1
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Hait D, Lahana D, Fajen OJ, Paz ASP, Unzueta PA, Rana B, Lu L, Wang Y, Kjønstad EF, Koch H, Martínez TJ. Prediction of photodynamics of 200 nm excited cyclobutanone with linear response electronic structure and ab initio multiple spawning. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:244101. [PMID: 38912674 DOI: 10.1063/5.0203800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Simulations of photochemical reaction dynamics have been a challenge to the theoretical chemistry community for some time. In an effort to determine the predictive character of current approaches, we predict the results of an upcoming ultrafast diffraction experiment on the photodynamics of cyclobutanone after excitation to the lowest lying Rydberg state (S2). A picosecond of nonadiabatic dynamics is described with ab initio multiple spawning. We use both time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and equation-of-motion coupled cluster singles and doubles (EOM-CCSD) theory for the underlying electronic structure theory. We find that the lifetime of the S2 state is more than a picosecond (with both TDDFT and EOM-CCSD). The predicted ultrafast electron diffraction spectrum exhibits numerous structural features, but weak time dependence over the course of the simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptarka Hait
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94024, USA
| | - Dean Lahana
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94024, USA
| | - O Jonathan Fajen
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94024, USA
| | - Amiel S P Paz
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94024, USA
| | - Pablo A Unzueta
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94024, USA
| | - Bhaskar Rana
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94024, USA
| | - Lixin Lu
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94024, USA
| | - Yuanheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94024, USA
| | - Eirik F Kjønstad
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94024, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Henrik Koch
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Todd J Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94024, USA
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2
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Huang H, Peng J, Zhang Y, Gu FL, Lan Z, Xu C. The development of the QM/MM interface and its application for the on-the-fly QM/MM nonadiabatic dynamics in JADE package: Theory, implementation, and applications. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:234101. [PMID: 38884395 DOI: 10.1063/5.0215036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the nonadiabatic dynamics of complex systems is a challenging task in computational photochemistry. Herein, we present an efficient and user-friendly quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) interface to run on-the-fly nonadiabatic dynamics. Currently, this interface consists of an independent set of codes designed for general-purpose use. Herein, we demonstrate the ability and feasibility of the QM/MM interface by integrating it with our long-term developed JADE package. Tailored to handle nonadiabatic processes in various complex systems, especially condensed phases and protein environments, we delve into the theories, implementations, and applications of on-the-fly QM/MM nonadiabatic dynamics. The QM/MM approach is established within the framework of the additive QM/MM scheme, employing electrostatic embedding, link-atom inclusion, and charge-redistribution schemes to treat the QM/MM boundary. Trajectory surface-hopping dynamics are facilitated using the fewest switches algorithm, encompassing classical and quantum treatments for nuclear and electronic motions, respectively. Finally, we report simulations of nonadiabatic dynamics for two typical systems: azomethane in water and the retinal chromophore PSB3 in a protein environment. Our results not only illustrate the power of the QM/MM program but also reveal the important roles of environmental factors in nonadiabatic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyi Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, SCNU Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jiawei Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, SCNU Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, SCNU Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Feng Long Gu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, SCNU Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhenggang Lan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, SCNU Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chao Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, SCNU Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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3
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Peng J, Liu H, Lan Z. The photodissociation dynamics and ultrafast electron diffraction image of cyclobutanone from the surface hopping dynamics simulation. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:224305. [PMID: 38856062 DOI: 10.1063/5.0203462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The comprehension of nonadiabatic dynamics in polyatomic systems relies heavily on the simultaneous advancements in theoretical and experimental domains. The gas-phase ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) technique has attracted significant attention as a unique tool for monitoring photochemical and photophysical processes at the all-atomic level with high temporal and spatial resolutions. In this work, we simulate the UED spectra of cyclobutanone using the trajectory surface hopping method at the extended multi-state complete active space second order perturbation theory (XMS-CASPT2) level and thereby predict the results of the upcoming UED experiments in the Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory. The simulated results demonstrate that a few pathways, including the C2 and C3 dissociation channels, as well as the ring opening channel, play important roles in the nonadiabatic reactions of cyclobutanone. We demonstrate that the simulated UED signal can be directly interpreted in terms of atomic motions, which provides a unique way of monitoring the evolution of the molecular structure in real time. Our work not only provides numerical data that help to determine the accuracy of the well-known surface hopping dynamics at the high XMS-CASPT2 electronic-structure level but also facilitates the understanding of the microscopic mechanisms of the photoinduced reactions in cyclobutanone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Peng
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hong Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhenggang Lan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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4
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Polonius S, Lehrner D, González L, Mai S. Resolving Photoinduced Femtosecond Three-Dimensional Solute-Solvent Dynamics through Surface Hopping Simulations. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:4738-4750. [PMID: 38768386 PMCID: PMC11171268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Photoinduced dynamics in solution is governed by mutual solute-solvent interactions, which give rise to phenomena like solvatochromism, the Stokes shift, dual fluorescence, or charge transfer. Understanding these phenomena requires simulating the solute's photoinduced dynamics and simultaneously resolving the three-dimensional solvent distribution dynamics. If using trajectory surface hopping (TSH) to this aim, thousands of trajectories are required to adequately sample the time-dependent three-dimensional solvent distribution functions, and thus resolve the solvent dynamics with sub-Ångstrom and femtosecond accuracy and sufficiently low noise levels. Unfortunately, simulating thousands of trajectories with TSH in the framework of hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) can be prohibitively expensive when employing ab initio electronic structure methods. To tackle this challenge, we recently introduced a computationally efficient approach that combines efficient linear vibronic coupling models with molecular mechanics (LVC/MM) via electrostatic embedding [Polonius et al., JCTC 2023, 19, 7171-7186]. This method provides solvent-embedded, nonadiabatically coupled potential energy surfaces while scaling similarly to MM force fields. Here, we employ TSH with LVC/MM to unravel the photoinduced dynamics of two small thiocarbonyl compounds solvated in water. We describe how to estimate the number of trajectories required to produce nearly noise-free three-dimensional solvent distribution functions and present an analysis based on approximately 10,000 trajectories propagated for 3 ps. In the electronic ground state, both molecules exhibit in-plane hydrogen bonds to the sulfur atom. Shortly after excitation, these bonds are broken and reform perpendicular to the molecular plane on timescales that differ by an order of magnitude due to steric effects. We also show that the solvent relaxation dynamics is coupled to the electronic dynamics, including intersystem crossing. These findings are relevant to advance the understanding of the coupled solute-solvent dynamics of solvated photoexcited molecules, e.g., biologically relevant thio-nucleobases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Polonius
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna
Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Lehrner
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna
Research Platform on Accelerating Photoreaction Discovery, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Mai
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Mannouch JR, Kelly A. Quantum Quality with Classical Cost: Ab Initio Nonadiabatic Dynamics Simulations Using the Mapping Approach to Surface Hopping. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5814-5823. [PMID: 38781480 PMCID: PMC11163471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Nonadiabatic dynamics methods are an essential tool for investigating photochemical processes. In the context of employing first-principles electronic structure techniques, such simulations can be carried out in a practical manner using semiclassical trajectory-based methods or wave packet approaches. While all approaches applicable to first-principles simulations are necessarily approximate, it is commonly thought that wave packet approaches offer inherent advantages over their semiclassical counterparts in terms of accuracy and that this trait simply comes at a higher computational cost. Here we demonstrate that the mapping approach to surface hopping (MASH), a recently introduced trajectory-based nonadiabatic dynamics method, can be efficiently applied in tandem with ab initio electronic structure. Our results even suggest that MASH may provide more accurate results than on-the-fly wave packet techniques, all at a much lower computational cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Mannouch
- Hamburg Center for Ultrafast
Imaging, Universität Hamburg and
the Max Planck Institute
for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aaron Kelly
- Hamburg Center for Ultrafast
Imaging, Universität Hamburg and
the Max Planck Institute
for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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6
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Chen BJ, Pradhan E, Nooijen M, Zeng T. Adiabat-to-Diabat Angle in Seam Space: Renner-Teller-Type and Pseudo-Jahn-Teller-Type Problems. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400130. [PMID: 38427966 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we examine the adiabat-to-diabat (ATD) angles for trajectories in 2-dimensional vibrational subspace of the seam space of two degenerate states. In circulating around the tangential touching degeneracy center, the ATD angle is changed by2 π ${2\pi }$ or 0, similar to the Renner-Teller problem and the pseudo-Jahn-Teller problem, respectively. These ATD angle profiles may be indistinguishable from those of circulating multiple conical intersections or a pseudo-Jahn-Teller center. Methods to discern those seemingly indistinguishable cases are proposed. A sharp zigzag variation of the ATD angle is seen as a feature for trajectories that graze a pseudo-Jahn-Teller-type tangential touching center, in contrast to the monotonic steep variation for grazing a conical intersection or a Renner-Teller-type tangential touching center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny Jun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2 L3G1, Canada
| | - Ekadashi Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3 J1P3, Canada
| | - Marcel Nooijen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2 L3G1, Canada
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3 J1P3, Canada
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7
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Hutton L, Moreno Carrascosa A, Prentice AW, Simmermacher M, Runeson JE, Paterson MJ, Kirrander A. Using a multistate mapping approach to surface hopping to predict the ultrafast electron diffraction signal of gas-phase cyclobutanone. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:204307. [PMID: 38814011 DOI: 10.1063/5.0203667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Using the recently developed multistate mapping approach to surface hopping (multistate MASH) method combined with SA(3)-CASSCF(12,12)/aug-cc-pVDZ electronic structure calculations, the gas-phase isotropic ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) of cyclobutanone is predicted and analyzed. After excitation into the n-3s Rydberg state (S2), cyclobutanone can relax through two S2/S1 conical intersections, one characterized by compression of the CO bond and the other by dissociation of the α-CC bond. Subsequent transfer into the ground state (S0) is then achieved via two additional S1/S0 conical intersections that lead to three reaction pathways: α ring-opening, ethene/ketene production, and CO liberation. The isotropic gas-phase UED signal is predicted from the multistate MASH simulations, allowing for a direct comparison to the experimental data. This work, which is a contribution to the cyclobutanone prediction challenge, facilitates the identification of the main photoproducts in the UED signal and thereby emphasizes the importance of dynamics simulations for the interpretation of ultrafast experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Hutton
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrés Moreno Carrascosa
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W Prentice
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Mats Simmermacher
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Johan E Runeson
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Paterson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Kirrander
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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8
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Aldossary A, Campos-Gonzalez-Angulo JA, Pablo-García S, Leong SX, Rajaonson EM, Thiede L, Tom G, Wang A, Avagliano D, Aspuru-Guzik A. In Silico Chemical Experiments in the Age of AI: From Quantum Chemistry to Machine Learning and Back. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2402369. [PMID: 38794859 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Computational chemistry is an indispensable tool for understanding molecules and predicting chemical properties. However, traditional computational methods face significant challenges due to the difficulty of solving the Schrödinger equations and the increasing computational cost with the size of the molecular system. In response, there has been a surge of interest in leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques to in silico experiments. Integrating AI and ML into computational chemistry increases the scalability and speed of the exploration of chemical space. However, challenges remain, particularly regarding the reproducibility and transferability of ML models. This review highlights the evolution of ML in learning from, complementing, or replacing traditional computational chemistry for energy and property predictions. Starting from models trained entirely on numerical data, a journey set forth toward the ideal model incorporating or learning the physical laws of quantum mechanics. This paper also reviews existing computational methods and ML models and their intertwining, outlines a roadmap for future research, and identifies areas for improvement and innovation. Ultimately, the goal is to develop AI architectures capable of predicting accurate and transferable solutions to the Schrödinger equation, thereby revolutionizing in silico experiments within chemistry and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Aldossary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | | | - Sergio Pablo-García
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - Shi Xuan Leong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ella Miray Rajaonson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Ave. Suite 710, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Luca Thiede
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2E4, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Ave. Suite 710, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Gary Tom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Ave. Suite 710, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Andrew Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Davide Avagliano
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences (iCLeHS UMR 8060), Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2E4, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Ave. Suite 710, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3E4, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada
- Lebovic Fellow, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), 66118 University Ave., Toronto, M5G 1M1, Canada
- Acceleration Consortium, 80 St George St, Toronto, M5S 3H6, Canada
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9
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Liu XY, Wang SR, Fang WH, Cui G. Nuclear Quantum Effects on Nonadiabatic Dynamics of a Green Fluorescent Protein Chromophore Analogue: Ring-Polymer Surface-Hopping Simulation. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:3426-3439. [PMID: 38656202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we have used the "on-the-fly" ring-polymer surface-hopping simulation method with the centroid approximation (RPSH-CA), in combination with the multireference OM2/MRCI electronic structure calculations to study the photoinduced dynamics of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) chromophore analogue in the gas phase, i.e., o-HBI, at 50, 100, and 300 K with 1, 5, 10, and 15 beads (3600 1 ps trajectories). The electronic structure calculations identified five new minimum-energy conical intersection (MECI) structures, which, together with the previous one, play crucial roles in the excited-state decay dynamics of o-HBI. It is also found that the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) occurs in an ultrafast manner and is completed within 20 fs in all the simulation conditions because there is no barrier associated with this ESIPT process in the S1 state. However, the other excited-state dynamical results are strongly related to the number of beads. At 50 and 100 K, the nuclear quantum effects (NQEs) are very important; therefore, the excited-state dynamical results change significantly with the bead number. For example, the S1 decay time deduced from time-dependent state populations becomes longer as the bead number increases. Nevertheless, an essentially convergent trend is observed when the bead number is close to 10. In contrast, at 300 K, the NQEs become weaker and the above dynamical results converge very quickly even with 1 bead. Most importantly, the NQEs seriously affect the excited-state decay mechanism of o-HBI. At 50 and 100 K, most trajectories decay to the S0 state via perpendicular keto MECIs, whereas, at 300 K, only twisted keto MECIs are responsible for the excited-state decay. The present work not only comprehensively explores the temperature-dependent photoinduced dynamics of o-HBI, but also demonstrates the importance and necessity of NQEs in nonadiabatic dynamics simulations, especially at relatively low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Sheng-Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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10
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Hunter KE, Mao Y, Chin AW, Zuehlsdorff TJ. Environmentally Driven Symmetry Breaking Quenches Dual Fluorescence in Proflavine. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4623-4632. [PMID: 38647005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Nonadiabatic couplings between several electronic excited states are ubiquitous in many organic chromophores and can significantly influence optical properties. A recent experimental study demonstrated that the proflavine molecule exhibits surprising dual fluorescence in the gas phase, which is suppressed in polar solvent environments. Here, we uncover the origin of this phenomenon by parametrizing a linear-vibronic coupling Hamiltonian from spectral densities of system-bath coupling constructed along molecular dynamics trajectories, fully accounting for interactions with the condensed-phase environment. The finite-temperature absorption, steady-state emission, and time-resolved emission spectra are then computed using powerful, numerically exact tensor network approaches. We find that the dual fluorescence in vacuum is driven by a single well-defined coupling mode but is quenched in solution due to dynamic solvent-driven symmetry breaking that mixes the two low-lying electronic states. We expect the computational framework developed here to be widely applicable to the study of non-Condon effects in complex condensed-phase environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kye E Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Yuezhi Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Alex W Chin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, 4 place Jussieu, Paris 75005, France
| | - Tim J Zuehlsdorff
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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11
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Makhov DV, Hutton L, Kirrander A, Shalashilin DV. Ultrafast electron diffraction of photoexcited gas-phase cyclobutanone predicted by ab initio multiple cloning simulations. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:164310. [PMID: 38661201 DOI: 10.1063/5.0203683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
We present the result of our calculations of ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) for cyclobutanone excited into the S2 electronic state, which is based on the non-adiabatic dynamics simulations with the Ab Initio Multiple Cloning (AIMC) method with the electronic structure calculated at the SA(3)-CASSCF(12,12)/aug-cc-pVDZ level of theory. The key features in the UED pattern were identified, which can be used to distinguish between the reaction pathways observed in the AIMC dynamics, although there is a significant overlap between representative signals due to the structural similarity of the products. The calculated UED pattern can be compared with the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Makhov
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Fry Building, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Hutton
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Kirrander
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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12
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Shakiba M, Akimov AV. Machine-Learned Kohn-Sham Hamiltonian Mapping for Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:2992-3007. [PMID: 38581699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we report a simple, efficient, and scalable machine-learning (ML) approach for mapping non-self-consistent Kohn-Sham Hamiltonians constructed with one kind of density functional to the nearly self-consistent Hamiltonians constructed with another kind of density functional. This approach is designed as a fast surrogate Hamiltonian calculator for use in long nonadiabatic dynamics simulations of large atomistic systems. In this approach, the input and output features are Hamiltonian matrices computed from different levels of theory. We demonstrate that the developed ML-based Hamiltonian mapping method (1) speeds up the calculations by several orders of magnitude, (2) is conceptually simpler than alternative ML approaches, (3) is applicable to different systems and sizes and can be used for mapping Hamiltonians constructed with arbitrary density functionals, (4) requires a modest training data, learns fast, and generates molecular orbitals and their energies with the accuracy nearly matching that of conventional calculations, and (5) when applied to nonadiabatic dynamics simulation of excitation energy relaxation in large systems yields the corresponding time scales within the margin of error of the conventional calculations. Using this approach, we explore the excitation energy relaxation in C60 fullerene and Si75H64 quantum dot structures and derive qualitative and quantitative insights into dynamics in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shakiba
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Alexey V Akimov
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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13
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Eng J, Rankine CD, Penfold TJ. The photochemistry of Rydberg-excited cyclobutanone: Photoinduced processes and ground state dynamics. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:154301. [PMID: 38619456 DOI: 10.1063/5.0203597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Owing to ring strain, cyclic ketones exhibit complex excited state dynamics with multiple competing photochemical channels active on the ultrafast timescale. While the excited state dynamics of cyclobutanone after π* ← n excitation into the lowest-energy excited singlet (S1) state has been extensively studied, the dynamics following 3s ← n excitation into the higher-lying singlet Rydberg (S2) state are less well understood. Herein, we employ fully quantum multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree (MCTDH) simulations using a model Hamiltonian as well as "on-the-fly" trajectory-based surface-hopping dynamics (TSHD) simulations to study the relaxation dynamics of cyclobutanone following 3s ← n excitation and to predict the ultrafast electron diffraction scattering signature of these relaxation dynamics. Our MCTDH and TSHD simulations indicate that relaxation from the initially-populated singlet Rydberg (S2) state occurs on the timescale of a few hundreds of femtoseconds to a picosecond, consistent with the symmetry-forbidden nature of the state-to-state transition involved. There is no obvious involvement of excited triplet states within the timeframe of our simulations (<2 ps). After non-radiative relaxation to the electronic ground state (S0), vibrationally hot cyclobutanone has sufficient internal energy to form multiple fragmented products including C2H4 + CH2CO (C2; 20%) and C3H6 + CO (C3; 2.5%). We discuss the limitations of our MCTDH and TSHD simulations, how these may influence the excited state dynamics we observe, and-ultimately-the predictive power of the simulated experimental observable.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Eng
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - C D Rankine
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - T J Penfold
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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14
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Mukherjee S, Mattos RS, Toldo JM, Lischka H, Barbatti M. Prediction Challenge: Simulating Rydberg photoexcited cyclobutanone with surface hopping dynamics based on different electronic structure methods. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:154306. [PMID: 38624122 DOI: 10.1063/5.0203636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This research examines the nonadiabatic dynamics of cyclobutanone after excitation into the n → 3s Rydberg S2 state. It stems from our contribution to the Special Topic of the Journal of Chemical Physics to test the predictive capability of computational chemistry against unseen experimental data. Decoherence-corrected fewest-switches surface hopping was used to simulate nonadiabatic dynamics with full and approximated nonadiabatic couplings. Several simulation sets were computed with different electronic structure methods, including a multiconfigurational wavefunction [multiconfigurational self-consistent field (MCSCF)] specially built to describe dissociative channels, multireference semiempirical approach, time-dependent density functional theory, algebraic diagrammatic construction, and coupled cluster. MCSCF dynamics predicts a slow deactivation of the S2 state (10 ps), followed by an ultrafast population transfer from S1 to S0 (<100 fs). CO elimination (C3 channel) dominates over C2H4 formation (C2 channel). These findings radically differ from the other methods, which predicted S2 lifetimes 10-250 times shorter and C2 channel predominance. These results suggest that routine electronic structure methods may hold low predictive power for the outcome of nonadiabatic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael S Mattos
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Josene M Toldo
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Hans Lischka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, USA
| | - Mario Barbatti
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, Marseille 13397, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris 75231, France
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15
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Lambros E, Fetherolf JH, Hammes-Schiffer S, Li X. A Many-Body Perspective of Nuclear Quantum Effects in Aqueous Clusters. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4070-4075. [PMID: 38587257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear quantum effects play an important role in the structure and thermodynamics of aqueous systems. By performing a many-body expansion with nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) theory, we show that proton quantization can give rise to significant energetic contributions for many-body interactions spanning several molecules in single-point energy calculations of water clusters. Although zero-point motion produces a large increase in energy at the one-body level, nuclear quantum effects serve to stabilize higher-order molecular interactions. These results are significant because they demonstrate that nuclear quantum effects play a nontrivial role in many-body interactions of aqueous systems. Our approach also provides a pathway for incorporating nuclear quantum effects into water potential energy surfaces. The NEO approach is advantageous for many-body expansion analyses because it includes nuclear quantum effects directly in the energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Lambros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jonathan H Fetherolf
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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16
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Wang Y, Mazziotti DA. Quantum simulation of conical intersections. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11491-11497. [PMID: 38587679 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00391h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
We explore the simulation of conical intersections (CIs) on quantum devices, setting the groundwork for potential applications in nonadiabatic quantum dynamics within molecular systems. The intersecting potential energy surfaces of H3+ are computed from a variance-based contracted quantum eigensolver. We show how the CIs can be correctly described on quantum devices using wavefunctions generated by the anti-Hermitian contracted Schrödinger equation ansatz, which is a unitary transformation of wavefunctions that preserves the topography of CIs. A hybrid quantum-classical procedure is used to locate the seam of CIs. Additionally, we discuss the quantum implementation of the adiabatic to diabatic transformation and its relation to the geometric phase effect. Results on noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices showcase the potential of quantum computers in dealing with problems in nonadiabatic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- Department of Chemistry and The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
| | - David A Mazziotti
- Department of Chemistry and The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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17
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Hicks CB, Martinez TJ. Massively scalable workflows for quantum chemistry: BigChem and ChemCloud. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:142501. [PMID: 38591672 DOI: 10.1063/5.0190834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Electronic structure theory, i.e., quantum chemistry, is the fundamental building block for many problems in computational chemistry. We present a new distributed computing framework (BigChem), which allows for an efficient solution of many quantum chemistry problems in parallel. BigChem is designed to be easily composable and leverages industry-standard middleware (e.g., Celery, RabbitMQ, and Redis) for distributed approaches to large scale problems. BigChem can harness any collection of worker nodes, including ones on cloud providers (such as AWS or Azure), local clusters, or supercomputer centers (and any mixture of these). BigChem builds upon MolSSI packages, such as QCEngine to standardize the operation of numerous computational chemistry programs, demonstrated here with Psi4, xtb, geomeTRIC, and TeraChem. BigChem delivers full utilization of compute resources at scale, offers a programable canvas for designing sophisticated quantum chemistry workflows, and is fault tolerant to node failures and network disruptions. We demonstrate linear scalability of BigChem running computational chemistry workloads on up to 125 GPUs. Finally, we present ChemCloud, a web API to BigChem and successor to TeraChem Cloud. ChemCloud delivers scalable and secure access to BigChem over the Internet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton B Hicks
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Todd J Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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18
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Janoš J, Figueira Nunes JP, Hollas D, Slavíček P, Curchod BFE. Predicting the photodynamics of cyclobutanone triggered by a laser pulse at 200 nm and its MeV-UED signals-A trajectory surface hopping and XMS-CASPT2 perspective. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:144305. [PMID: 38591685 DOI: 10.1063/5.0203105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
This work is part of a prediction challenge that invited theoretical/computational chemists to predict the photochemistry of cyclobutanone in the gas phase, excited at 200 nm by a laser pulse, and the expected signal that will be recorded during a time-resolved megaelectronvolt ultrafast electron diffraction (MeV-UED). We present here our theoretical predictions based on a combination of trajectory surface hopping with XMS-CASPT2 (for the nonadiabatic molecular dynamics) and Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics with MP2 (for the athermal ground-state dynamics following internal conversion), coined (NA+BO)MD. The initial conditions were sampled from Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics coupled to a quantum thermostat. Our simulations indicate that the main photoproducts after 2 ps of dynamics are CO + cyclopropane (50%), CO + propene (10%), and ethene and ketene (34%). The photoexcited cyclobutanone in its second excited electronic state S2 can follow two pathways for its nonradiative decay: (i) a ring-opening in S2 and a subsequent rapid decay to the ground electronic state, where the photoproducts are formed, or (ii) a transfer through a closed-ring conical intersection to S1, where cyclobutanone ring opens and then funnels to the ground state. Lifetimes for the photoproduct and electronic populations were determined. We calculated a stationary MeV-UED signal [difference pair distribution function-ΔPDF(r)] for each (interpolated) pathway as well as a time-resolved signal [ΔPDF(r,t) and ΔI/I(s,t)] for the full swarm of (NA+BO)MD trajectories. Furthermore, our analysis provides time-independent basis functions that can be used to fit the time-dependent experimental UED signals [both ΔPDF(r,t) and ΔI/I(s,t)] and potentially recover the population of photoproducts. We also offer a detailed analysis of the limitations of our model and their potential impact on the predicted experimental signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Janoš
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Daniel Hollas
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Basile F E Curchod
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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19
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Suchan J, Liang F, Durden AS, Levine BG. Prediction challenge: First principles simulation of the ultrafast electron diffraction spectrum of cyclobutanone. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:134310. [PMID: 38573851 DOI: 10.1063/5.0198333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Computer simulation has long been an essential partner of ultrafast experiments, allowing the assignment of microscopic mechanistic detail to low-dimensional spectroscopic data. However, the ability of theory to make a priori predictions of ultrafast experimental results is relatively untested. Herein, as a part of a community challenge, we attempt to predict the signal of an upcoming ultrafast photochemical experiment using state-of-the-art theory in the context of preexisting experimental data. Specifically, we employ ab initio Ehrenfest with collapse to a block mixed quantum-classical simulations to describe the real-time evolution of the electrons and nuclei of cyclobutanone following excitation to the 3s Rydberg state. The gas-phase ultrafast electron diffraction (GUED) signal is simulated for direct comparison to an upcoming experiment at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory. Following initial ring-opening, dissociation via two distinct channels is observed: the C3 dissociation channel, producing cyclopropane and CO, and the C2 channel, producing CH2CO and C2H4. Direct calculations of the GUED signal indicate how the ring-opened intermediate, the C2 products, and the C3 products can be discriminated in the GUED signal. We also report an a priori analysis of anticipated errors in our predictions: without knowledge of the experimental result, which features of the spectrum do we feel confident we have predicted correctly, and which might we have wrong?
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Suchan
- Institute of Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Fangchun Liang
- Institute of Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Andrew S Durden
- Institute of Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Benjamin G Levine
- Institute of Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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20
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Makhov DV, Armstrong G, Chuang HH, Ambalampitiya H, Lemishko K, Mohr S, Nelson A, Tennyson J, Shalashilin D. Dissociation of Hydrofluorocarbon Molecules after Electron Impact in Plasma. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:3404-3411. [PMID: 38502942 PMCID: PMC10983062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The process of dissociation for two hydrofluorocarbon molecules in low triplet states excited by electron impact in plasma is investigated by ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD). The interest in the dissociation of hydrofluorocarbons in plasma is motivated by their role in plasma etching in microelectronic technologies. Dissociation of triplet states is very fast, and the reaction products can be predicted. In this work, it was found that higher triplet states relax into the lowest triplet state within a few femtoseconds due to nonadiabatic dynamics, such that the simplest ab initio MD on the lowest triplet state seems to give a reasonable estimate of the reaction channels branching ratios. We provide evidence of the existence of simple rules for the dissociation of hydrofluorocarbon molecules in triplet states. For molecules with a double bond, the bonds adjacent to the double bond dissociate faster than the other bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Makhov
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- School
of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Fry Building, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Armstrong
- Quantemol
Ltd., 320 City Road,
The Angel, London EC1V
2NZ, United Kingdom
| | - Hsiao-Han Chuang
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- School
of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Fry Building, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kateryna Lemishko
- Quantemol
Ltd., 320 City Road,
The Angel, London EC1V
2NZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Mohr
- Quantemol
Ltd., 320 City Road,
The Angel, London EC1V
2NZ, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Nelson
- Quantemol
Ltd., 320 City Road,
The Angel, London EC1V
2NZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Tennyson
- Quantemol
Ltd., 320 City Road,
The Angel, London EC1V
2NZ, United Kingdom
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University College
London, London WC1E 6BT, United
Kingdom
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21
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Dai D, Agrawal S, Prezhdo OV, Long R. Impact of large A-site cations on electron-vibrational interactions in 2D halide perovskites: Ab initio quantum dynamics. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:114704. [PMID: 38506296 DOI: 10.1063/5.0202251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Using ab initio nonadiabatic molecular dynamics, we study the effect of large A-site cations on nonradiative electron-hole recombination in two-dimensional Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites HA2APb2I7, HA = n-hexylammonium, A = methylammonium (MA), or guanidinium (GA). The steric hindrance created by large GA cations distorts and stiffens the inorganic Pb-I lattice, reduces thermal structural fluctuations, and maintains the delocalization of electrons and holes at ambient and elevated temperatures. The delocalized charges interact more strongly in the GA system than in the MA system, and the charge recombination is accelerated. In contrast, replacement of only some MA cations with GA enhances disorder and increases charge lifetime, as seen in three-dimensional perovskites. This study highlights the key influence of structural fluctuations and disorder on the properties of charge carriers in metal halide perovskites, providing guidance for tuning materials' optoelectronic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Dai
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Sraddha Agrawal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA
| | - Oleg V Prezhdo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA
| | - Run Long
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
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22
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Guo X, Li G, Shi Z, Wang L. Surface Hopping with Reliable Wave Function by Introducing Auxiliary Wave Packets to Trajectory Branching. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:3345-3353. [PMID: 38498301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
It is well-known that the widely utilized fewest switches surface hopping method suffers from the severe overcoherence problem, and thus adiabatic populations calculated by wave functions are generally inferior to those based on active states. More importantly, to achieve a complete description of nonadiabatic dynamics, the density matrix is essential. In this paper, we present an auxiliary branching corrected surface hopping (A-BCSH) method that introduces auxiliary wave packets (WPs) on the adiabatic potential energy surfaces for trajectory branching. Both rapid and gradual separation of WP components on different surfaces are characterized, and thus the correct decoherence time along each trajectory is captured. As demonstrated in the three standard Tully models, A-BCSH exhibits excellent internal consistency. Namely, close adiabatic populations are obtained based on both wave functions and active states. In particular, A-BCSH successfully obtains a reliable time-dependent spatial distribution of the density matrix, which relies only on electronic wave functions. Due to its high performance, our A-BCSH method provides a new and highly promising perspective on further development of more consistent surface hopping with reliable wave function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guijie Li
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhecun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Linjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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23
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Kim SS, Rhee YM. Potential energy interpolation with target-customized weighting coordinates: application to excited-state dynamics of photoactive yellow protein chromophore in water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9021-9036. [PMID: 38440829 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05643k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Interpolation of potential energy surfaces (PESs) can provide a practical route to performing molecular dynamics simulations with a reliability matching a high-level quantum chemical calculation. An obstacle to its widespread use is perhaps the lack of general and optimal interpolation settings that can be applied in a black-box manner for any given molecular system. How to set up the weights for interpolation is one such task, and we still need to diversify the approaches in order to treat various systems. Here, we develop a new interpolation weighting scheme, which allows us to choose the weighting coordinates in a system-specific manner, by amplifying the contribution from specific internal coordinates. The new weighting scheme with an appropriate selection of coordinates is proved to be effective in reducing the interpolation error along the reaction pathway. As a demonstration, we consider the photoactive yellow protein chromophore system, as it constitutes itself as an interesting target that bears long-standing questions related to excited-state dynamics inside protein environments. We build its two-state diabatic interpolated PES with the new weighting scheme. We indeed see the utility of our scheme by conducting nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations with the required semi-global PES based on a limited number of data points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Soo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Young Min Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
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24
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Pios SV, Gelin MF, Ullah A, Dral PO, Chen L. Artificial-Intelligence-Enhanced On-the-Fly Simulation of Nonlinear Time-Resolved Spectra. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2325-2331. [PMID: 38386692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Time-resolved spectroscopy is an important tool for unraveling the minute details of structural changes in molecules of biological and technological significance. The nonlinear femtosecond signals detected for such systems must be interpreted, but it is a challenging task for which theoretical simulations are often indispensable. Accurate simulations of transient absorption or two-dimensional electronic spectra are, however, computationally very expensive, prohibiting the wider adoption of existing first-principles methods. Here, we report an artificial-intelligence-enhanced protocol to drastically reduce the computational cost of simulating nonlinear time-resolved electronic spectra, which makes such simulations affordable for polyatomic molecules of increasing size. The protocol is based on the doorway-window approach for the on-the-fly surface-hopping simulations. We show its applicability for the prototypical molecule of pyrazine for which it produces spectra with high precision with respect to ab initio reference while cutting the computational cost by at least 95% compared to pure first-principles simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian V Pios
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311100, People's Republic of China
| | - Maxim F Gelin
- School of Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Arif Ullah
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Pavlo O Dral
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Lipeng Chen
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311100, People's Republic of China
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25
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Salvadori G, Mazzeo P, Accomasso D, Cupellini L, Mennucci B. Deciphering Photoreceptors Through Atomistic Modeling from Light Absorption to Conformational Response. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168358. [PMID: 37944793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the successes and challenges of the atomistic modeling of photoreceptors. Throughout our presentation, we integrate explanations of the primary methodological approaches, ranging from quantum mechanical descriptions to classical enhanced sampling methods, all while providing illustrative examples of their practical application to specific systems. To enhance the effectiveness of our analysis, our primary focus has been directed towards the examination of applications across three distinct photoreceptors. These include an example of Blue Light-Using Flavin (BLUF) domains, a bacteriophytochrome, and the orange carotenoid protein (OCP) employed by cyanobacteria for photoprotection. Particular emphasis will be placed on the pivotal role played by the protein matrix in fine-tuning the initial photochemical event within the embedded chromophore. Furthermore, we will investigate how this localized perturbation initiates a cascade of events propagating from the binding pocket throughout the entire protein structure, thanks to the intricate network of interactions between the chromophore and the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Salvadori
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Mazzeo
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide Accomasso
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cupellini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mennucci
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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26
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Mayer D, Lever F, Gühr M. Time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy of nucleobases and their thionated analogs. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:275-290. [PMID: 38174615 DOI: 10.1111/php.13903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The photoinduced relaxation dynamics of nucleobases and their thionated analogs have been investigated extensively over the past decades motivated by their crucial role in organisms and their application in medical and biochemical research and treatment. Most of these studies focused on the spectroscopy of valence electrons and fragmentation. The advent of ultrashort x-ray laser sources such as free-electron lasers, however, opens new opportunities for studying the ultrafast molecular relaxation dynamics utilizing the site- and element-selectivity of x-rays. In this review, we want to summarize ultrafast experiments on thymine and 2-thiouracil performed at free-electron lasers. We performed time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the oxygen K-edge after UV excitation of thymine. In addition, we investigated the excited state dynamics of 2-tUra via x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at sulfur. For these methods, we show a strong sensitivity to the electronic state or charge distribution, respectively. We also performed time-resolved Auger-Meitner spectroscopy, which shows spectral shifts associated with internuclear distances close to the probed site. We discuss the complementary aspects of time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy techniques compared to optical and UV spectroscopy for the investigation of ultrafast relaxation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Mayer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabiano Lever
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Gühr
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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27
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Zhou JG, Shu Y, Wang Y, Leszczynski J, Prezhdo O. Dissociation Time, Quantum Yield, and Dynamic Reaction Pathways in the Thermolysis of trans-3,4-Dimethyl-1,2-dioxetane. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:1846-1855. [PMID: 38334951 PMCID: PMC10895692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The thermolysis of trans-3,4-dimethyl-1,2-dioxetane is studied by trajectory surface hopping. The significant difference between long and short dissociation times is rationalized by frustrated dissociations and the time spent in triplet states. If the C-C bond breaks through an excited state channel, then the trajectory passes over a ridge of the potential energy surface of that state. The calculated triplet quantum yields match the experimental results. The dissociation half-times and quantum yields follow the same ascending order as per the product states, justifying the conjecture that the longer dissociation time leads to a higher quantum yield, proposed in the context of the methylation effect. The populations of the molecular Coulomb Hamiltonian and diagonal states reach equilibrium, but the triplet populations with different Sz components fluctuate indefinitely. Certain initial velocities, leading the trajectories to given product states, can be identified as the most characteristic features for sorting trajectories according to their product states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ge Zhou
- Interdisciplinary
Nanotoxicity Center, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric
Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Yinan Shu
- Department
of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Interdisciplinary
Nanotoxicity Center, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric
Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Oleg Prezhdo
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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28
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Rivero Santamaría A, Piris M. Time evolution of natural orbitals in ab initio molecular dynamics. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:071102. [PMID: 38364005 DOI: 10.1063/5.0188491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This work combines for the first time ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation with a global natural orbital functional (GNOF), an approximate functional of the one-particle reduced density matrix. The most prominent feature of GNOF-AIMD is its ability to display the real-time evolution of natural orbitals, providing detailed information on the time-dependent electronic structure of complex systems and processes, including reactive collisions. The quartet ground-state reaction N(4S) + H2(1Σ) → NH(3Σ) + H(2S) is taken as a validation test. Collision energy influences on integral cross sections for different initial rovibrational states of H2 and rotational-state distributions of the NH product are discussed, showing a good agreement with previous high-quality theoretical results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Piris
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain; Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), PK 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain; and Basque Foundation for Science (IKERBASQUE), 48009 Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
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29
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Figueira Nunes JP, Ibele LM, Pathak S, Attar AR, Bhattacharyya S, Boll R, Borne K, Centurion M, Erk B, Lin MF, Forbes RJG, Goff N, Hansen CS, Hoffmann M, Holland DMP, Ingle RA, Luo D, Muvva SB, Reid AH, Rouzée A, Rudenko A, Saha SK, Shen X, Venkatachalam AS, Wang X, Ware MR, Weathersby SP, Wilkin K, Wolf TJA, Xiong Y, Yang J, Ashfold MNR, Rolles D, Curchod BFE. Monitoring the Evolution of Relative Product Populations at Early Times during a Photochemical Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4134-4143. [PMID: 38317439 PMCID: PMC10870701 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Identifying multiple rival reaction products and transient species formed during ultrafast photochemical reactions and determining their time-evolving relative populations are key steps toward understanding and predicting photochemical outcomes. Yet, most contemporary ultrafast studies struggle with clearly identifying and quantifying competing molecular structures/species among the emerging reaction products. Here, we show that mega-electronvolt ultrafast electron diffraction in combination with ab initio molecular dynamics calculations offer a powerful route to determining time-resolved populations of the various isomeric products formed after UV (266 nm) excitation of the five-membered heterocyclic molecule 2(5H)-thiophenone. This strategy provides experimental validation of the predicted high (∼50%) yield of an episulfide isomer containing a strained three-membered ring within ∼1 ps of photoexcitation and highlights the rapidity of interconversion between the rival highly vibrationally excited photoproducts in their ground electronic state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lea Maria Ibele
- CNRS,
Institut de Chimie Physique UMR8000, Université
Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 9140, France
| | - Shashank Pathak
- J.R.
Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Andrew R. Attar
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Surjendu Bhattacharyya
- J.R.
Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | | | - Kurtis Borne
- J.R.
Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Martin Centurion
- University
of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Benjamin Erk
- Deutsches
Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, 22607, Germany
| | - Ming-Fu Lin
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Ruaridh J. G. Forbes
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Nathan Goff
- Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | | | - Matthias Hoffmann
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | - Rebecca A. Ingle
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Duan Luo
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Sri Bhavya Muvva
- University
of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Alexander H. Reid
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | - Artem Rudenko
- J.R.
Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Sajib Kumar Saha
- University
of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Xiaozhe Shen
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Anbu Selvam Venkatachalam
- J.R.
Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Xijie Wang
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Matt R. Ware
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | - Kyle Wilkin
- University
of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Thomas J. A. Wolf
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Stanford
PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Yanwei Xiong
- University
of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Jie Yang
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | - Daniel Rolles
- J.R.
Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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30
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Tao Z, Bian X, Wu Y, Rawlinson J, Littlejohn RG, Subotnik JE. Total angular momentum conservation in Ehrenfest dynamics with a truncated basis of adiabatic states. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:054104. [PMID: 38310474 DOI: 10.1063/5.0177778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
We show that standard Ehrenfest dynamics does not conserve linear and angular momentum when using a basis of truncated adiabatic states. However, we also show that previously proposed effective Ehrenfest equations of motion [M. Amano and K. Takatsuka, "Quantum fluctuation of electronic wave-packet dynamics coupled with classical nuclear motions," J. Chem. Phys. 122, 084113 (2005) and V. Krishna, "Path integral formulation for quantum nonadiabatic dynamics and the mixed quantum classical limit," J. Chem. Phys. 126, 134107 (2007)] involving the non-Abelian Berry force do maintain momentum conservation. As a numerical example, we investigate the Kramers doublet of the methoxy radical using generalized Hartree-Fock with spin-orbit coupling and confirm that angular momentum is conserved with the proper equations of motion. Our work makes clear some of the limitations of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation when using ab initio electronic structure theory to treat systems with unpaired electronic spin degrees of freedom, and we demonstrate that Ehrenfest dynamics can offer much improved, qualitatively correct results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Xuezhi Bian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yanze Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan Rawlinson
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Robert G Littlejohn
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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31
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Moghaddasi Fereidani R, Vaníček JJL. High-order geometric integrators for the local cubic variational Gaussian wavepacket dynamics. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:044113. [PMID: 38284658 DOI: 10.1063/5.0180070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Gaussian wavepacket dynamics has proven to be a useful semiclassical approximation for quantum simulations of high-dimensional systems with low anharmonicity. Compared to Heller's original local harmonic method, the variational Gaussian wavepacket dynamics is more accurate, but much more difficult to apply in practice because it requires evaluating the expectation values of the potential energy, gradient, and Hessian. If the variational approach is applied to the local cubic approximation of the potential, these expectation values can be evaluated analytically, but they still require the costly third derivative of the potential. To reduce the cost of the resulting local cubic variational Gaussian wavepacket dynamics, we describe efficient high-order geometric integrators, which are symplectic, time-reversible, and norm-conserving. For small time steps, they also conserve the effective energy. We demonstrate the efficiency and geometric properties of these integrators numerically on a multidimensional, nonseparable coupled Morse potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Moghaddasi Fereidani
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jiří J L Vaníček
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Lawrence JE, Mannouch JR, Richardson JO. Recovering Marcus Theory Rates and Beyond without the Need for Decoherence Corrections: The Mapping Approach to Surface Hopping. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:707-716. [PMID: 38214476 PMCID: PMC10823533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
It is well-known that fewest-switches surface hopping (FSSH) fails to correctly capture the quadratic scaling of rate constants with diabatic coupling in the weak-coupling limit, as expected from Fermi's golden rule and Marcus theory. To address this deficiency, the most widely used approach is to introduce a "decoherence correction", which removes the inconsistency between the wave function coefficients and the active state. Here we investigate the behavior of a new nonadiabatic trajectory method, called the mapping approach to surface hopping (MASH), on systems that exhibit an incoherent rate behavior. Unlike FSSH, MASH hops between active surfaces deterministically and can never have an inconsistency between the wave function coefficients and the active state. We show that MASH not only can describe rates for intermediate and strong diabatic coupling but also can accurately reproduce the results of Marcus theory in the golden-rule limit, without the need for a decoherence correction. MASH is therefore a significant improvement over FSSH in the simulation of nonadiabatic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Lawrence
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan R. Mannouch
- Hamburg
Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität
Hamburg and Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of
Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jeremy O. Richardson
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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33
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Gelfand N, Komarova K, Remacle F, Levine RD. Nonadiabatic quantum dynamics explores non-monotonic photodissociation branching of N 2 into the N( 4S) + N( 2D) and N( 4S) + N( 2P) product channels. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:3274-3284. [PMID: 38197167 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04854c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photodissociation of N2 molecules is a source of reactive N atoms in the interstellar medium. In the energy range of VUV optical excitation of N2, the N-N triple bond cleavage leads to three types of atoms: ground-state N(4S) and excited-state N(2P) and N(2D). The latter is the highest reactive and it is believed to be the primary participant in reactions with hydrocarbons in Titan's atmosphere. Experimental studies have observed a non-monotonic energy dependence and non-statistical character of the photodissociation of N2. This implies different dissociation pathways and final atomic products for different wavelength regions in the sunlight spectrum. We here apply ab initio quantum chemical and nonadiabatic quantum dynamical techniques to follow the path of an electronic state from the excitation of a particular singlet 1Σ+u and 1Πu vibronic level of N2 to its dissociation into different atomic products. We simulate dynamics for two isotopomers of the nitrogen molecule, 14N2 and 14N15N for which experimental data on the branching are available. Our computations capture the non-monotonic energy dependence of the photodissociation branching ratios in the energy range 108 000-116 000 cm-1. Tracing the quantum dynamics in a bunch of electronic states enables us to identify the key components that determine the efficacy of singlet to triplet population transfer and therefore predissociation lifetimes and branching ratios for different energy regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gelfand
- The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Ksenia Komarova
- The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Francoise Remacle
- The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
- Theoretical Physical Chemistry, UR MolSys B6c, University of Liège, B4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - R D Levine
- The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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34
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Pieroni C, Sangiogo Gil E, Ibele LM, Persico M, Granucci G, Agostini F. Investigating the Photodynamics of trans-Azobenzene with Coupled Trajectories. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:580-596. [PMID: 38177105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we present the first implementation of coupled-trajectory Tully surface hopping (CT-TSH) suitable for applications to molecular systems. We combine CT-TSH with the semiempirical floating occupation molecular orbital-configuration interaction electronic structure method to investigate the photoisomerization dynamics of trans-azobenzene. Our study shows that CT-TSH can capture correctly decoherence effects in this system, yielding consistent electronic and nuclear dynamics in agreement with (standard) decoherence-corrected TSH. Specifically, CT-TSH is derived from the exact factorization and the electronic coefficients' evolution is directly influenced by the coupling of trajectories, resulting in the improvement of internal consistency if compared to standard TSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Pieroni
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eduarda Sangiogo Gil
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Lea M Ibele
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Maurizio Persico
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Granucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Agostini
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
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35
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Toldo JM, Mattos RS, Pinheiro M, Mukherjee S, Barbatti M. Recommendations for Velocity Adjustment in Surface Hopping. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:614-624. [PMID: 38207213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates velocity adjustment directions after hopping in surface hopping dynamics. Using fulvene and a protonated Schiff base (PSB4) as case studies, we investigate the population decay and reaction yields of different sets of dynamics with the velocity adjusted in either the nonadiabatic coupling, gradient difference, or momentum directions. For the latter, in addition to the conventional algorithm, we investigated the performance of a reduced kinetic energy reservoir approach recently proposed. Our evaluation also considered velocity adjustment in the directions of approximate nonadiabatic coupling vectors. While results for fulvene are susceptible to the adjustment approach, PSB4 is not. We correlated this dependence to the topography near the conical intersections. When nonadiabatic coupling vectors are unavailable, the gradient difference direction is the best adjustment option. If the gradient difference is also unavailable, a semiempirical vector direction or the momentum direction with a reduced kinetic energy reservoir becomes an excellent option to prevent an artificial excess of back hoppings. The precise velocity adjustment direction is less crucial for describing the nonadiabatic dynamics than the kinetic energy reservoir's size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josene M Toldo
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Rafael S Mattos
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Max Pinheiro
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, Marseille 13397, France
| | | | - Mario Barbatti
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, Marseille 13397, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris 75231, France
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36
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Wu B, He X, Liu J. Nonadiabatic Field on Quantum Phase Space: A Century after Ehrenfest. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:644-658. [PMID: 38205956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Nonadiabatic transition dynamics lies at the core of many electron/hole transfer, photoactivated, and vacuum field-coupled processes. About a century after Ehrenfest proposed "Phasenraum" and the Ehrenfest theorem, we report a conceptually novel trajectory-based nonadiabatic dynamics approach, nonadiabatic field (NAF), based on a generalized exact coordinate-momentum phase space formulation of quantum mechanics. It does not employ the conventional Born-Oppenheimer or Ehrenfest trajectory in the nonadiabatic coupling region. Instead, in NAF the equations of motion of the independent trajectory involve a nonadiabatic nuclear force term in addition to an adiabatic nuclear force term of a single electronic state. A few benchmark tests for gas phase and condensed phase systems indicate that NAF offers a practical tool to capture the correct correlation of electronic and nuclear dynamics for processes where the states remain coupled all the time as well as for the asymptotic region where the coupling of electronic states vanishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihua Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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37
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Papineau TV, Jacquemin D, Vacher M. Which Electronic Structure Method to Choose in Trajectory Surface Hopping Dynamics Simulations? Azomethane as a Case Study. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:636-643. [PMID: 38205955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Nonadiabatic dynamics simulations have become a standard approach to explore photochemical reactions. Such simulations require underlying potential energy surfaces and couplings between them, calculated at a chosen level of theory, yet this aspect is rarely assessed. Here, in combination with the popular trajectory surface hopping dynamics method, we use a high-accuracy XMS-CASPT2 electronic structure level as a benchmark for assessing the performances of various post-Hartree-Fock methods (namely, CIS, ADC(2), CC2, and CASSCF) and exchange-correlation functionals (PBE, PBE0, and CAM-B3LYP) in a TD-DFT/TDA context, using the isomerization around a double bond as test case. Different relaxation pathways are identified, and the ability of the different methods to reproduce their relative importance and time scale is discussed. The results show that multireference electronic structure methods should be preferred, when studying nonadiabatic decay between excited and ground states. If not affordable, TD-DFT with TDA and hybrid functionals and ADC(2) are efficient alternatives but overestimate the nonradiative decay yield and thus may miss deexcitation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris F-75005, France
| | - Morgane Vacher
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France
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38
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Gómez S, Spinlove E, Worth G. Benchmarking non-adiabatic quantum dynamics using the molecular Tully models. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:1829-1844. [PMID: 38170796 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03964a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
On-the-fly non-adiabatic dynamics methods are becoming more important as tools to characterise the time evolution of a system after absorbing light. These methods, which calculate quantities such as state energies, gradients and interstate couplings at every time step, circumvent the requirement for pre-computed potential energy surfaces. There are a number of different algorithms used, the most common being Tully Surface Hopping (TSH), but all are approximate solutions to the time-dependent Schrödinger equation and benchmarking is required to understand their accuracy and performance. For this, a common set of systems and observables are required to compare them. In this work, we validate the on-the-fly direct dynamics variational multi-configuration Gaussian (DD-vMCG) method using three molecular systems recently suggested by Ibele and Curchod as molecular versions of the Tully model systems used to test one-dimensional non-adiabatic behaviour [Ibele et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2020, 22, 15183-15196]. Parametrised linear vibronic potential energy surfaces for each of the systems were also tested and compared to on-the-fly results. The molecules, which we term the Ibele-Curchod models, are ethene, DMABN and fulvene and the authors used them to test and compare several versions of the Ab Initio Multiple Spawning (AIMS) method alongside TSH. The three systems present different deactivation pathways after excitation to their ππ* bright states. When comparing DD-vMCG to AIMS and TSH, we obtain crucial differences in some cases, for which an explanation is provided by the classical nature and the chosen initial conditions of the TSH simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gómez
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008, Spain
| | - Eryn Spinlove
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Theoretical Chemistry - Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Graham Worth
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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39
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Rana B, Hohenstein EG, Martínez TJ. Simulating the Excited-State Dynamics of Polaritons with Ab Initio Multiple Spawning. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:139-151. [PMID: 38110364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a growth of interest in polaritonic chemistry, where the formation of hybrid light-matter states (polaritons) can alter the course of photochemical reactions. These hybrid states are created by strong coupling between molecules and photons in resonant optical cavities and can even occur in the absence of light when the molecule is strongly coupled with the electromagnetic fluctuations of the vacuum field. We present a first-principles model to simulate nonadiabatic dynamics of such polaritonic states inside optical cavities by leveraging graphical processing units (GPUs). Our first implementation of this model is specialized for a single molecule coupled to a single-photon mode confined inside the optical cavity but with any number of excited states computed using complete active space configuration interaction (CASCI) and a Jaynes-Cummings-type Hamiltonian. Using this model, we have simulated the excited-state dynamics of a single salicylideneaniline (SA) molecule strongly coupled to a cavity photon with the ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS) method. We demonstrate how the branching ratios of the photodeactivation pathways for this molecule can be manipulated by coupling to the cavity. We also show how one can stop the photoreaction from happening inside of an optical cavity. Finally, we also investigate cavity-based control of the ordering of two excited states (one optically bright and the other optically dark) inside a cavity for a set of molecules, where the dark and bright states are close in energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Rana
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Edward G Hohenstein
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Todd J Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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40
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Severt T, Weckwerth E, Kaderiya B, Feizollah P, Jochim B, Borne K, Ziaee F, P KR, Carnes KD, Dantus M, Rolles D, Rudenko A, Wells E, Ben-Itzhak I. Initial-site characterization of hydrogen migration following strong-field double-ionization of ethanol. Nat Commun 2024; 15:74. [PMID: 38168047 PMCID: PMC10761976 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
An essential problem in photochemistry is understanding the coupling of electronic and nuclear dynamics in molecules, which manifests in processes such as hydrogen migration. Measurements of hydrogen migration in molecules that have more than two equivalent hydrogen sites, however, produce data that is difficult to compare with calculations because the initial hydrogen site is unknown. We demonstrate that coincidence ion-imaging measurements of a few deuterium-tagged isotopologues of ethanol can determine the contribution of each initial-site composition to hydrogen-rich fragments following strong-field double ionization. These site-specific probabilities produce benchmarks for calculations and answer outstanding questions about photofragmentation of ethanol dications; e.g., establishing that the central two hydrogen atoms are 15 times more likely to abstract the hydroxyl proton than a methyl-group proton to form H[Formula: see text] and that hydrogen scrambling, involving the exchange of hydrogen between different sites, is important in H2O+ formation. The technique extends to dynamic variables and could, in principle, be applied to larger non-cyclic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Severt
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Eleanor Weckwerth
- Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
| | - Balram Kaderiya
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Peyman Feizollah
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Bethany Jochim
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Kurtis Borne
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Farzaneh Ziaee
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Kanaka Raju P
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- School of Quantum Technology, DIAT (DU), Pune, Maharashtra, 411025, India
| | - Kevin D Carnes
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Marcos Dantus
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Daniel Rolles
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Artem Rudenko
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Eric Wells
- Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA.
| | - Itzik Ben-Itzhak
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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41
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Sah MK, Mukherjee S, Saha S, Naskar K, Adhikari S. Photoelectron spectra of benzene: Can path dependent diabatic surfaces provide unique observables? J Chem Phys 2023; 159:244116. [PMID: 38153145 DOI: 10.1063/5.0177186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
While carrying out Beyond Born-Oppenheimer theory based diabatization, the solutions of adiabatic-to-diabatic transformation equations depend on the paths of integration over two-dimensional cross-sections of multi-dimensional space of nuclear degrees of freedom. It is shown that such path-dependent solutions leading to diabatic potential energy surface matrices computed along any two different paths are related through an orthogonal matrix, and thereby, those surface matrices should provide unique observables. While exploring the numerical validity of the theoretical framework, we construct diabatic Hamiltonians for the five low-lying electronic states (X̃2E1g, B̃2E2g, and C̃2A2u) of benzene radical cation (C6H6+) along three different approaches of contour integration over two dimensional nuclear planes constituted by seven non-adiabatically active normal modes. Three different diabatic surface matrices are further employed to generate the photoelectron spectra of the benzene molecule (C6H6). It is interesting to note that the spectral peak positions and intensity patterns for all three cases are almost close to each other and also exhibit very good agreement with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantu Kumar Sah
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Soumya Mukherjee
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Swagato Saha
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Koushik Naskar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Satrajit Adhikari
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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42
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Nykänen A, Miller A, Talarico W, Knecht S, Kovyrshin A, Skogh M, Tornberg L, Broo A, Mensa S, Symons BCB, Sahin E, Crain J, Tavernelli I, Pavošević F. Toward Accurate Post-Born-Oppenheimer Molecular Simulations on Quantum Computers: An Adaptive Variational Eigensolver with Nuclear-Electronic Frozen Natural Orbitals. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:9269-9277. [PMID: 38081802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear quantum effects such as zero-point energy and hydrogen tunneling play a central role in many biological and chemical processes. The nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) approach captures these effects by treating selected nuclei quantum mechanically on the same footing as electrons. On classical computers, the resources required for an exact solution of NEO-based models grow exponentially with system size. By contrast, quantum computers offer a means of solving this problem with polynomial scaling. However, due to the limitations of current quantum devices, NEO simulations are confined to the smallest systems described by minimal basis sets, whereas realistic simulations beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation require more sophisticated basis sets. For this purpose, we herein extend a hardware-efficient ADAPT-VQE method to the NEO framework in the frozen natural orbital (FNO) basis. We demonstrate on H2 and D2 molecules that the NEO-FNO-ADAPT-VQE method reduces the CNOT count by several orders of magnitude relative to the NEO unitary coupled cluster method with singles and doubles while maintaining the desired accuracy. This extreme reduction in the CNOT gate count is sufficient to permit practical computations employing the NEO method─an important step toward accurate simulations involving nonclassical nuclei and non-Born-Oppenheimer effects on near-term quantum devices. We further show that the method can capture isotope effects, and we demonstrate that inclusion of correlation energy systematically improves the prediction of difference in the zero-point energy (ΔZPE) between isotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Nykänen
- Algorithmiq Ltd., Kanavakatu 3C, Helsinki FI-00160, Finland
| | - Aaron Miller
- Algorithmiq Ltd., Kanavakatu 3C, Helsinki FI-00160, Finland
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, College Green Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Walter Talarico
- Algorithmiq Ltd., Kanavakatu 3C, Helsinki FI-00160, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, QTF Centre of Excellence, Center for Quantum Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Aalto FIN-00076, Finland
| | - Stefan Knecht
- Algorithmiq Ltd., Kanavakatu 3C, Helsinki FI-00160, Finland
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Life Sciences Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Arseny Kovyrshin
- Data Science and Modelling, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, Molndal SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Mårten Skogh
- Data Science and Modelling, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, Molndal SE-431 83, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Lars Tornberg
- Data Science and Modelling, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, Molndal SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Anders Broo
- Data Science and Modelling, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, Molndal SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Stefano Mensa
- The Hartree Centre, STFC, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K
| | | | - Emre Sahin
- The Hartree Centre, STFC, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K
| | - Jason Crain
- IBM Research Europe, Hartree Centre STFC Laboratory, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
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43
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do Casal MT, Veys K, Bousquet MHE, Escudero D, Jacquemin D. First-Principles Calculations of Excited-State Decay Rate Constants in Organic Fluorophores. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:10033-10053. [PMID: 37988002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we discuss recent advances made to evaluate from first-principles the excited-state decay rate constants of organic fluorophores, focusing on the so-called static strategy. In this strategy, one essentially takes advantage of Fermi's golden rule (FGR) to evaluate rate constants at key points of the potential energy surfaces, a procedure that can be refined in a variety of ways. In this way, the radiative rate constant can be straightforwardly obtained by integrating the fluorescence line shape, itself determined from vibronic calculations. Likewise, FGR allows for a consistent calculation of the internal conversion (related to the non-adiabatic couplings) in the weak-coupling regime and intersystem crossing rates, therefore giving access to estimates of the emission yields when no complex photophysical phenomenon is at play. Beyond outlining the underlying theories, we summarize here the results of benchmarks performed for various types of rates, highlighting that both the quality of the vibronic calculations and the accuracy of the relative energies are crucial to reaching semiquantitative estimates. Finally, we illustrate the successes and challenges in determining the fluorescence quantum yields using a series of organic fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana T do Casal
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Quantum Chemistry Division, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Veys
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Quantum Chemistry Division, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Daniel Escudero
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Quantum Chemistry Division, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), FR-75005 Paris, France
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44
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Han S, Xie C, Hu X, Yarkony DR, Guo H, Xie D. Quantum Dynamics of Photodissociation: Recent Advances and Challenges. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10517-10530. [PMID: 37970789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in constructing accurate potential energy surfaces and nonadiabatic couplings from high-level ab initio data have revealed detailed potential landscapes in not only the ground electronic state but also excited ones. They enabled quantitatively accurate characterization of photoexcited reactive systems using quantum mechanical methods. In this Perspective, we survey the recent progress in quantum mechanical studies of adiabatic and nonadiabatic photodissociation dynamics, focusing on initial state control and product energy disposal. These new insights helped to understand quantum effects in small prototypical systems, and the results serve as benchmarks for developing more approximate theoretical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanyu Han
- International Center for Isotope Effects Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Changjian Xie
- Institute of Modern Physics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Theoretical Physics Frontiers, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Xixi Hu
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - David R Yarkony
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Computational Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Daiqian Xie
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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45
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Weight BM, Li X, Zhang Y. Theory and modeling of light-matter interactions in chemistry: current and future. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:31554-31577. [PMID: 37842818 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01415k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Light-matter interaction not only plays an instrumental role in characterizing materials' properties via various spectroscopic techniques but also provides a general strategy to manipulate material properties via the design of novel nanostructures. This perspective summarizes recent theoretical advances in modeling light-matter interactions in chemistry, mainly focusing on plasmon and polariton chemistry. The former utilizes the highly localized photon, plasmonic hot electrons, and local heat to drive chemical reactions. In contrast, polariton chemistry modifies the potential energy curvatures of bare electronic systems, and hence their chemistry, via forming light-matter hybrid states, so-called polaritons. The perspective starts with the basic background of light-matter interactions, molecular quantum electrodynamics theory, and the challenges of modeling light-matter interactions in chemistry. Then, the recent advances in modeling plasmon and polariton chemistry are described, and future directions toward multiscale simulations of light-matter interaction-mediated chemistry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden M Weight
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Xinyang Li
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
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46
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Janoš J, Slavíček P. What Controls the Quality of Photodynamical Simulations? Electronic Structure Versus Nonadiabatic Algorithm. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:8273-8284. [PMID: 37939301 PMCID: PMC10688183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The field of nonadiabatic dynamics has matured over the last decade with a range of algorithms and electronic structure methods available at the moment. While the community currently focuses more on developing and benchmarking new nonadiabatic dynamics algorithms, the underlying electronic structure controls the outcome of nonadiabatic simulations. Yet, the electronic-structure sensitivity analysis is typically neglected. In this work, we present a sensitivity analysis of the nonadiabatic dynamics of cyclopropanone to electronic structure methods and nonadiabatic dynamics algorithms. In particular, we compare wave function-based CASSCF, FOMO-CASCI, MS- and XMS-CASPT2, density-functional REKS, and semiempirical MRCI-OM3 electronic structure methods with the Landau-Zener surface hopping, fewest switches surface hopping, and ab initio multiple spawning with informed stochastic selection algorithms. The results clearly demonstrate that the electronic structure choice significantly influences the accuracy of nonadiabatic dynamics for cyclopropanone even when the potential energy surfaces exhibit qualitative and quantitative similarities. Thus, selecting the electronic structure solely on the basis of the mapping of potential energy surfaces can be misleading. Conversely, we observe no discernible differences in the performance of the nonadiabatic dynamics algorithms across the various methods. Based on the above results, we discuss the present-day practice in computational photodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Janoš
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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47
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Jensen AB, Højlund MG, Zoccante A, Madsen NK, Christiansen O. Efficient time-dependent vibrational coupled cluster computations with time-dependent basis sets at the two-mode coupling level: Full and hybrid TDMVCC[2]. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:204106. [PMID: 38010335 DOI: 10.1063/5.0175506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The computation of the nuclear quantum dynamics of molecules is challenging, requiring both accuracy and efficiency to be applicable to systems of interest. Recently, theories have been developed for employing time-dependent basis functions (denoted modals) with vibrational coupled cluster theory (TDMVCC). The TDMVCC method was introduced along with a pilot implementation, which illustrated good accuracy in benchmark computations. In this paper, we report an efficient implementation of TDMVCC, covering the case where the wave function and Hamiltonian contain up to two-mode couplings. After a careful regrouping of terms, the wave function can be propagated with a cubic computational scaling with respect to the number of degrees of freedom. We discuss the use of a restricted set of active one-mode basis functions for each mode, as well as two interesting limits: (i) the use of a full active basis where the variational modal determination amounts essentially to the variational determination of a time-dependent reference state for the cluster expansion; and (ii) the use of a single function as an active basis for some degrees of freedom. The latter case defines a hybrid TDMVCC/TDH (time-dependent Hartree) approach that can obtain even lower computational scaling. The resulting computational scaling for hybrid and full TDMVCC[2] is illustrated for polyaromatic hydrocarbons with up to 264 modes. Finally, computations on the internal vibrational redistribution of benzoic acid (39 modes) are used to show the faster convergence of TDMVCC/TDH hybrid computations towards TDMVCC compared to simple neglect of some degrees of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mads Greisen Højlund
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Alberto Zoccante
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Via T. Michel 11, 15100 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Niels Kristian Madsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ove Christiansen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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48
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Freixas VM, Oldani N, Tretiak S, Fernandez-Alberti S. Twisting Aromaticity and Photoinduced Dynamics in Hexapole Helicenes. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10145-10150. [PMID: 37924328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Curved aromatic molecules are attractive electronic materials, where an additional internal strain uniquely modifies their structure, aromaticity, dynamics, and optical properties. Helicenes are examples of such twisted conjugated systems. Herein, we analyze the photoinduced dynamics in different stereoisomers of a hexapole helicene by using nonadiabatic excited-state molecular dynamics simulations. We explore how changes in symmetry and structural distortion modulate the intramolecular energy redistribution. We find that distinct helical assembly leads to different rigid distorted structures that in turn impact the nonradiative energy relaxation and ultimately formation of the self-trapped exciton. Subsequently, the value of the twisting angles relative to the central triphenylene core structure controls the global molecular aromaticity and electronic localization during the internal conversion process. Our work sheds light on how the future synthesis of novel curved aromatic compounds can be directed to attain specific desired electronic properties through the modulation of their twisted aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Freixas
- Department of Chemistry and Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Nicolas Oldani
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division and Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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49
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Dergachev VD, Nakritskaia DD, Alexeev Y, Gaita-Ariño A, Varganov SA. Analytical nonadiabatic coupling and state-specific energy gradient for the crystal field Hamiltonian describing lanthanide single-ion magnets. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:184111. [PMID: 37962443 DOI: 10.1063/5.0168996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramagnetic molecules with a metal ion as an electron spin center are promising building blocks for molecular qubits and high-density memory arrays. However, fast spin relaxation and decoherence in these molecules lead to a rapid loss of magnetization and quantum information. Nonadiabatic coupling (NAC), closely related to spin-vibrational coupling, is the main source of spin relaxation and decoherence in paramagnetic molecules at higher temperatures. Predicting these couplings using numerical differentiation requires a large number of computationally intensive ab initio or crystal field electronic structure calculations. To reduce computational cost and improve accuracy, we derive and implement analytical NAC and state-specific energy gradient for the ab initio parametrized crystal field Hamiltonian describing single-ion molecular magnets. Our implementation requires only a single crystal field calculation. In addition, the accurate NACs and state-specific energy gradients can be used to model spin relaxation using sophisticated nonadiabatic molecular dynamics, which avoids the harmonic approximation for molecular vibrations. To test our implementation, we calculate the NAC values for three lanthanide complexes. The predicted values support the relaxation mechanisms reported in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod D Dergachev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216, USA
| | - Daria D Nakritskaia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216, USA
| | - Yuri Alexeev
- Computational Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Alejandro Gaita-Ariño
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, c/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Sergey A Varganov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216, USA
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50
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Mirón GD, Semelak JA, Grisanti L, Rodriguez A, Conti I, Stella M, Velusamy J, Seriani N, Došlić N, Rivalta I, Garavelli M, Estrin DA, Kaminski Schierle GS, González Lebrero MC, Hassanali A, Morzan UN. The carbonyl-lock mechanism underlying non-aromatic fluorescence in biological matter. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7325. [PMID: 37957206 PMCID: PMC10643446 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42874-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Challenging the basis of our chemical intuition, recent experimental evidence reveals the presence of a new type of intrinsic fluorescence in biomolecules that exists even in the absence of aromatic or electronically conjugated chemical compounds. The origin of this phenomenon has remained elusive so far. In the present study, we identify a mechanism underlying this new type of fluorescence in different biological aggregates. By employing non-adiabatic ab initio molecular dynamics simulations combined with a data-driven approach, we characterize the typical ultrafast non-radiative relaxation pathways active in non-fluorescent peptides. We show that the key vibrational mode for the non-radiative decay towards the ground state is the carbonyl elongation. Non-aromatic fluorescence appears to emerge from blocking this mode with strong local interactions such as hydrogen bonds. While we cannot rule out the existence of alternative non-aromatic fluorescence mechanisms in other systems, we demonstrate that this carbonyl-lock mechanism for trapping the excited state leads to the fluorescence yield increase observed experimentally, and set the stage for design principles to realize novel non-invasive biocompatible probes with applications in bioimaging, sensing, and biophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Díaz Mirón
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jonathan A Semelak
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luca Grisanti
- Division of Theoretical Physics, Ruder Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alex Rodriguez
- Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics, The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy
| | - Irene Conti
- Dipartimento di Chimica industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Stella
- Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics, The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Seriani
- Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics, The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nadja Došlić
- Division of Theoretical Physics, Ruder Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Rivalta
- Dipartimento di Chimica industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- ENSL, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario A Estrin
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Mariano C González Lebrero
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ali Hassanali
- Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics, The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Uriel N Morzan
- Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics, The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy.
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