effect" of the conjugated polymers. The polymeric SAM sensors are prepared on the Al2 O3 silicon wafer and testing paper. Both of them show good response speed, reversibility, selectivity, and sensitivity. The detection limits down to 0.07, 0.35, and 4.11 ppm for TNT, DNB, and NB, respectively, are achieved on the inorganic testing paper. Furthermore, due to the higher fluorescence intensity by interlacing and overlapping of fibers, the detection of the paper can be distinguished by naked eyes even with a low-power handheld UV lamp, which provides an experimental basis for the development of cheap and easy trace NAC explosive sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Kefeng Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Guozhi Wang
- GRIMAT Engineering Institute Co., Ltd, Beijing, 101407, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Smart Sensing, General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Beijing, 100088, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yingnan Cao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Feng Wei
- GRIMAT Engineering Institute Co., Ltd, Beijing, 101407, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Smart Sensing, General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Beijing, 100088, P. R. China
| | - Hailing Tu
- GRIMAT Engineering Institute Co., Ltd, Beijing, 101407, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Smart Sensing, General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Beijing, 100088, P. R. China
| | - Jinyao Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.,State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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26
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Cheema JA, Carraher C, Plank NOV, Travas-Sejdic J, Kralicek A. Insect odorant receptor-based biosensors: Current status and prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107840. [PMID: 34606949 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Whilst the senses of vision and hearing have been successfully automated and miniaturized in portable formats (e.g. smart phone), this is yet to be achieved with the sense of smell. This is because the sensing challenge is not trivial as it involves navigating a chemosensory space comprising thousands of volatile organic compounds. Distinct aroma recognition is based on detecting unique combinations of volatile organic compounds. In natural olfactory systems this is accomplished by employing odorant receptors (ORs) with varying specificities, together with combinatorial neural coding mechanisms. Attempts to mimic the remarkable sensitivity and accuracy of natural olfactory systems has therefore been challenging. Current portable chemical sensors for odorant detection are neither sensitive nor selective, prompting research exploring artificial olfactory devices that use natural OR proteins for sensing. Much research activity to develop OR based biosensors has concentrated on mammalian ORs, however, insect ORs have not been explored as extensively. Insects possess an extraordinary sense of smell due to a repertoire of odorant receptors evolved to interpret olfactory cues vital to the insects' survival. The potential of insect ORs as sensing elements is only now being unlocked through recent research efforts to understand their structure, ligand binding mechanisms and development of odorant biosensors. Like their mammalian counterparts, there are many challenges with working with insect ORs. These include expression, purification and presentation of the insect OR in a stable display format compatible with an effective transduction methodology while maintaining OR structure and function. Despite these challenges, significant progress has been demonstrated in developing OR-based biosensors which exploit insect ORs in cells, lipid bilayers, liposomes and nanodisc formats. Ultrasensitive and highly selective detection of volatile organic compounds has been validated by coupling these insect OR display formats with transduction methodologies spanning optical (fluorescence) and electrical (field effect transistors, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) techniques. This review summarizes the current status of insect OR based biosensors and their future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Ahmed Cheema
- Polymer Biointerface Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Colm Carraher
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Natalie O V Plank
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- Polymer Biointerface Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew Kralicek
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Scentian Bio Limited, 1c Goring Road, Sandringham, Auckland 1025, New Zealand.
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27
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Kingsborough RP, Wrobel AT, Kunz RR. Colourimetry for the sensitive detection of vapour-phase chemicals: State of the art and future trends. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Evans-Nguyen K, Stelmack AR, Clowser PC, Holtz JM, Mulligan CC. FIELDABLE MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR FORENSIC SCIENCE, HOMELAND SECURITY, AND DEFENSE APPLICATIONS. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:628-646. [PMID: 32722885 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is commonly used in forensic chemistry laboratories for sensitive, definitive analysis. There have been significant efforts to bring mass spectrometry analysis on-site through the development of ruggedized, fieldable instruments. Testing samples in the field is of particular interest in forensic science, homeland security, and defense applications. In forensic chemistry, testing seized drugs in the field can significantly improve efficiencies in processing of related criminal cases. The screening of passengers and luggage at transportation hubs is a critical need for homeland security for which mass spectrometry is well suited to provide definitive answers with low false positive rates. Mass spectrometry can yield reliable data for military personnel testing sites for potential chemical weapons release. To meet the needs of the forensic and security communities fieldable mass spectrometers based on membrane inlet systems and hybrid gas chromatography systems have been developed and commercialized. More recently developed ambient ionization mass spectrometry methods can eliminate the time, equipment, and expertise associated with sample preparation, and so are especially appealing for on-site analysis. We describe the development of fieldable mass spectrometry systems, with emphasis on commercially available systems that have been deployed for on-site analysis of seized drugs, chemical warfare agents, explosives, and other analytes of interest to the forensic and security communities. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenyon Evans-Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL
| | | | | | - Jessica M Holtz
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL
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Zhang M, Zhao Z, Hui B, Sun J, Sun J, Tian W, Zhang Z, Zhang K, Xia Y. Carbonized polymer dots activated hierarchical tungsten oxide for efficient and stable triethylamine sensor. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126161. [PMID: 34492939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical metal oxide semiconductors present great potential in detecting toxic and hazardous gases with special emphasis on the regulation of their structures and compositions to advance sensor performance. Herein, marine polysaccharide derived carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) are presented to activate hierarchical tungsten oxide (WO3) as efficient and stable triethylamine sensor. Owing to the promoted receptor and transducer function of the oxide/polymer/carbon heterostructure, the CPDs/WO3 sensor exhibits extraordinary sensing characteristics for triethylamine detection, including higher response (4.3 times), faster response/recovery (4.3 times/2.1 times), lower operating temperature (30 °C) and lower detection limit (2.4 times) as compared with hierarchical WO3 sensor, which are also superior to most of the previous reports related to triethylamine detection. Importantly, the adsorption-desorption kinetic of WO3 is found to be enhanced by 67 times after introducing CPDs, mainly derived from abundant slit-like channels for gas diffuse, desirable defect feature as reactive sites, and favorable 0D-2D interface for charge transfer and transport. This work not only establishes an alternative strategy for promoting metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors but also provides a fundamental understanding of CPDs in gas-sensing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Bin Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Jianhua Sun
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Jianxin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Weiliang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering in South Xinjiang, College of Life Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, PR China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Kewei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Yanzhi Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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Giordano GF, Freitas VMS, Schleder GR, Santhiago M, Gobbi AL, Lima RS. Bifunctional Metal Meshes Acting as a Semipermeable Membrane and Electrode for Sensitive Electrochemical Determination of Volatile Compounds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:35914-35923. [PMID: 34309352 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The monitoring of toxic inorganic gases and volatile organic compounds has brought the development of field-deployable, sensitive, and scalable sensors into focus. Here, we attempted to meet these requirements by using concurrently microhole-structured meshes as (i) a membrane for the gas diffusion extraction of an analyte from a donor sample and (ii) an electrode for the sensitive electrochemical determination of this target with the receptor electrolyte at rest. We used two types of meshes with complementary benefits, i.e., Ni mesh fabricated by robust, scalable, and well-established methods for manufacturing specific designs and stainless steel wire mesh (SSWM), which is commercially available at a low cost. The diffusion of gas (from a donor) was conducted in headspace mode, thus minimizing issues related to mesh fouling. When compared with the conventional polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane, both the meshes (40 μm hole diameter) led to a higher amount of vapor collected into the electrolyte for subsequent detection. This inedited fashion produced a kind of reverse diffusion of the analyte dissolved into the electrolyte (receptor), i.e., from the electrode to bulk, which further enabled highly sensitive analyses. Using Ni mesh coated with Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles, the limit of detection reached for ethanol was 24-fold lower than the data attained by a platform with a PTFE membrane and placement of the electrode into electrolyte bulk. This system was applied in the determination of ethanol in complex samples related to the production of ethanol biofuel. It is noteworthy that a simple equation fitted by machine learning was able to provide accurate assays (accuracies from 97 to 102%) by overcoming matrix effect-related interferences on detection performance. Furthermore, preliminary measurements demonstrated the successful coating of the meshes with gold films as an alternative raw electrode material and the monitoring of HCl utilizing Au-coated SSWMs. These strategies extend the applicability of the platform that may help to develop valuable volatile sensing solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela F Giordano
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Vitoria M S Freitas
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Gabriel R Schleder
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Murilo Santhiago
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Angelo L Gobbi
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Renato S Lima
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
- Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
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31
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Bocos-Bintintan V, Ratiu IA. Fast Sensing of Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) Vapors Using a Hand-Held Ion Mobility Spectrometer with Nonradioactive Ionization Source. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21155045. [PMID: 34372282 PMCID: PMC8347864 DOI: 10.3390/s21155045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive real-time detection of vapors produced by toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) always represents a stringent priority. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is definitely a TIC, being widely used in various industries and as an insecticide; it is a reactive, very flammable, and highly toxic compound that affects the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, eyes, nose, throat, and also has systemic effects. Moreover, HCN is considered a blood chemical warfare agent. This study was focused toward quick detection and quantification of HCN in air using time-of-flight ion mobility spectrometry (ToF IMS). Results obtained clearly indicate that IMS can rapidly detect HCN at sub-ppmv levels in air. Ion mobility spectrometric response was obtained in the negative ion mode and presented one single distinct product ion, at reduced ion mobility K0 of 2.38 cm2 V−1 s−1. Our study demonstrated that by using a miniaturized commercial IMS system with nonradioactive ionization source model LCD-3.2E (Smiths Detection Ltd., London, UK), one can easily measure HCN at concentrations of 0.1 ppmv (0.11 mg m−3) in negative ion mode, which is far below the OSHA PEL-TWA value of 10 ppmv. Measurement range was from 0.1 to 10 ppmv and the estimated limit of detection LoD was ca. 20 ppbv (0.02 mg m−3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Bocos-Bintintan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, RO-400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Transcend SRL, RO-400568 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (V.B.-B.); (I.A.R.)
| | - Ileana Andreea Ratiu
- “Raluca Ripan” Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babes-Bolyai University, RO-400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (V.B.-B.); (I.A.R.)
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32
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Guo X, Shang Y, Lv Y, Bai H, Ma Q. Suspect Screening of Fentanyl Analogs Using Matrix-Assisted Ionization and a Miniature Mass Spectrometer with a Custom Expandable Mass Spectral Library. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10152-10159. [PMID: 34254788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reliable identification of fentanyl and its analogs is of great significance for public security. However, with the growing prevalence of fentanyl compounds, current analytical strategies cannot fully meet the need for fast and high-throughput detection. In this study, a simple, rapid, and on-site analytical protocol was developed based on a miniature mass spectrometer. A dramatically simplified workflow was implemented using matrix-assisted ionization, bypassing complex sample pretreatment and chromatographic separation. The tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) capability afforded by the miniature ion trap mass spectrometer facilitated the investigation of fragmentation patterns for 49 fentanyl analogs during collision-induced dissociation, revealing valuable information on marker fragment ions and characteristic neutral loss. Calculations on Laplacian bond order values further verified the mass spectrometric behavior. A computation-assisted expandable mass spectral library was constructed in-house for fentanyl compounds. Smart suspect screening was carried out based on the full-scan MS and MS/MS data. The present study demonstrates an appealing potential for forensic applications, enabling streamlined screening for the presence of illicit fentanyl compounds at the point of seizures of suspect samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Guo
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yuhan Shang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yueguang Lv
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
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33
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Kim JS, Lee MJ, Nam H, Do S, Lee JH, Park MK, Park BH. Indoor and Outdoor Tests for a Chemi-capacitance Carbon Nanotube Sensor Installed on a Quadrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Dimethyl Methylphosphonate Detection and Mapping. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:16159-16164. [PMID: 34179661 PMCID: PMC8223397 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been used as a new chemical reconnaissance platform in chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear detection and in industrial monitoring and environmental research, owing to their mobility, unconventional accessibility, and safety. Based on the UAV's payload and operational time considerations, the ultralight chip-sized chemical sensor is the most promising candidate for chemical reconnaissance among various chemical sensors. To optimize the UAV's chip-sensor performance, realistic outdoor tests of chemical sensors during UAV flights have to be conducted to verify their performances. In this study, indoor and outdoor experiments were conducted with a carbon nanotube (CNT)-based chip sensor installed on the UAV to detect dimethyl methylphosphonates (DMMPs), commonly used as chemical warfare agent simulants. Based on the indoor tests, DMMP concentrations and the position/direction of the CNT sensor were analyzed to optimize the sensing performances during UAV operations. Based on outdoor tests, we confirmed that the chemical sensor mounted on the UAV could detect DMMP gases by moving designated pathways in realistic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Seon Kim
- CBRN
Directorate, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34186, Korea
| | - Myeong Jae Lee
- CBRN
Directorate, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34186, Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Nam
- CBRN
Directorate, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34186, Korea
| | - Sangwon Do
- CBRN
Directorate, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34186, Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Lee
- CBRN
Directorate, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34186, Korea
| | - Myung Kyu Park
- CBRN
Directorate, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34186, Korea
| | - Byeong Hwang Park
- CBRN
Directorate, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34186, Korea
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34
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Determination of quasi-primary odors by endpoint detection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12070. [PMID: 34103566 PMCID: PMC8187439 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91210-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that there are no primary odors that can represent any other odors with their combination. Here, we propose an alternative approach: "quasi" primary odors. This approach comprises the following condition and method: (1) within a collected dataset and (2) by the machine learning-based endpoint detection. The quasi-primary odors are selected from the odors included in a collected odor dataset according to the endpoint score. While it is limited within the given dataset, the combination of such quasi-primary odors with certain ratios can reproduce any other odor in the dataset. To visually demonstrate this approach, the three quasi-primary odors having top three high endpoint scores are assigned to the vertices of a chromaticity triangle with red, green, and blue. Then, the other odors in the dataset are projected onto the chromaticity triangle to have their unique colors. The number of quasi-primary odors is not limited to three but can be set to an arbitrary number. With this approach, one can first find "extreme" odors (i.e., quasi-primary odors) in a given odor dataset, and then, reproduce any other odor in the dataset or even synthesize a new arbitrary odor by combining such quasi-primary odors with certain ratios.
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Wang G, Li M, Wei Q, Xiong Y, Li J, Li Z, Tang J, Wei F, Tu H. Design of an AIE-Active Flexible Self-Assembled Monolayer Probe for Trace Nitroaromatic Compound Explosive Detection. ACS Sens 2021; 6:1849-1856. [PMID: 33827212 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a series of molecules TPE-PA-n (n = 3-11) were designed with classic aggregation-induced emission (AIE) 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethene (TPE) for self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), which are applied for the detection of trace nitroaromatic compound (NAC) explosives. Phosphoric acid that acts as an anchor is used to connect with TPE through alkyl chains of various lengths. It is found that the alkyl chains play a role in pulling TPE luminogens to aggregate for light emission, which can affect the fluorescence and sensing performance of the SAMs. Ulteriorly, a model is built to explore the influence of the alkyl chain length on the device performance, which is determined by the three effects of the alkyl chain: flexibility, the coupling effect, and the odd-even effect. By comparison, the functional molecules with the chain length of 8 were finally selected and further applied for NAC sensors. By means of fluorescence spectra, the SAM sensor was proved to have good stability, reversibility, selectivity, and sensitivity, and its detection limits for trinitrotoluene, dinitrotoluene, and nitrobenzene were 1.2, 6.0, and 35.7 ppm, respectively. This work provides new ideas for the design and preparation of flexible sensors for trace NAC detection with high performance, low cost, and easy operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhi Wang
- GRIMAT Engineering Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 101407, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Smart Sensing, GRINM Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100088, China
- General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Mingliang Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Qianhui Wei
- GRIMAT Engineering Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 101407, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Smart Sensing, GRINM Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100088, China
| | - Yuhua Xiong
- GRIMAT Engineering Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 101407, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Smart Sensing, GRINM Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100088, China
| | - Jie Li
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Jinyao Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Feng Wei
- GRIMAT Engineering Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 101407, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Smart Sensing, GRINM Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100088, China
| | - Hailing Tu
- GRIMAT Engineering Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 101407, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Smart Sensing, GRINM Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100088, China
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Brown HM, McDaniel TJ, Doppalapudi KR, Mulligan CC, Fedick PW. Rapid, in situ detection of chemical warfare agent simulants and hydrolysis products in bulk soils by low-cost 3D-printed cone spray ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 2021; 146:3127-3136. [PMID: 33999086 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00255d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) are toxic chemicals that have been used as disabling or lethal weapons in war, terrorist attacks, and assasinations. The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) has prohibited the use, development, production, and stockpiling of CWAs since its initiation in 1997, however, the threat of deployment still looms. Detection of trace CWAs post-deployment or post-remediation, in bulk matrices such as soil, often requires lengthy sample preparation steps or extensive chromatographic separation times. 3D-printed cone spray ionization (3D-PCSI), an ambient ionization mass spectrometric (MS) technique, provides a rapid, simple, and low-cost method for trace CWA analysis in soil matrices for both in-laboratory and in-field detection. Described here is the utilization of conductive 3D-printed cones to perform both rapid sampling and ionization for CWA simulants and hydrolysis products in eight solid matrices. The analysis of trace quantities of CWA simulants and hydrolysis products by 3D-PCSI-MS coupled to both a commercial benchtop system and a field-portable MS system is detailed. Empirical limits of detection (LOD) for CWA simulants on the benchtop MS ranged from 100 ppt to 750 ppb and were highly dependant on solid matrix composition, with the portable system yielding similar spectral data from alike matrices, albeit with lower sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary M Brown
- Chemistry Division, Research Department, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, California 93555, USA.
| | - Trevor J McDaniel
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, USA.
| | - Karan R Doppalapudi
- Chemistry Division, Research Department, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, California 93555, USA.
| | | | - Patrick W Fedick
- Chemistry Division, Research Department, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, California 93555, USA.
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Lee JM, Lee Y, Devaraj V, Nguyen TM, Kim YJ, Kim YH, Kim C, Choi EJ, Han DW, Oh JW. Investigation of colorimetric biosensor array based on programable surface chemistry of M13 bacteriophage towards artificial nose for volatile organic compound detection: From basic properties of the biosensor to practical application. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 188:113339. [PMID: 34030096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Various threats such as explosives, drugs, environmental hormones, and spoiled food manifest themselves with the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in our environment. In order to recognize and respond to these threats early, the demand for highly sensitive and selective electronic noses is increasing. The M13 bacteriophage-based optoelectronic nose is an excellent candidate to meet all these requirements. However, the phage-based electronic nose is still in its infancy, and strategies that include a systematic approach and development are still essential. Here, we have integrated theoretical and experimental approaches to analyze the correlation between the surface chemistry of genetically engineered phage and the phage-based optoelectronic nose properties. The reactivity of the genetically engineered phage color film to some VOCs were quantitatively analyzed, and the correlation with the binding affinity value calculated by Density-functional theory (DFT) was compared. This demonstrates that phage color films have controllable reactivity through a genetic engineering. We have selected phages that are advantageous in distinguishing each VOCs in this work through hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The reason for this difference was verified through the optimized geometry calculated by DFT. Through this, it was confirmed that the tryptophan-based and the Histidine-based of genetically engineered phage film are important in distinguishing the VOCs (Y-hexanolactone, 2-isopropyl-4-methylthiazole, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, and acetaldehyde) used in this work to evaluate the peach freshness quality. This was applied to the design of a field-applied phage-based optoelectronic nose and verified by measuring the freshness of the actual fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Min Lee
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Lee
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Vasanthan Devaraj
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanh Mien Nguyen
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Ji Kim
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - You Hwan Kim
- Department of Nanoenergy Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Chuntae Kim
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Choi
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Wook Han
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea; Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Woo Oh
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea; Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanoenergy Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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38
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Thiol-Amine Functionalized Decorated Carbon Nanotubes for Biomarker Gases Detection. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9050087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of gas molecules are expelled in exhaled breath, and some of them can reveal diseases and metabolomic disorders. For that reason, the development of fast, inexpensive, and reliable sensing devices has been attracting growing interest. Here, we present the development of different chemoresistors based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) decorated with platinum (MWCNT/Pt) and palladium (MWCNT/Pt) nanoparticles and also functionalized with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 11-amino-1-undecanethiol (Thiol-amine). The nanocomposites developed are a proof-of-concept to detect some biomarker molecules. Specifically, the capability to identify and measure different concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), either aromatic (toluene and benzene) and non-aromatic (ethanol and methanol) was assessed. As a result, this paper reports the significant differences in sensing performance achieved according to the metal nanoparticle used, and the high sensitivity obtained when SAMs are grown on the sensitive film, acting as a receptor for biomarker vapours.
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Moon CW, Park JE, Park M, Kim Y, Narasimha K, Hyun JK, Park SJ. Responsive Thin-Film Interference Colors from Polaronic Conjugated Block Copolymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:1555-1561. [PMID: 33369432 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c19252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Colors responsive to the chemical environment can form the basis for simple and highly accessible diagnostic tools. Herein, the charge modulation of conjugated polymers is demonstrated as a new mechanism for chemically responsive structural colors based on thin-film interference. A liquid-liquid interfacial self-assembly is employed to create a conjugated block copolymer film that is flexible, transferable, and highly homogeneous in thickness over a large area. Gold (Au) complexes are introduced in the self-assembly process for in situ oxidation of conjugated polymers into a hole-polaronic state that renders the polymer film responsive to the chemical environment. When transferred onto a reflective substrate, the film shows thickness-dependent tunable reflective colors due to the optical interference. Furthermore, it experiences drastic changes in its dielectric behavior upon switching of the polaronic state, thereby enabling large modulations to the interferometric colors. Such responsive thin-film colors, in turn, can be used as a simple and intuitive multicolor readout for the recognition of reductive vapors including biological decomposition products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheon Woo Moon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyeong Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngji Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Karnati Narasimha
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jerome Kartham Hyun
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Jung Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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40
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Pevzner A, Feldheim G, Zaltsman A, Elisha S, Heleg-Shabtai V, Ron I. Sonic-spray introduction of liquid samples to hand-held Ion mobility spectrometry analyzers. Analyst 2021; 146:1940-1948. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an02401e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sonic spray vaporization of liquid samples for introduction to hand-held ion mobility spectrometry vapor analyzers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pevzner
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Israel Institute for Biological Research
- Ness-Ziona 74100
- Israel
| | - Gil Feldheim
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Israel Institute for Biological Research
- Ness-Ziona 74100
- Israel
| | - Amalia Zaltsman
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Israel Institute for Biological Research
- Ness-Ziona 74100
- Israel
| | - Shmuel Elisha
- Environmental Physics Department
- Israel Institute for Biological Research
- Ness-Ziona 74100
- Israel
| | - Vered Heleg-Shabtai
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Israel Institute for Biological Research
- Ness-Ziona 74100
- Israel
| | - Izhar Ron
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Israel Institute for Biological Research
- Ness-Ziona 74100
- Israel
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41
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Volatile Organic Compounds in Exhaled Breath as Fingerprints of Lung Cancer, Asthma and COPD. J Clin Med 2020; 10:jcm10010032. [PMID: 33374433 PMCID: PMC7796324 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are inflammatory diseases that have risen worldwide, posing a major public health issue, encompassing not only physical and psychological morbidity and mortality, but also incurring significant societal costs. The leading cause of death worldwide by cancer is that of the lung, which, in large part, is a result of the disease often not being detected until a late stage. Although COPD and asthma are conditions with considerably lower mortality, they are extremely distressful to people and involve high healthcare overheads. Moreover, for these diseases, diagnostic methods are not only costly but are also invasive, thereby adding to people’s stress. It has been appreciated for many decades that the analysis of trace volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath could potentially provide cheaper, rapid, and non-invasive screening procedures to diagnose and monitor the above diseases of the lung. However, after decades of research associated with breath biomarker discovery, no breath VOC tests are clinically available. Reasons for this include the little consensus as to which breath volatiles (or pattern of volatiles) can be used to discriminate people with lung diseases, and our limited understanding of the biological origin of the identified VOCs. Lung disease diagnosis using breath VOCs is challenging. Nevertheless, the numerous studies of breath volatiles and lung disease provide guidance as to what volatiles need further investigation for use in differential diagnosis, highlight the urgent need for non-invasive clinical breath tests, illustrate the way forward for future studies, and provide significant guidance to achieve the goal of developing non-invasive diagnostic tests for lung disease. This review provides an overview of these issues from evaluating key studies that have been undertaken in the years 2010–2019, in order to present objective and comprehensive updated information that presents the progress that has been made in this field. The potential of this approach is highlighted, while strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats are discussed. This review will be of interest to chemists, biologists, medical doctors and researchers involved in the development of analytical instruments for breath diagnosis.
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42
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Bocos-Bintintan V, Ratiu IA. Hunting for Toxic Industrial Chemicals: Real-Time Detection of Carbon Disulfide Traces by Means of Ion Mobility Spectrometry. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8040121. [PMID: 33327618 PMCID: PMC7765148 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive real-time detection of vapors produced by toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) represents a stringent priority nowadays. Carbon disulfide (CS2) is such a chemical, being widely used in manufacturing synthetic textile fibers and as a solvent. CS2 is simultaneously a very reactive, highly flammable, irritant, corrosive, and highly toxic compound, affecting the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, eyes, kidneys, liver, skin, and reproductive system. This study was directed towards quick detection and quantification of CS2 in air, using time-of-flight ion mobility spectrometry (IMS); photoionization detection (PID) was also used as confirmatory technique. Results obtained indicated that IMS can detect CS2 at trace levels in air. The ion mobility spectrometric response was in the negative ion mode and presented one product ion, at a reduced ion mobility (K0) of 2.25 cm2 V−1 s−1. Our study demonstrated that by using a portable, commercial IMS system (model Mini IMS, I.U.T. GmbH Berlin Germany) one can easily measure CS2 at concentrations of 0.1 ppmv (0.3 mg m−3) in the negative ion mode, which is below the lowest threshold value of 1 ppmv given for industrial hygiene. A limit of detection (LOD) of ca. 30 ppbv (0.1 mg m−3) was also estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Bocos-Bintintan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, RO-400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (V.B.-B.); (I.A.R.)
| | - Ileana Andreea Ratiu
- “Raluca Ripan” Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babes-Bolyai University, RO-400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Correspondence: (V.B.-B.); (I.A.R.)
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43
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Analysis of volatile emissions from grape berries infected with Aspergillus carbonarius using hyphenated and portable mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21179. [PMID: 33273624 PMCID: PMC7713432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78332-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins represent a serious risk for human and animal health. Οchratoxin A (OTA) is a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by A. carbonarius that constitutes a severe problem for viticulture. In this study, we investigate the development of novel detection and on-line monitoring approaches for the detection of OTA in the field (i.e. out of the chemical laboratory) using advanced molecular sensing. Both stand-alone and hyphenated mass spectrometry (MS) based systems (e.g. Time-of-Flight ToF-MS and gas chromatography GC combined with MS) and compact portable membrane inlet MS (MIMS) have been employed for the first time to detect and monitor volatile emissions of grape berries infected by the fungus Aspergillus carbonarius. In vacuo (electron impact-EI) and ambient ionisation (electrospray ionisation-ESI) techniques were also examined. On-line measurements of the volatile emissions of grape berries, infected by various strains of A. carbonarius with different toxicity levels, were performed resulting in different olfactory chemical profiles with a common core of characteristic mass fragments, which could be eventually used for on-site detection and monitoring allowing consequent improvement in food security.
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44
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Yan Y, Zhang J, Yi S, Liu L, Huang C. Lighting up forensic science by aggregation-induced emission: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1155:238119. [PMID: 33766314 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Forensic science requires a fast, sensitive, and anti-interfering imaging tool for on-site investigation and bio-analysis. The aggregation-induced emission (AIE) phenomenon exhibits remarkable luminescence properties (large Stokes shift, diverse molecular structures, and high photo-stability), which can provide a viable solution for on-site analysis, while at the same time overcoming the problem of aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ). Based on the outstanding performance in chemical analysis and bio-sensing, AIE materials have great prospects in the field of forensic science. Therefore, the application of AIE in forensic science has been summarized for the first time in this article. After a brief introduction to the concept and development of AIE, its applications in the determination of toxic or hazardous substances, based on data on poisoning deaths, has been summarized. Subsequently, besides the bio-imaging function, other applications of AIE in analyzing markers related to forensic genetics, forensic pathology, (focusing on the corpse) and clinical forensics (focusing on the living) have been discussed. In addition, applications of AIE molecules in criminal investigations, including recognition of fingerprints and blood stains, detection of explosives and chemical warfare agents, and anti-counterfeiting have also been presented. It is hoped that this review will light up the future of forensic science by stimulating more research work on the suitability of AIE materials in advancing forensic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Yan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Junchao Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shaohua Yi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Chuixiu Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Blanco S, Macario A, García‐Calvo J, Revilla‐Cuesta A, Torroba T, López JC. Microwave Detection of Wet Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP): Non‐Covalent Forces and Water Dynamics. Chemistry 2020; 27:1680-1687. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Blanco
- Departamento de Química Física y Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, IU CINQUIMA Universidad de Valladolid 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Alberto Macario
- Departamento de Química Física y Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, IU CINQUIMA Universidad de Valladolid 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - José García‐Calvo
- Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Burgos 09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Andrea Revilla‐Cuesta
- Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Burgos 09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Tomas Torroba
- Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Burgos 09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Juan Carlos López
- Departamento de Química Física y Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, IU CINQUIMA Universidad de Valladolid 47011 Valladolid Spain
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46
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Forbes TP, Krauss ST, Gillen G. Trace Detection and Chemical Analysis of Homemade Fuel-Oxidizer Mixture Explosives: Emerging Challenges and Perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2020; 131:10.1016/j.trac.2020.116023. [PMID: 34135538 PMCID: PMC8201619 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The chemical analysis of homemade explosives (HMEs) and improvised explosive devices (IEDs) remains challenging for fieldable analytical instrumentation and sensors. Complex explosive fuel-oxidizer mixtures, black and smokeless powders, flash powders, and pyrotechnics often include an array of potential organic and inorganic components that present unique interference and matrix effect difficulties. The widely varying physicochemical properties of these components as well as external environmental interferents and background challenge many sampling and sensing modalities. This review provides perspective on these emerging challenges, critically discusses developments in sampling, sensors, and instrumentation, and showcases advancements for the trace detection of inorganic-based explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Forbes
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Shannon T. Krauss
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Greg Gillen
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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47
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Huo X, Chen D, Tian Y, Li M, Yu Q, Guo C, Wang X. Asymmetric rectilinear ion trap with unidirectional ion ejection capability. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4606. [PMID: 32786165 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the shapes of the electrodes are modified based on a rectilinear ion trap to achieve unidirectional ejection of ions. The designed asymmetric rectilinear ion trap (ARIT) analyzer adds convex and concave circular structures with a height of 0.5 mm on the two X-electrodes, so that the electric field center of the ion trap is inclined to the concave side. The electric field lines of the convex side are compressed to the concave side. Both simulations and experimental results show that ions are more likely to emit from the slit on the concave side plate when performing ion resonance ejection. The mass spectrum signal intensity can reach more than twice that of the original rectilinear trap when using only one detector. Calculations of the electric field components in the trap show that the even-order higher field proportion in the ion trap has not been significantly affected. Combined with the experimental test results, the study further confirmed that the developed ARIT has no significant loss in mass resolution, tandem mass spectrometry capability, and quantitative analysis capability. The proposed asymmetric structure modification scheme can achieve single-side ejection without significantly affecting other performances of the analyzer, which provides a new idea for the structural optimization of the subsequent ion trap analyzers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Huo
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Division of Life Science & Health, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Man Li
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Quan Yu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Cheng'an Guo
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Shenzhen CHIN Instrument Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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48
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To KC, Ben-Jaber S, Parkin IP. Recent Developments in the Field of Explosive Trace Detection. ACS NANO 2020; 14:10804-10833. [PMID: 32790331 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Explosive trace detection (ETD) technologies play a vital role in maintaining national security. ETD remains an active research area with many analytical techniques in operational use. This review details the latest advances in animal olfactory, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), and Raman and colorimetric detection methods. Developments in optical, biological, electrochemical, mass, and thermal sensors are also covered in addition to the use of nanomaterials technology. Commercially available systems are presented as examples of current detection capabilities and as benchmarks for improvement. Attention is also drawn to recent collaborative projects involving government, academia, and industry to highlight the emergence of multimodal screening approaches and applications. The objective of the review is to provide a comprehensive overview of ETD by highlighting challenges in ETD and providing an understanding of the principles, advantages, and limitations of each technology and relating this to current systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Chuen To
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sultan Ben-Jaber
- Department of Science and Forensics, King Fahad Security College, Riyadh 13232, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
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Romih T, Menart E, Jovanovski V, Jerič A, Andrenšek S, Hočevar SB. Sodium-Polyacrylate-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Highly Sensitive Detection of Gaseous Phenol at Room Temperature. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2570-2577. [PMID: 32597168 PMCID: PMC7467822 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The detection of volatile organic
compounds with electrochemical
gas sensors is still very challenging regarding their sensitivity,
selectivity, and operation at room temperature. There is a need for
robust, sensitive, inexpensive, and yet easy-to-operate sensors for
phenol and other phenolic compounds that function reliably under ambient
conditions. Herein, we present a phenol gas sensor based on a combination
of a semisolid, alkaline sodium polyacrylate, and commercial screen-printed
electrodes. Sodium polyacrylate was employed as a multifunctional
sensing material serving as a (i) gel-like electrolyte, (ii) accumulation
milieu, and (iii) derivatization medium. Under ambient conditions,
the sensor showed excellent sensitivity in the low ppbv (μg
m–3) range, a good linear operation in the examined
concentration range of 0.1–1.0 ppmv for up to 105 min accumulation,
and low sensitivity toward examined interferences. The sensor also
indicated a possibility to differentiate between several phenolic
compounds based on their oxidation potential. Given its favorable
electroanalytical performance, a strong application potential is envisioned
in topical fields such as environmental monitoring, cultural heritage
preservation, and occupational health and safety.
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50
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Bruderer T, Gaugg MT, Cappellin L, Lopez-Hilfiker F, Hutterli M, Perkins N, Zenobi R, Moeller A. Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds with Secondary Electrospray Ionization and Proton Transfer Reaction High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: A Feature Comparison. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1632-1640. [PMID: 32584571 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of volatiles is of high relevance for a wide range of applications from environmental air sampling and security screening to potential medical applications. High-resolution mass spectrometry methods offer a particularly wide compound coverage, sensitivity, and selectivity. Online approaches allow direct analysis in real time without the need for sample preparation. For the first time, we systematically compared the analysis of volatile organic compounds with secondary electrospray ionization (SESI) and proton transfer reaction (PTR) high-resolution mass spectrometry. The selected instruments had comparable mass resolving powers with m/Δm ≥ 15000, which is particularly suitable for nontargeted analysis, for example, of exhaled breath. Exhalations from 14 healthy adults were analyzed simultaneously on both instruments. In addition, 97 reference standards from nine chemical classes were analyzed with a liquid evaporation system. Surprisingly, in breath, we found more complementary than overlapping features. A clear mass dependence was observed for each method with the highest number of detected m/z features for SESI in the high mass region (m/z = 150-250) and for PTR in the low mass region (m/z = 50-150). SESI yielded a significantly higher numbers of peaks (828) compared to PTR (491) among a total of 1304 unique breath m/z features. The number of signals observed by both methods was lower than expected (133 features) with 797 unique SESI features and 374 unique PTR features. Hypotheses to explain the observed mass-dependent differences are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bruderer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital Zurich and Children's Research Center Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin T Gaugg
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Cappellin
- TOFWERK AG, 3645 Thun, Switzerland
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | | | | | - Nathan Perkins
- Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Moeller
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital Zurich and Children's Research Center Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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