1
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He S, Yu J, Stinson WDH, Looney CA, Okuno S, Crowther AC, Esposito DV, Steigerwald ML, Roy X, Nuckolls C. Electrochemical Doping of Two-Dimensional Superatomic Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38959425 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
We report an electrochemical method for doping two-dimensional (2D) superatomic semiconductor Re6Se8Cl2 that significantly improves the material's electrical transport while retaining the in-plane and stacking structures. The electrochemical reduction induces the complete dissociation of chloride anions from the surface of each superatomic nanosheet. After the material is dehalogenated, we observe the electrical conductivity (σ) increases by two orders of magnitude while the 3D electron carrier density (n3D) increases by three orders of magnitude. In addition, the thermal activation energy (Ea) and electron mobility (μe) decrease. We conclude that we have achieved effective electron-doping in 2D superatomic Re6Se8Cl2, which significantly improves the electrical transport properties. Our work sets the foundation for electrochemically doping and tuning the transport properties of other 2D superatomic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoushou He
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jessica Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - William D H Stinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Claire A Looney
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Saya Okuno
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Andrew C Crowther
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Daniel V Esposito
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael L Steigerwald
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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2
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Rong J, Chen W, Gao E, Wu J, Ao H, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Li Z, Kim M, Yamauchi Y, Wang C. Design of Atomically Dispersed CoN 4 Sites and Co Clusters for Synergistically Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402323. [PMID: 38953346 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Constructing dual-site catalysts consisting of atomically dispersed metal single atoms and metal atomic clusters (MACs) is a promising approach to further boost the catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, a porous CoSA-AC@SNC featuring the coexistence of Co single-atom sites (CoN4) and S-coordinated Co atomic clusters (SCo6) in S, N co-doped carbon substrate is successfully synthesized by using porphyrinic metal-organic framework (Co-TPyP MOF) as the precursor. The introduction of the sulfur source creates abundant microstructural defects to anchor Co metal clusters, thus modulating the electronic structure of its surrounding carbon substrate. The synergistic effect between the two types of active sites and structural advantages, in turn, results in high ORR performance of CoSA-AC@SNC with half-wave potential (E1/2) of 0.86 V and Tafel slope of 50.17 mV dec-1. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations also support the synergistic effect between CoN4 and SCo6 by detailing the catalytic mechanism for the improved ORR performance. The as-fabricated Zn-air battery (ZAB) using CoSA-AC@SNC demonstrates impressive peak power density of 174.1 mW cm-2 and charge/discharge durability for 148 h. This work provides a facile synthesis route for dual-site catalysts and can be extended to the development of other efficient atomically dispersed metal-based electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Rong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213614, China
- Jiangsu Petrochemical Safety and Environmental Protection Engineering Research Center, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Wangyi Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213614, China
| | - Erhao Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213614, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213614, China
| | - Huaisheng Ao
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213614, China
| | - Xudong Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213614, China
| | - Yuzhe Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213614, China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213614, China
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213614, China
| | - Minjun Kim
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, South Korea
- Department of Materials Process Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Chaohai Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Green Low Carbon Water Treatment Technology and Water Resources Utilization, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan, 467036, China
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3
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Liu LY, Li J, Liu SQ, Du SH, Siddique MBA, Zhang L, Bu Y, Cheng SB. Beyond Shell-Filling: Strong Enhancement of Electron Affinity of Metal Clusters through a Noninvasive Oriented External Electric Field. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:7028-7035. [PMID: 38949686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Traditional electron counting rules, like the Jellium model, have long been successfully utilized in designing superhalogens by modifying clusters to have one electron less than a filled electronic shell. However, this shell-filling approach, which involves altering the intrinsic properties of the clusters, can be complex and challenging to control, especially in experiments. In this letter, we theoretically establish that the oriented external electric field (OEEF) can substantially enhance the electron affinity (EA) of diverse aluminum-based metal clusters with varying valence electron configurations, leading to the creation of superhalogen species without altering their shell arrangements. This OEEF approach offers a noninvasive alternative to traditional superatom design strategies, as it does not disrupt the clusters' geometrical structures and superatomic states. These findings contribute a vital piece to the puzzle of constructing superalkalis and superhalogens, extending beyond conventional shell-filling strategies and potentially expanding the range of applications for functional clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ye Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Si-Qi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shi-Hu Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | | | - Lei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yuxiang Bu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shi-Bo Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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4
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Li XT, Li J, Liu SQ, Du SH, Wang SJ, Chen J, Cheng SB. Dual External Field Strategy in Regulating the Superhalogen Characteristics of the Non-Noble Metal Constituted Tantalum Oxide Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2024. [PMID: 38917472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c02089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The identification of the non-noble metal constituted TaO cluster as a potential analogue to the noble metal Au is significant for the development of tailored materials. It leverages the superatom concept to engineer properties with precision. However, the impact of incrementally integrating TaO units on the electronic configurations and properties within larger TaO-based clusters remains to be elucidated. By employing the density functional theory calculations, the global minima and low-lying isomers of the TanOn (n = 2-5) clusters were determined, and their structural evolution was disclosed. In the cluster series, Ta5O5 was found to possess the highest electron affinity (EA) with a value of 2.14 eV, based on which a dual external field (DEF) strategy was applied to regulate the electronic property of the cluster. Initially, the electron-withdrawing CO ligand was affixed to Ta5O5, followed by the application of an oriented external electric field (OEEF). The CO ligation was found to be able to enhance the Ta5O5 cluster's electron capture capability by adjusting its electron energy levels, with the EA of Ta5O5(CO)4 peaking at 2.58 eV. Subsequently, the introduction of OEEF further elevated the EA of the CO-ligated cluster. Notably, OEEF, when applied along the +x axis, was observed to sharply increase the EA to 3.26 eV, meeting the criteria for superhalogens. The enhancement of EA in response to OEEF intensity can be quantified as a functional relationship. This finding highlights the advantage of OEEF over conventional methods, demonstrating its capacity for precise and continuous modulation of cluster EAs. Consequently, this research has adeptly transformed tantalum oxide clusters into superhalogen structures, underscoring the effectiveness of the DEF strategy in augmenting cluster EAs and its promise as a viable tool for the creation of superhalogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Si-Qi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shi-Hu Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shi-Jun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shi-Bo Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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5
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Yang X, Liu N, Zhao J, Zhou S. Luminescence properties of endohedrally doped group-IV clusters. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:234305. [PMID: 38899686 DOI: 10.1063/5.0214967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Endohedrally doped clusters form a large category of cage clusters, with unique structures, diverse elemental compositions, and highly tunable electronic structures and physisochemical properties. They have been widely achieved in laboratory and may serve as functional building blocks for assembling new supermolecular structures and devices. In this paper, for the first time, we disclosed the luminescence properties of endohedrally doped group-IV clusters by time-dependent density functional theory calculations. A total of 64 cage clusters have been explored in terms of stability, emission wavelength, and the energy difference between the first excited singlet and triplet states. The key geometric and electronic factors governing the photophysical properties of these cage clusters were unveiled, to provide crucial insights for crafting atomically precise nanoclusters for optical and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Nanshu Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Micro-Nano Devices, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Quantum State Construction and Manipulation (Ministry of Education), Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, Frontier Research Institute for Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Si Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, Frontier Research Institute for Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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6
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Capobianco A, Wiktor J, Landi A, Ambrosio F, Peluso A. Electron Localization and Mobility in Monolayer Fullerene Networks. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 38767281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The novel 2D quasi-hexagonal phase of covalently bonded fullerene molecules (qHP C60), the so-called graphullerene, has displayed far superior electron mobilities, if compared to the parent van der Waals three-dimensional crystal (vdW C60). Herein, we present a comparative study of the electronic properties of vdW and qHP C60 using state-of-the-art electronic-structure calculations and a full quantum-mechanical treatment of electron transfer. We show that both materials entail polaronic localization of electrons with similar binding energies (≈0.1 eV) and, therefore, they share the same charge transport via polaron hopping. In fact, we quantitatively reproduce the sizable increment of the electron mobility measured for qHP C60 and identify its origin in the increased electronic coupling between C60 units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Capobianco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia Adolfo Zambelli, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Julia Wiktor
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Landi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia Adolfo Zambelli, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Francesco Ambrosio
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia Adolfo Zambelli, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Peluso
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia Adolfo Zambelli, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
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7
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Huang F, Xiong M, Zhou J, Yang T. Assembly-inspired multiferroicity with nontrivial Chern insulating phase from exohedral metallofullerenes. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:184302. [PMID: 38726934 DOI: 10.1063/5.0204612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Fullerene-assembled low-dimensional materials have been experimentally realized in polymorphic forms and have attracted significant interest very recently. Here, we predict a two-dimensional (2D) honeycomb lattice material TM2(C60)3 (TM = Cr, Mo, and W) assembled from exohedral metallofullerene clusters TM(C60)3 that could exhibit planar triangular geometries. According to first-principles calculations combined with Monte Carlo simulations, we suggest that these 2D assembled materials exhibit various exotic physical properties, including ferromagnetism, ferroelectricity, and quantum anomalous Hall effect. Interestingly, mechanical strains could effectively tune their magnetic moments and switch the conducting spin channel of the Dirac bands at the Fermi level. Our work provides a new cluster-assembly design strategy toward cluster-assembled 2D materials based on fullerene characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049 Shaanxi, China
| | - Mo Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049 Shaanxi, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049 Shaanxi, China
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8
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Acioli PH. Theoretical prediction of low-energy photoelectron spectra of Al nNi - clusters (n = 1-13). J Mol Model 2024; 30:155. [PMID: 38693182 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mixed-metal clusters have long been studied because of their peculiar properties and how they change with cluster size, composition, and charge state and their potential roles in catalysis. The characterization of these clusters is therefore a very important issue. One of the main experimental tools for characterizing their electronic structure is photoelectron spectroscopy. Theoretical computation completes the task by fully determining the structural properties and matching the theoretical predictions to the measured spectra. We present density functional theory computations of the structural, magnetic, and electronic properties of negatively charged mixed AlnNi- clusters with up to 13 Al atoms. The lowest energy structures of the anionic clusters with up to 7 atoms are also found to be low-energy isomers of the neutral counterparts found in the literature. The 13-atom cluster is found to be a quartet and a perfect icosahedron. The predicted photoelectron spectra are also presented and can be used to interpret future experimental data. We also presented indicators that can be used to determine the potential of these systems for single-atom catalysis. These indicators point to smaller clusters to be more reactive as the gap between the Fermi energy and the center of the d-band increases with cluster size and that Ni occupies an internal site for n = 11-13. We speculate that reactivity can be enhanced if one adds an additional Ni atom. METHODS The DFT calculations were performed using the Becke exchange and Perdew-Wang/91 correlation functionals (BPW91), a DFT-optimized all-electron basis set for the aluminum atom, and the Stuttgart small core pseudopotential for the Ni atom. All of the computations used the Gaussian 03 software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo H Acioli
- Department of Physics, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL, 60625, USA.
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9
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Hertler PR, Yu X, Brower JD, Nguyen TAD, Wu G, Autschbach J, Hayton TW. Exploring Spin-Orbit Effects in a [Cu 6Tl] + Nanocluster Featuring an Uncommon Tl-H Interaction. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400390. [PMID: 38381600 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Reaction of [CuH(PPh3)]6 with 1 equiv. of Tl(OTf) results in formation of [Cu6TlH6(PPh3)6][OTf] ([1]OTf]), which can be isolated in good yields. Variable-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy, in combination with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, confirms the presence of a rare Tl-H orbital interaction. According to DFT, the 1H chemical shift of the Tl-adjacent hydride ligands of [1]+ includes 7.7 ppm of deshielding due to spin-orbit effects from the heavy Tl atom. This study provides valuable new insights into a rare class of metal hydrides, given that [1][OTf] is only the third isolable species reported to contain a Tl-H interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe R Hertler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106
| | - Xiaojuan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260
| | - Jordan D Brower
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106
| | - Thuy-Ai D Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106
| | - Guang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106
| | - Jochen Autschbach
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260
| | - Trevor W Hayton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106
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10
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Piotrowski MJ, Palheta JMT, Fournier R. Cage doping of Ti, Zr, and Hf-based 13-atom nanoclusters: two sides of the same coin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:13172-13181. [PMID: 38630106 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00518j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal nanoclusters can exhibit unique and tunable properties which result not only from their chemical composition but also from their atomic packing and quantized electronic structures. Here, we introduce a promising family of bimetallic TM@Ti12, TM@Zr12, and TM@Hf12 nanoclusters with icosahedral geometry, where TM represents an atom from groups 3 to 12. Density functional theory calculations show that their stability can be explained with familiar concepts of metal cluster electronic and atomic shell structures. The magnetic properties of these quasispherical clusters are entirely consistent with superatom electronic shells and Hund's rules, and can be tuned by the choice of the TM dopant. The computed cluster atomization energies were analyzed in terms of the elements' cohesive energy, Ecoh, and contributions from geometric distortion, Edis, surface energy, Es, and ionic bonding, Ei. Some clusters have anomalous stability relative to Ecoh + Edis + Es + Ei. We attribute this to superatomic character associated with a favorable atomic and electronic shell structure. This raises the possibility of designing stable superatoms and materials with tailored electronic and magnetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício J Piotrowski
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Pelotas, PO Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - João Marcos T Palheta
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Pelotas, PO Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - René Fournier
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3.
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11
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Lu SJ, Gao ZO. Structural evolution and bonding properties of Nb1-2Gen-/0 (n = 3-7) clusters: Anion photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:164306. [PMID: 38647305 DOI: 10.1063/5.0204633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study presents a collaborative experimental and theoretical investigation into the structures and electronic properties of niobium-doped germanium clusters. Anion photoelectron spectra for Nb1-2Gen- (n = 3-7) clusters were acquired using 266 nm photon energies, enabling the determination of adiabatic detachment energies and vertical detachment energies. In conjunction with these experimental measurements, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted to validate the experimentally obtained electron detachment energies and elucidate the geometric and electronic structures of each anionic cluster. The agreement between DFT calculations and experimental data establishes a solid foundation for assessing the structural evolution and electronic properties of niobium-doped germanium clusters. It is noted that both neutral and anionic clusters exhibit predominantly similar overall structural characteristics, with the exception of Nb2Ge6- and Nb2Ge6. Furthermore, this investigation emphasizes the exceptional chemical stability of the D3d symmetric chair-shaped structure in Nb2Ge6-, providing insights into its bonding characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Jie Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze, Shandong Province 274015, China
| | - Zhao-Ou Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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12
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Suzuki Y, Matsumoto K, Nomi R, Arakawa M, Horio T, Terasaki A. Photoelectron Imaging Signature for Selective Formation of Icosahedral Anionic Silver Cages Encapsulating Group 5 Elements: M@Ag 12- (M = V, Nb, and Ta). J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4327-4332. [PMID: 38619361 PMCID: PMC11057432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
An assembly of 13 atoms can form highly symmetric architectures like those belonging to D3h, Oh, D5h, and Ih point groups. Here, using photoelectron imaging spectroscopy in combination with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we present a simple yet convincing experimental signature for the selective formation of icosahedral cages of anionic silver clusters encapsulating a dopant atom of group 5 elements: M@Ag12- (M = V, Nb, and Ta). Their photoelectron images obtained at 4 eV closely resemble one another: only a single ring is observed, which is assignable to photodetachment signals from a 5-fold degenerate superatomic 1D electronic shell in the 1S21P61D10 configuration of valence electrons. The perfect degeneracy represents an unambiguous fingerprint of an icosahedral symmetry, which would otherwise be lifted in all of the other structural isomers. DFT calculations confirm that Ih forms are the most stable and that D5h, Oh, and D3h structures are not found even in metastable states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Rin Nomi
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | | | - Takuya Horio
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Akira Terasaki
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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13
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Wang X, Zhang M, Cao W. Chemical properties of superatomic Li 3O clusters from a density functional theory perspective: formation of chloride and adsorption behavior on graphynes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11708-11714. [PMID: 38563498 PMCID: PMC11022547 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05478k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Superatomic clusters have received a lot of attention due to their ability to mimic the electronic configurations of individual atoms. Despite numerous studies of these clusters, their ability to mimic the chemical properties of individual atoms is still unclear. This also applies for Li3O/Li3O+ clusters which simulate the Na atom and its ion, but their capabilities to form a salt or be adsorbed on surfaces remain unexplored. In this work, a density functional theory investigation was performed to study the chemical formation and adsorption behavior of the superatomic Li3O cluster. The results show that Li3O mimics the chemical properties of the sodium element to form Li3O chloride and be adsorbed on graphdiyne and γ-graphyne with similar binding energy as the sodium adsorbate cases. Beyond the isolated cluster individuals, superatoms are demonstrated as elements from the 3D periodic table to construct compounds and attach onto solid surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- School of Physics, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Physics, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Wei Cao
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland.
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14
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Ariyarathna IR. Ground and excited electronic structures of electride and alkalide units: The cases of Metal-Tren, -Azacryptand, and -TriPip222 complexes. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:655-662. [PMID: 38087935 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
A systematic electronic structure analysis was conducted for M(L)n molecular electrides and their corresponding alkalide units M(L)n @M' (M/M' = Na, K; L = Tren, Azacryptand, TriPip222; n = 1, 2). All complexes belong to the "superalkali" category due to their low ionization potentials. The saturated molecular electrides display M+ (L)n - form with a greatly diffuse quasispherical electron cloud. They were identified as "superatoms" considering the contours of populating atomic-type molecular orbitals. The observed superatomic Aufbau order of M(Tren)2 is 1S, 1P, 1D, 1F, 2S, 2P, and 1G and it is consistent with those of M(Azacryptand) and M(TriPip222) up to the analyzed 1F level. Their excitation energies decrease gradually moving from M(Tren)2 to M(Azacryptand) and to M(TriPip222). The studied alkalide complexes carry [M(L)n ]+ @M'- ionic structure and their dissociation energies vary in the sequence of K(L)n @Na > Na(L)n @Na > K(L)n @K > Na(L)n @K. Similar to molecular electrides, the anions of alkalide units occupy electrons in diffuse Rydberg-like orbitals. In this work, excited states of [M(L)n @M']0/+/- and their trends are also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isuru R Ariyarathna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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15
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Jakhar M, Kandalam AK, Pandey R, Kiran B, Karna SP. Density functional theory study of the structure, stability, magnetic properties, and (hyper)polarizability of (sub-nm) rare-earth (RE) doped gold clusters: Au5RE with RE = Sc, Y, La-Lu. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:144306. [PMID: 38597314 DOI: 10.1063/5.0195123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Rare-earth doped materials are of immense interest for their potential applications in linear and nonlinear photonics. There is also intense interest in sub-nanometer gold clusters due to their enhanced stability and unique optical, magnetic, and catalytic properties. To leverage their emergent properties, here we report a systematic study of the geometries, stability, electronic, magnetic, and linear and nonlinear optical properties of Au5RE (RE = Sc, Y, La-Lu) clusters using density-functional theory. Several low-energy isomers consisting of planar or non-planar configurations are identified. For most doped clusters, the non-planar configuration is energetically favored. In the case of La-, Pm-, Gd-, and Ho-doped clusters, a competition between planar and non-planar isomers is predicted. A distinct preference for the planar configuration is predicted for Au5Eu, Au5Sm, Au5Tb, Au5Tm, and Au5Yb. The distinction between the planar and non-planar configurations is highlighted by the calculated highest frequencies, with the stretching mode of the non-planar configuration predicted to be stiffer than the planar configuration. The bonding analysis reveals the dominance of the RE-d orbitals in the formation of frontier molecular orbitals, which, in turn, facilitates retaining the magnetic characteristics governed by RE-f orbitals, preventing spin-quenching of rare earths in the doped clusters. In addition, the doped clusters exhibit small energy gaps between frontier orbitals, large dipole moments, and enhanced hyperpolarizability compared to the host cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Jakhar
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA
| | - Anil K Kandalam
- Department of Physics and Engineering, West Chester University of PA, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19341, USA
| | - Ravindra Pandey
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA
| | - B Kiran
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, McNeese State University, Lake Charles, Louisiana 70609, USA
| | - Shashi P Karna
- DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Army Research Directorate, ATTN: FCDD-RLA-A, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland 21005-5069, USA
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16
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Terasaka K, Kamoshida T, Ichikawa T, Yokoyama T, Shibuta M, Hatanaka M, Nakajima A. Alkaline Earth Metal Superatom of W@Si 16: Characterization of Group 6 Metal Encapsulating Si 16 Cage on Organic Substrates. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9605-9613. [PMID: 38427709 PMCID: PMC11009963 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal atom (M)-encapsulating silicon cage nanoclusters (M@Si16) exhibit a superatomic nature, depending on the central M atom owing to the number of valence electrons and charge state on organic substrates. Since M@Si16 superatom featuring group 4 and 5 transition metal atoms exhibit rare-gas-like and alkali-like characteristics, respectively, group 6 transition metal atoms are expected to show alkaline earth-like behavior. In this study, M@Si16, comprising a central atom from group 6 (MVI = Cr, Mo, and W) were deposited on C60 substrates, and their electronic and chemical stabilities were investigated in terms of their charge state and chemical reactivity against oxygen exposures. In comparison to alkali-like Ta@Si16, the extent of charge transfer to the C60 substrate is approximately doubled, while the oxidative reactivity is subdued for MVI@Si16 on C60, especially for W@Si16. The results show that a divalent state of MVI@Si162+ appears on the C60 substrate, which is consistently calculated to be a symmetrical cage structure of W@Si162+ in C3v, revealing insights into the "periodic law" of M@Si16 superatoms pertaining to the characteristics of alkaline earth metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Terasaka
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kamoshida
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takumi Ichikawa
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takaho Yokoyama
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shibuta
- Keio
Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences (KiPAS), Keio University, 3-14-1
Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Miho Hatanaka
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
- Keio
Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences (KiPAS), Keio University, 3-14-1
Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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17
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He J, Li X, Yang Z, Zhang D, Lu T, Liu W, Liu Q, Wang K, Huang C. HsGDY 3D Framework-Encapsulated Cu 2O Quantum Dots for High-Efficiency Energy Storage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:18008-18018. [PMID: 38556992 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Nanostructured electrode materials become a vital component for future electrode materials because of their short electron and ion transport distances for fast charge and discharge processes and sufficient space between particles for volume expansion. So, achieving a smaller size of the nanomaterial with stable structure and high electrode performance is always the pursuit. Herein, the hybrid electrode material system hydrogen-substituted graphdiyne (HsGDY)/Cu2O-quantum dots (QDs) composed of an active carbon substrate and vibrant metal oxide QD load was established by HsGDY and cuprous oxide. The HsGDY frame with conjugated structure not only delivers impressive capacity by a self-exchange mechanism but also characterizes a matrix to forge strong connections with numerous active Cu2O-QDs for the prevention of aggregation, leading to a homogeneous storage and transport of charge in a bulk material of crisscross structural pores. QD-based electrode materials would exhibit desired capacities by their large surface area, abundant active surface atoms, and the short diffusion pathway. The hybrid system of HsGDY/Cu2O-QDs delivers an ultrahigh capacity of 1230 mA h g-1 with loading density reaching up to 1 mg cm-2. In the meantime, the electrode exhibits a long cycle stability of over 8000 cycles. The synergistic effect endows the hybrid system electrode with an approximately theoretical energy density, suggesting the great potential of such carbon/QD hybrid material system applied for high-performance batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjiang He
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, No. 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ze Yang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Deyi Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Lu
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qin Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Changshui Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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18
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Cui C, Zhang H, Gu Y, Geng L, Jia Y, Lin S, Ma J, Luo Z. Tailoring Titanium Carbide Clusters for New Materials: from Met-Cars to Carbon-Doped Superatoms. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9302-9310. [PMID: 38506150 PMCID: PMC10996009 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Tailoring materials with prescribed properties and regular structures is a critical and challenging research topic. Early transition metals were found to form supermagic M8C12 metallocarbohedrenes (Met-Cars); however, stable metal carbides are not limited to this common stoichiometry. Utilizing self-developed deep-ultraviolet laser ionization mass spectrometry, here, we report a strategy to generate new titanium carbides by reacting pure Tin clusters with acetylene. Interestingly, two products corresponding to Ti17C2 and Ti19C10 exhibit superior abundances in addition to the Ti8C12 Met-Cars. Using global-minimum search, the structures of Ti17C2 and Ti19C10 are determined to be an ellipsoidal D4d and a rod-shaped D5h geometry, respectively, both with carbon-capped Ti4C moieties and superatomic features. We illustrate the electronic structures and bonding nature in these carbon-doped superatoms concerning their enhanced stability and local aromaticity, shedding light on a new class of metal-carbide nanomaterials with atomic precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Cui
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory
for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory
for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuming Gu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing
University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lijun Geng
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory
for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuhan Jia
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory
for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School
of Chemical Science, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shiquan Lin
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory
for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School
of Chemical Science, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Ma
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing
University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory
for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School
of Chemical Science, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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19
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Sikorska C, Vincent E, Schnepf A, Gaston N. Tuning the electronic structure of gold cluster-assembled materials by altering organophosphine ligands. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:10673-10687. [PMID: 38511629 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04027e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Superatomic clusters can be assembled to build bulk matter, where the individual characteristics are preserved. The main benefit of these materials over conventional bulk species is the capability to tailor their features by altering the physicochemical identities of individual clusters. Electronic properties of metal clusters can be modified by a protective shell of ligands that attach to the surface and make the whole nanoparticle soluble in organic or aqueous solvents. In the present work, we demonstrate that properly chosen ligands provide not only steric protection from aggregation but also tune the redox activity of metal clusters. We investigate the role of the ligands in electronic structure tunability and ligand-field splitting. Our first-principles calculations agree with the experiments, showing that phosphine-protected gold materials are small gap semiconductors. The obtained bandgaps strongly depend on the ligand used. Hence, using phosphine and organophosphine ligands should be feasible and promising while designing the novel superatom-based materials since the desired range of the bandgap might be achieved (by the proper choice of the ligand).
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Sikorska
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, 38 Princes Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdanśk, Fahrenheit Union of Universities in Gdanśk, 80-308 Gdanśk, Poland
| | - Emma Vincent
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, 38 Princes Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Andreas Schnepf
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicola Gaston
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, 38 Princes Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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20
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Masuda S, Sakamoto K, Tsukuda T. Atomically precise Au and Ag nanoclusters doped with a single atom as model alloy catalysts. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:4514-4528. [PMID: 38294320 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05857c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Gold and silver nanoclusters (NCs) composed of <200 atoms are novel catalysts because their catalytic properties differ significantly from those of the corresponding bulk surface and can be dramatically tuned by the size (number of atoms). Doping with other metals is a promising approach for improving the catalytic performance of Au and Ag NCs. However, elucidation of the origin of the doping effects and optimization of the catalytic performance are hampered by the technical challenge of controlling the number and location of the dopants. In this regard, atomically precise Au or Ag (Au/Ag) NCs protected by ligands or polymers have recently emerged as an ideal platform because they allow regioselective substitution of single Au/Ag constituent atoms while retaining the size and morphology of the NC. Heterogeneous Au/Ag NC catalysts doped with a single atom can also be prepared by controlled calcination of ligand-protected NCs on solid supports. Comparison of thermal catalysis, electrocatalysis, and photocatalysis between the single-atom-doped and undoped Au/Ag NCs has revealed that the single-atom doping effect can be attributed to an electronic or geometric origin, depending on the dopant element and position. This minireview summarizes the recent progress of the synthesis and catalytic application of single-atom-doped, atomically precise Au/Ag NC catalysts and provides future prospects for the rational development of active and selective metal NC catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Masuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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21
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Xue D, Yang J, Chen Z, Gao Z, Zhi L, Li Y. Dual-Valence Characteristics of Be 11: Tin/Lead-like Superatom. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:3477-3485. [PMID: 38315665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
To enhance the superatom family, the new superatom analogue Be11 of group IVA elements has been developed. Be11 can exhibit multiple valence states (+2 and +4), similar to carbon-group elements, and is capable of forming stable ionic compounds with other atoms such as carbon, chalcogen, (super)halogen, and hydroxyl. This resembles how tin and lead atoms combine with these elements to form stable molecules. Their special stability can be rationalized from the perspective of a cluster shell model. Sn or Pb could be the nearest atomic analogue to Be11 in group IVA, as the +2 oxidation state is more stable than the +4 oxidation state. This comparative investigation highlights the resemblance between Be11 and carbon-group elements, which encourages additional exploration within the superatom family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duomei Xue
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Jiaqian Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Zeren Chen
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Zhuqing Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Lifei Zhi
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Ying Li
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, PR China
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22
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Giesel PF, Fischer P, Schweikhard L. A multi-reflection time-of-flight setup for the study of atomic clusters produced by magnetron sputtering. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:023201. [PMID: 38341722 DOI: 10.1063/5.0183864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
The Greifswald multi-reflection time-of-flight setup has been extended with a magnetron sputtering gas aggregation source for the production of atomic cluster ions with sizes ranging from a single to thousands of atoms. This source, combined with a newly added quadrupole mass filter and a linear Paul trap, opens up the possibility of many new atomic-cluster studies not feasible with the setup before. The new components and their interfacing with the previous setup are described, and benchmarking as well as the first experimental results are presented. The capability of the system to handle singly charged ions with masses of several ten thousand atomic mass units is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Giesel
- Institut für Physik, Universität Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Paul Fischer
- Institut für Physik, Universität Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lutz Schweikhard
- Institut für Physik, Universität Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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23
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Chen Q, Zhang Y, Chen S, Liu Y, Zhang C, Zhang M, Yu K. Surface-Ligand Tuned Reversible Transformations in Aqueous Environments Between CdSe Magic-Size Clusters and Their Precursor Compounds. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304277. [PMID: 37806760 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
That magic-size clusters (MSCs) have their counterpart precursor compounds (PCs) has not been generally accepted by expertise circles. Here, experimental evidence to support this new concept is presented. With aqueous-phase CdSe MSCs as a model system, it is shown that when the MSCs are dispersed in water containing a certain amount of L-cysteine (Cys), the MSCs disappear slowly. Upon the addition of CdCl2 , the MSCs recover. It is proposed that after dispersing, the MSCs transform to their quasi-isomeric, non-absorbing PCs upon Cys addition. In the presence of CdCl2 , the PCs transform back to the MSCs due to Cys elimination. The surface ligand Cys of the MSCs plays a significant role in the reversible transformations. The present study provides compelling evidence that absorbing MSCs have their non-absorbing PCs. The study findings suggest that the transformation between two MSCs that display absorption spectral shifts in a stepwise pattern is assisted by their PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yuehui Liu
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Chunchun Zhang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Kui Yu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
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24
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Rodríguez-Sota A, Saxena V, Spethmann J, Wiesendanger R, Lo Conte R, Kubetzka A, von Bergmann K. Phase Coexistence of Mn Trimer Clusters and Antiferromagnetic Mn Islands on Ir(111). ACS NANO 2024; 18:3699-3706. [PMID: 38227829 PMCID: PMC10832046 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Clusters supported by solid substrates are prime candidates for heterogeneous catalysis and can be prepared in various ways. While mass-selected soft-landing methods are often used for the generation of monodisperse particles, self-assembly typically leads to a range of different cluster sizes. Here we show by scanning tunneling microscopy measurements that in the initial stages of growth, Mn forms trimers on a close-packed hexagonal Ir surface, providing a route for self-organized monodisperse cluster formation on an isotropic metallic surface. For an increasing amount of Mn, first a phase with reconstructed monolayer islands is formed, until at full coverage a pseudomorphic Mn phase evolves, which is the most densely packed one of the three different observed Mn phases on Ir(111). The magnetic state of both the reconstructed islands and the pseudomorphic film is found to be the prototypical antiferromagnetic Néel state with a 120° spin rotation between all nearest neighbors in the hexagonal layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Rodríguez-Sota
- Institute for Nanostructure and Solid
State Physics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20355, Germany
| | - Vishesh Saxena
- Institute for Nanostructure and Solid
State Physics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20355, Germany
| | - Jonas Spethmann
- Institute for Nanostructure and Solid
State Physics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20355, Germany
| | - Roland Wiesendanger
- Institute for Nanostructure and Solid
State Physics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20355, Germany
| | | | - André Kubetzka
- Institute for Nanostructure and Solid
State Physics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20355, Germany
| | - Kirsten von Bergmann
- Institute for Nanostructure and Solid
State Physics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20355, Germany
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25
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Liu D, Gao G, Zhang Y, Li Q, Yang S, Chai J, Yu H, Zhu M. [Au 14(2-SAdm) 9(Dppe) 2] +: a gold nanocluster with a crystallization-induced emission enhancement phenomenon. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1337-1340. [PMID: 38197463 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06335f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
In this work, a gold nanocluster [Au14(2-SAdm)9(Dppe)2]+ was synthesized and structurally determined by X-ray crystallography. The crystals of this cluster exhibit a 50-fold enhancement in quantum yield (5.05% for crystals) compared with its solution. Crystallographic analysis reveals that the weak intermolecular interactions (C-H⋯π, π⋯π) can inhibit the molecular vibration and thus generate the crystallization-induced emission enhancement phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key, Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Guiqi Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key, Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Yongyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key, Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Qinzhen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key, Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Sha Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key, Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Jinsong Chai
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key, Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Haizhu Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key, Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key, Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
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26
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Sikorska C. Design and Investigation of Superatoms for Redox Applications: First-Principles Studies. MICROMACHINES 2023; 15:78. [PMID: 38258197 PMCID: PMC10820084 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
A superatom is a cluster of atoms that acts like a single atom. Two main groups of superatoms are superalkalis and superhalogens, which mimic the chemistry of alkali and halogen atoms, respectively. The ionization energies of superalkalis are smaller than those of alkalis (<3.89 eV for cesium atom), and the electron affinities of superhalogens are larger than that of halogens (>3.61 eV for chlorine atom). Exploring new superalkali/superhalogen aims to provide reliable data and predictions of the use of such compounds as redox agents in the reduction/oxidation of counterpart systems, as well as the role they can play more generally in materials science. The low ionization energies of superalkalis make them candidates for catalysts for CO2 conversion into renewable fuels and value-added chemicals. The large electron affinity of superhalogens makes them strong oxidizing agents for bonding and removing toxic molecules from the environment. By using the superatoms as building blocks of cluster-assembled materials, we can achieve the functional features of atom-based materials (like conductivity or catalytic potential) while having more flexibility to achieve higher performance. This feature paper covers the issues of designing such compounds and demonstrates how modifications of the superatoms (superhalogens and superalkalis) allow for the tuning of the electronic structure and might be used to create unique functional materials. The designed superatoms can form stable perovskites for solar cells, electrolytes for Li-ion batteries of electric vehicles, superatomic solids, and semiconducting materials. The designed superatoms and their redox potential evaluation could help experimentalists create new materials for use in fields such as energy storage and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Sikorska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Fahrenheit Union of Universities in Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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27
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Yoshida K, Arima D, Mitsui M. Dissecting the Triplet-State Properties and Intersystem Crossing Mechanism of the Ligand-Protected Au 13 Superatom. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:10967-10973. [PMID: 38038710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Icosahedral Au13 nanoclusters are among the most typical superatoms and are of great interest as promising building blocks for nanocluster-assembled materials. Herein, the key parameters involved in the intersystem crossing (ISC) process of [Au13(dppe)5Cl2]3+ (Au13; dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) were characterized. Quenching experiments using aromatic compounds revealed that the T1 energy of Au13 is 1.63 eV. An integrative interpretation of our experimental results and the relevant literature uncovered important facts concerning the Au13 superatom: the ISC quantum yield is unity due to the ultrafast ISC (∼1012 s-1), the lowest absorption band includes contributions of direct singlet-triplet transitions, and there exists a large S1-T1 gap of 0.73 eV. To explain the efficient ISC, the El-Sayed rule was applied to the superatomic orbitals corresponding to the excited-state hole/electron distributions obtained from theoretical calculations. The strong spin-orbit coupling between the S1 and T2-T4 states offers a reasonable explanation for the ultrafast ISC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouta Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Daichi Arima
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Masaaki Mitsui
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
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28
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Havenridge S, Aikens CM. Understanding the Ligand-Dependent Photoluminescent Mechanism in Small Alkynyl-Protected Gold Nanoclusters. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9932-9943. [PMID: 37966050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Alkynyl-protected gold clusters have recently gained attention because they are more structurally versatile than their thiolate-protected counterparts. Despite their flexibility, however, a higher photoluminescent quantum yield (PLQY) has been observed experimentally compared to that of organically soluble thiolate-protected clusters. Previous experiments have shown that changing the organic ligand, or R group, in these clusters does not affect the geometric or electronic properties of the core, leading to a similar absorption profile. This article serves as a follow-up to those experiments in which the geometric, optical, and photoluminescent (PL) properties of Au22(ETP)18 are pieced together to find the photoluminescence mechanism. These properties are then compared between Au22(C≡CR)18 clusters where the ligand is changed from R = ETP to PA and ET (ETP = 3-ethynylthiophene, PA = phenylacetylene, and ET = 3-ethynyltoluene). As the theoretical results do not reproduce the same absorption profile among the different ligands as in the experiment, this article also presents a supplementary benchmark of the geometric and optical properties among the three ligands for different levels of theory. The calculations show that the photoluminescence mechanism with the ETP ligand results in ligand-to-metal-to-metal charge transfer (LMMCT), while PA and ET are likely a result of core-dominated fluorescence. The changes are the result of the Au(I) ring atoms as well as how the aromatic groups are connected to the cluster. Additionally, dispersion, solvent, and polarization functions are all important to creating an accurate chemical environment, but the most useful tool in these calculations is the use of a long-range-corrected exchange-correlation functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana Havenridge
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66502, United States
| | - Christine M Aikens
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66502, United States
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29
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Gao XF, Liu GH, Hu XK, Chen LL, Zhu BC, Zheng DS, Liao YH. DFT-Based Study of the Structure, Stability, and Spectral and Optical Properties of Gas-Phase NbMg n ( n = 2-12) Clusters. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:41391-41401. [PMID: 37970033 PMCID: PMC10633863 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase NbMgn (n = 2-12) clusters were fully searched by CALYPSO software, and then the low-energy isomers were further optimized and calculated under DFT. It is shown that the three lowest energy isomers of NbMgn (n = 3-12) at each size are grown from two seed structures, i.e., tetrahedral and pentahedral structures, and the transition size occurs at the NbMg8 cluster. Interestingly, the relative stability calculations of the NbMg8 cluster ground-state isomer stand out under the examination of several parameters' calculations. The charge-transfer properties of the clusters of the ground-state isomers of various sizes had been comprehensively investigated. In order to be able to provide data guidance for future experimental probing of these ground-state clusters, this work also predicted infrared and Raman spectra at the same level of theoretical calculations. The results show that the multipeak nature of the IR and Raman spectra predicts that it is difficult to distinguish them directly. Finally, the optical properties of these clusters were investigated by calculating the static linear, second-order nonlinear, and third-order nonlinear coefficients. Importantly and interestingly, the NbMg8 cluster was shown to have superior nonlinear optical characteristics to all other clusters; thus, it is a powerful candidate for a potentially ultrasensitive nonlinear optical response device for some special purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Gao
- School
of Mathematics and Physics, Hubei Polytechnic
University, Huangshi 435003, People’s
Republic of China
- School
of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- Daye
Special Steel Co., LTD, Huangshi 435003, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Xian-Kai Hu
- School
of Mathematics and Physics, Hubei Polytechnic
University, Huangshi 435003, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Lan-Li Chen
- School
of Mathematics and Physics, Hubei Polytechnic
University, Huangshi 435003, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Ben-Chao Zhu
- School
of Public Health, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ding-Shan Zheng
- School
of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hua Liao
- School
of Mathematics and Physics, Hubei Polytechnic
University, Huangshi 435003, People’s
Republic of China
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30
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Chen S, Zhang Y, Chen Q, Zhang C, Zhang M, Yu K. Precursor Compound-Assisted Formation of CdS Magic-Size Clusters in Aqueous Solutions. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:18290-18298. [PMID: 37883791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Investigations of the formation pathway of semiconductor magic-size clusters (MSCs) in aqueous solutions are quite limited. Here, we present our understanding about a precursor compound (PC)-assisted formation pathway of aqueous-phase CdS MSCs exhibiting a characteristic absorption peak at about 360 nm (MSC-360). The reaction uses CdCl2 as the Cd source and thioglycolic acid (TGA) as both the S source and ligand in alkaline aqueous solutions. The mixture remains absorption featureless upon incubation at room temperature but with MSC-360 absorption observed upon adding butylamine. The longer the incubation period of the aqueous solution, the more MSC-360 forms after adding butylamine. We propose that Cd-TGA complexes form first, in which the TGA moieties then decompose partially to form PC of MSC-360 (PC-360) that cannot be observed in the optical absorption spectrum. The resulting PC-360 transforms to MSC-360 via quasi-isomerization in the presence of butylamine. The present study provides an in-depth understanding about the formation of aqueous-phase MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Chen
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qingyuan Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chunchun Zhang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Kui Yu
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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31
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Fernandes GFS, Machado FBC, Ferrão LFA. Electronic Structure of Small Isolated and Supported Manganese Oxide Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8773-8781. [PMID: 37839039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, possible molecular models of the isolated manganese oxides and supported Mn3Ox/Al2O3 structures were built based on small clusters of passivated MnOx. The support was represented as a simplified model of the alumina tetramer cluster based on small fragments of AlOxHy. Combinations of MnOxHy and AlOxHy clusters were made to form both the isolated and supported manganese oxides clusters. The electronic structure of these systems was characterized by ab initio methods (DFT and CASPT2). It was observed that the vertical excitation energy of the isolated and supported Mn3OxHy clusters is significantly lower than that of the alumina cluster model, while both the isolated and supported Mn3OxHy wave function characters are qualitatively similar with respect to the ground state and electronic transition processes, suggesting that the alumina cluster behaves as an inert support, since there is little contribution of this component in the description of the low-lying electronic states. The present study also reports for the first time the spectroscopic parameters of several clusters containing the manganese transition metal atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel F S Fernandes
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos,SP 12228-900, Brasil
| | - Francisco B C Machado
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos,SP 12228-900, Brasil
| | - Luiz F A Ferrão
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos,SP 12228-900, Brasil
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32
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Inoue T, Hatanaka M, Nakajima A. Oxidative Activation of Small Aluminum Nanoclusters with Boron Atom Substitution prior to Completing the Endohedral B@Al 12- Superatom. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23088-23097. [PMID: 37792327 PMCID: PMC10603816 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Elemental substitution and doping validate the optimization of chemical and physical properties of functional materials, and the composition ratio of the substituting atoms generally determines their properties by changing their geometric and electronic structures. For atomically precise nanoclusters (NCs) consisting of countable atom aggregates, the composition can be controlled accurately to provide an ideal model to study the heteroatom substitution effects. Since aluminum (Al) and boron (B) both belong to group 13 in the periodic table, the effect of B atom substitution on Aln NCs can be investigated while maintaining the total number of valence electrons in AlnBm NCs. In this study, oxidative reactivities of small Al NCs with B atom substitution are studied for AlnBm NCs (m = 1, n = 6-14 and m = 2, n = 11) supported on organic surfaces by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and oxygen molecule (O2) exposure measurements. Before completing the endohedral B@Al12- superatomic NC, one B atom substitution in Al NCs (AlnB) enhances oxidative reactivities 3-20 times compared to those of Aln+1, particularly for n ≤ 11. When one Al atom of Al12B is further substituted by a B atom to form Al11B2, the reactivity drastically increases (6.6 × 102 times), showing that the B atom substitution makes the NC chemically active or inactive geometrically depending on the exohedral or endohedral site for the B atom in the Al NC. In addition, density functional theory calculations show that the electronegative B atom contributes to forming a locally positive Al site to facilitate O2 adsorption except in Al12B, in which the B atom is geometrically shielded by the surface of the Al12 cage in B@Al12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Inoue
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio
University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Miho Hatanaka
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio
University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio
University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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33
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Li W, Sun M. Electronic band structure and anisotropic optical properties of bulk and monolayer fullerene networks. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 298:122756. [PMID: 37120953 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the local electron density, electronic band structure, density of state, dielectric function, and optical absorption of the bulk and monolayer C60 network structures, based on the latest experimental synthesis [Nature, 2022, 606, 507]. The results show that the ground state electrons are concentrated on the bridge bonds between clusters, the bulk and monolayer C60 network structures have strong absorption peaks in the visible and near infrared regions, and the monolayer quasi-tetragonal phase C60 network structure shows strong polarization dependence. Our results not only provide insights into the physical mechanism of optical absorption of the monolayer C60 network structure, but also reveal potential applications of the C60 network structure in photoelectric devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Li
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mengtao Sun
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, PR China.
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34
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Kumar Kushwaha A, Soumya Jena S, Ranjan Sahoo M, Das D, Kumar Nayak S. Colossal Stability of SiB 11 (BO) 12 - : An Implication as Potential Electrolyte in High-Voltage Alkali-ion Battery. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300032. [PMID: 37437164 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
High-voltage alkali metal-ion batteries (AMIBs) require a non-hazardous, low-cost, and highly stable electrolyte with a large operating potential and rapid ion conductivity. Here, we have reported a halogen-free high-voltage electrolyte based on SiB11 (BO)12 - . Because of the weak π-orbital interaction of -BO as well as the mixed covalent and ionic interaction between SiB11 -cage and -BO ligand, SiB11 (BO)12 - has colossal stability. SiB11 (BO)12 - possesses extremely high vertical detachment energy (9.95 eV), anodic voltage limit (∼10.05 V), and electrochemical stability window (∼9.95 V). Furthermore, SiB11 (BO)12 - is thermodynamically stable at high temperatures, and its large size allows for faster cation movement. The alkali salts MSiB11 (BO)12 (M=Li, Na, and K) are easily dissociated into ionic components. Electrolytes based on SiB11 (BO)12 - greatly outperform commercial electrolytes. In short, SiB11 (BO)12 - -based compound is demonstrated to be a high-voltage electrolyte for AMIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar Kushwaha
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, 752050 Khordha, Odisha, India
| | - Sushri Soumya Jena
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, 752050 Khordha, Odisha, India
| | - Mihir Ranjan Sahoo
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, 752050 Khordha, Odisha, India
| | - Debashish Das
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, 752050 Khordha, Odisha, India
| | - Saroj Kumar Nayak
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, 752050 Khordha, Odisha, India
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35
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Liu PB, Guo JJ, Zhao HY, Ma HM, Wang J, Liu Y. Novel Isomer of Volleyballene Sc 20C 60. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7510-7517. [PMID: 37647565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The Stone-Wales defect is a well-known and significant defective structure in carbon materials, impacting their mechanical, chemical, and electronic properties. Recently, a novel metal-carbon nanomaterial named Volleyballene was discovered, characterized by a C-C bond bridging two carbon pentagons. Using first-principles calculations, a stable Stone-Wales-defective counterpart of Volleyballene, exhibiting Th symmetry, has been proposed by rotating the C-C bond by 90°. Although its binding energy per atom is slightly higher than that of Volleyballene (ΔEb = 0.009 eV/atom), implying marginally lower structural stability, it can maintain its bond structure until the effective temperature reaches about 1500 K, indicating greater thermodynamic stability. Additionally, its highest vibration frequency is 1346.2 cm-1, indicating a strong chemical bond strength. A theoretical analysis of the Sc20C60 + Sc20C60 binary systems highlights that the stable building block may be applied in potential nanoassemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Bo Liu
- Department of Physics and Hebei Advanced Thin Film Laboratory, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 Hebei, China
| | - Jing-Jing Guo
- Department of Physics and Hebei Advanced Thin Film Laboratory, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 Hebei, China
| | - Hui-Yan Zhao
- Department of Physics and Hebei Advanced Thin Film Laboratory, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 Hebei, China
| | - Hong-Man Ma
- Department of Physics and Hebei Advanced Thin Film Laboratory, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 Hebei, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Physics and Hebei Advanced Thin Film Laboratory, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 Hebei, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Physics and Hebei Advanced Thin Film Laboratory, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 Hebei, China
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36
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Gholipour-Ranjbar H, Samayoa-Oviedo HY, Laskin J. Controlled Formation of Fused Metal Chalcogenide Nanoclusters Using Soft Landing of Gaseous Fragment Ions. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17427-17435. [PMID: 37638846 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The complete ligation of nanoclusters significantly reduces their chemical reactivity, catalytic activity, and charge transfer properties. Therefore, in applications, nanoclusters are activated through partial ligand removal to take advantage of their full potential. However, the precise control of ligand removal in the condensed phase is challenging. In this study, we examine the reactivity of well-defined activated nanoclusters on surfaces prepared through controlled ligand removal in the gas phase. To accomplish this, we utilized a specially designed ion soft-landing instrument equipped with a collision cell to prepare mass-selected fragment ions, which were then deposited onto self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surfaces. Specifically, we generated fragment ions by selectively removing one or two ligands from a series of atomically precise ligated metal sulfide clusters, Co5MS8(L1)6+ (M = Co, Mn, Fe, or Ni, L1 = PEt3). Removal of one ligand from Co5MS8(L1)6+ (M = Co, Mn, Ni) generates Co5MS8(L1)5+ species, which undergo selective dimerization on SAMs. Meanwhile, Co5FeS8(L1)5+ is unreactive and remains intact when it is deposited onto a SAM surface. In contrast, fragments formed by the removal of two ligands, Co5MS8(L1)4+, undergo several nonselective reactions and generate larger fused clusters. We found that the reactivity of the Co5MS8(L1)5+ fragment ions is correlated with the gas phase stability of the corresponding precursor ion toward ligand loss. Specifically, the relatively unstable precursor ion, Co5FeS8(L1)6+, generates the least reactive fragment. Meanwhile, the more stable precursor ions generate more reactive Co5MS8(L1)5+ fragments that dimerize on surfaces. This observation was also confirmed by co-deposition of fragment ions with two different ligands, Co5MS8(L1)5+ and Co5MS8(L2)5+ (L1 = PEt3 and L2 = PEt2Ph), where fragments generated from more stable precursor ions tend to dimerize and generate dimers with mixed ligands. This study unveils the previously unrecognized potential of fragment ions in generating compounds that are difficult to synthesize using conventional methods. Additionally, it provides a mechanistic understanding of the observed reactivity. Mass-selected deposition of well-defined fragment ions emerges as a powerful approach for designing materials by precisely activating and depositing undercoordinated ligated nanoclusters onto surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hugo Y Samayoa-Oviedo
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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37
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Zhang LJ, Yang B, Li DZ, Pei L, Farooq U, Xu XL, Zheng WJ, Xu HG. Structural Evolution and Electronic Properties of V 2Si n-/0 ( n = 7-14) Clusters: Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Theoretical Calculations. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:14727-14738. [PMID: 37646377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study of the structures and electronic properties of V2-doped silicon clusters, V2Sin-/0 (n = 7-14), was carried out by anion photoelectron spectroscopic experiments combined with theoretical calculations. According to the experimental spectra of V2Sin- (n = 7-14) clusters, the V2Si12- cluster has the highest vertical detachment energy (VDE) of 3.66 eV, while V2Si7- and V2Si14- clusters have lower VDEs of 2.81 and 2.84 eV, respectively. The most stable structure searches find that two V atoms in the V2Sin- clusters with size n = 7 and 8 are located at the surface, while V2Sin- clusters with n ≥ 9 prefer cage-like structures. Based on the analysis of the structural evolution of V2Sin- (n = 9-14) clusters, it can be clearly seen how the antihexagonal prism with one V encapsulated in the cage is gradually built from n = 9 to 12 and further developed from n = 12 to 14 with the extra silicon atoms located at the surface of the Si12 cage. The molecular orbital and the atoms in molecule analysis of the V2Sin- (n = 7-14) anions demonstrate that the strong V-V bond and the delocalized interaction between the V2 moiety and the Sin ligand play a significant role in stabilizing the cluster structures. A strong linear correlation has been found between the Wiberg bond order of the V-V bond and the electron density at the V-V bond critical points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Safety Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou, Shandong 256600, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Da-Zhi Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and Safety Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou, Shandong 256600, China
| | - Ling Pei
- College of Chemical Engineering and Safety Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou, Shandong 256600, China
| | - Umar Farooq
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad-Campus, Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 22060, Pakistan
| | - Xi-Ling Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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38
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Buceta D, Huseyinova S, Cuerva M, Lozano H, Giovanetti LJ, Ramallo-López JM, López-Caballero P, Zanchet A, Mitrushchenkov AO, Hauser AW, Barone G, Huck-Iriart C, Escudero C, Hernández-Garrido JC, Calvino JJ, López-Haro M, de Lara-Castells MP, Requejo FG, López-Quintela MA. Stability and Reversible Oxidation of Sub-Nanometric Cu 5 Metal Clusters: Integrated Experimental Study and Theoretical Modeling. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301517. [PMID: 37204268 PMCID: PMC10946568 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sub-nanometer metal clusters have special physical and chemical properties, significantly different from those of nanoparticles. However, there is a major concern about their thermal stability and susceptibility to oxidation. In situ X-ray Absorption spectroscopy and Near Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy results reveal that supported Cu5 clusters are resistant to irreversible oxidation at least up to 773 K, even in the presence of 0.15 mbar of oxygen. These experimental findings can be formally described by a theoretical model which combines dispersion-corrected DFT and first principles thermochemistry revealing that most of the adsorbed O2 molecules are transformed into superoxo and peroxo species by an interplay of collective charge transfer within the network of Cu atoms and large amplitude "breathing" motions. A chemical phase diagram for Cu oxidation states of the Cu5 -oxygen system is presented, clearly different from the already known bulk and nano-structured chemistry of Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Buceta
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Nanomag Laboratory, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Shahana Huseyinova
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Nanomag Laboratory, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Cuerva
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Nanomag Laboratory, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Héctor Lozano
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Nanomag Laboratory, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lisandro J Giovanetti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Dto. de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP and CONICET, Diag. 113 y 64., 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - José M Ramallo-López
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Dto. de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP and CONICET, Diag. 113 y 64., 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Alexandre Zanchet
- Instituto de Física Fundamental (AbinitSim Unit), CSIC, Serrano 123, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Andreas W Hauser
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Giampaolo Barone
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Cristián Huck-Iriart
- Laboratorio de Cristalografía Aplicada, Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia, 1650, San Martín, Provincia, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Escudero
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Hernández-Garrido
- Department of Material Science and Metallurgic Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José Juan Calvino
- Department of Material Science and Metallurgic Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Haro
- Department of Material Science and Metallurgic Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - Félix G Requejo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Dto. de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP and CONICET, Diag. 113 y 64., 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M Arturo López-Quintela
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Nanomag Laboratory, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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39
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Jackson BA, Khan SN, Miliordos E. A fresh perspective on metal ammonia molecular complexes and expanded metals: opportunities in catalysis and quantum information. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10572-10587. [PMID: 37555315 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02956e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in our comprehension of the electronic structure of metal ammonia complexes have opened avenues for novel materials with diffuse electrons. These complexes in their ground state can host peripheral "Rydberg" electrons which populate a hydrogenic-type shell model imitating atoms. Aggregates of such complexes form the so-called expanded or liquid metals. Expanded metals composed of d- and f-block metal ammonia complexes offer properties, such as magnetic moments and larger numbers of diffuse electrons, not present for alkali and alkaline earth (s-block) metals. In addition, tethering metal ammonia complexes via hydrocarbon chains (replacement of ammonia ligands with diamines) yields materials that can be used for redox catalysis and quantum computing, sensing, and optics. This perspective summarizes the recent findings for gas-phase isolated metal ammonia complexes and projects the obtained knowledge to the condensed phase regime. Possible applications for the newly introduced expanded metals and linked solvated electrons precursors are discussed and future directions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Jackson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
| | - Shahriar N Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
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40
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Jia Y, Xu CQ, Cui C, Geng L, Zhang H, Zhang YY, Lin S, Yao J, Luo Z, Li J. Rh 19-: A high-spin super-octahedron cluster. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi0214. [PMID: 37585530 PMCID: PMC10431703 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Probing atomic clusters with magic numbers is of supreme importance but challenging in cluster science. Pronounced stability of a metal cluster often arises from coincident geometric and electronic shell closures. However, transition metal clusters do not simply abide by this constraint. Here, we report the finding of a magic-number cluster Rh19- with prominent inertness in the sufficient gas-collision reactions. Photoelectron spectroscopy experiments and global-minimum structure search have determined the geometry of Rh19- to be a regular Oh‑[Rh@Rh12@Rh6]- with unusual high-spin electronic configuration. The distinct stability of such a strongly magnetic cluster Rh19- consisting of a nonmagnetic element is fully unveiled on the basis of its unique bonding nature and superatomic states. The 1-nanometer-sized Oh-Rh19- cluster corresponds to a fragment of the face-centered cubic lattice of bulk rhodium but with altered magnetism and electronic property. This cluster features exceptional electron-spin state isomers confirmed in photoelectron spectra and suggests potential applications in atomically precise manufacturing involving spintronics and quantum computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cong-Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chaonan Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lijun Geng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yang-Yang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare-Earth Materials of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shiquan Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare-Earth Materials of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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41
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Tkachenko NV, Tkachenko AA, Nebgen B, Tretiak S, Boldyrev AI. Neural network atomistic potentials for global energy minima search in carbon clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:21173-21182. [PMID: 37490276 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02317f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The global energy optimization problem is an acute and important problem in chemistry. It is crucial to know the geometry of the lowest energy isomer (global minimum, GM) of a given compound for the evaluation of its chemical and physical properties. This problem is especially relevant for atomic clusters. Due to the exponential growth of the number of local minima geometries with the increase of the number of atoms in the cluster, it is important to find a computationally efficient and reliable method to navigate the energy landscape and locate a true global minima structure. Newly developed neural network (NN) atomistic potentials offer a numerically efficient and relatively accurate approach for molecular structure optimization. An important question that needs to be answered is "Can NN potentials, trained on a given set, represent the potential energy surface (PES) of a neighboring domain?". In this work, we tested the applicability of ANI-1ccx and ANI-nr NN atomistic potentials for the global minima optimization of carbon clusters Cn (n = 3-10). We showed that with the introduction of the cluster connectivity restriction and consequent DFT or ab initio calculations, ANI-1ccx and ANI-nr can be considered as robust PES pre-samplers that can capture the GM structure even for large clusters such as C20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, USA.
| | | | - Benjamin Nebgen
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Alexander I Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, USA.
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42
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Popov A. Electronic structure of small metastable GAS-Phase boron clusters formed in a helium buffer GAS. Chem Phys 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2023.111896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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43
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Manna S, Wang Y, Hernandez A, Lile P, Liu S, Mueller T. A database of low-energy atomically precise nanoclusters. Sci Data 2023; 10:308. [PMID: 37210383 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical and structural properties of atomically precise nanoclusters are of great interest in numerous applications, but the structures of the clusters can be computationally expensive to predict. In this work, we present the largest database of cluster structures and properties determined using ab-initio methods to date. We report the methodologies used to discover low-energy clusters as well as the energies, relaxed structures, and physical properties (such as relative stability, HOMO-LUMO gap among others) for 63,015 clusters across 55 elements. We have identified clusters for 593 out of 1595 cluster systems (element-size pairs) explored by literature that have energies lower than those reported in literature by at least 1 meV/atom. We have also identified clusters for 1320 systems for which we were unable to find previous low-energy structures in the literature. Patterns in the data reveal insights into the chemical and structural relationships among the elements at the nanoscale. We describe how the database can be accessed for future studies and the development of nanocluster-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukriti Manna
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Yunzhe Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Alberto Hernandez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Peter Lile
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Shanping Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Tim Mueller
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
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44
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Artem'ev AV, Liu CW. Recent progress in dichalcophosphate coinage metal clusters and superatoms. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37184074 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01215h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise clusters of group 11 metals (Cu, Ag, and Au) attract considerable attention owing to their remarkable structure and fascinating properties. One of the unique subclasses of these clusters is based on dichalcophosphate ligands of [(RO)2PE2]- type (E = S or Se, and R = alkyl). These ligands successfully stabilise the most diverse Cu, Ag, and Au clusters and superatoms, spanning from simple ones to amazing assemblies featuring unusual structural and bonding patterns. It is noteworthy that such complicated clusters are assembled directly from cheap and simple reagents, metal(I) salts and dichalcophosphate anions. This reaction, when performed in the presence of a hydride or other anion sources, or foreign metal ions, results in hydrido- or anion-templated homo- or heteronuclear structures. In this feature article, we survey the recent advances in this exciting field, highlighting the powerful synthetic capabilities of the system "a metal(I) salt - [(RO)2PX2]- ligands - a templating anion or borohydride" as an inexhaustible platform for the creation of new atomically precise clusters, superatoms, and nanoalloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Artem'ev
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, SB RAS, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - C W Liu
- National Dong Hwa University, Department of Chemistry, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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45
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Fielicke A. Probing the binding and activation of small molecules by gas-phase transition metal clusters via IR spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37162518 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00104g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Isolated transition metal clusters have been established as useful models for extended metal surfaces or deposited metal particles, to improve the understanding of their surface chemistry and of catalytic reactions. For this objective, an important milestone has been the development of experimental methods for the size-specific structural characterization of clusters and cluster complexes in the gas phase. This review focusses on the characterization of molecular ligands, their binding and activation by small transition metal clusters, using cluster-size specific infrared action spectroscopy. A comprehensive overview and a critical discussion of the experimental data available to date is provided, reaching from the initial results obtained using line-tuneable CO2 lasers to present-day studies applying infrared free electron lasers as well as other intense and broadly tuneable IR laser sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Fielicke
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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46
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Gaebler HM, Castiglione JR, Hamilton IP. Engineering magic number Au 19 and Au 20 cage structures using electron withdrawing atoms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:12107-12112. [PMID: 37083006 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00651d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Gold cages are a subset of gold nanoparticles and these structures are of major interest due to their favourable physiochemical properties. In order for these structures to be useful in applications, they must be chemically stable. The objective of this research is to transform non-magic number cage structures into magic number cage structures by the addition of electron-withdrawing groups on the cages. The electronic properties for Au19X and Au20X2 (X = F, Cl, Br, I) are calculated and observed. It is expected that the electron-withdrawing groups will remove the electron density from the gold cages and leave them positively charged. We first optimize the geometries of the initial gold cages and verify the structures are a local minima. From there, we attach our halogens to the gold cages and optimize the structures to determine the NICS values and HOMO-LUMO gaps. NICS values were found to be more negative when a more electronegative halogen was used. Calculations have found that Au19F and Au20F2 have the most negative NICS values, indicating greater spherical aromaticity. Iodine, being the least electronegative atom, had the most positive NICS value and smallest HOMO-LUMO gap. All calculations are compared to the magic cluster Au18 which satisfies Hirsh's 2(N + 1)2 rule for n = 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Gaebler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3C5.
| | - Julianna R Castiglione
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3C5.
| | - Ian P Hamilton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3C5.
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47
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Wang R, Yang X, Huang W, Liu Z, Zhu Y, Liu H, Wang Z. Superatomic states under high pressure. iScience 2023; 26:106281. [PMID: 36950123 PMCID: PMC10025982 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of superatoms has attracted great interest since they apparently go beyond the traditional understanding of the periodic table of elements. In this work, we clearly show that superatoms can be extended from conventional structures to states under pressure condition. By studying the compression process of the CH4@C60 system formed via embedding methane molecules inside fullerene C60, it is found that the system maintains superatomic properties in both static states, and even dynamic rotation situations influenced by quantum tunneling. Remarkably, the simulations reveal the emergence of new superatomic molecular orbitals by decreasing the confined space to approach the van der Waals boundary between CH4 and C60. Our current results not only establish a complete picture of superatoms from ambient condition to high pressure, but also offer a perspective for the discovery and exploration of new properties in superatom systems under extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xinrui Yang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wanrong Huang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hanyu Liu
- International Center for Computational Method & Software and State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- International Center for Computational Method & Software and State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
- Corresponding author
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48
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Vagov A, Nikonov EG. Tracing Vortex Clustering in a Superconductor by the Magnetic Flux Distribution. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3743-3748. [PMID: 37043359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
By investigating spatial configurations of the intermediate mixed state in an intertype superconductor, it is shown that vortex clustering can be characterized by the sample averaged distribution of the penetrating magnetic field. The clustering is manifested in the two-peak structure of the distribution. The second peak indicates a spot a material occupies in the phase diagram of superconductivity types. The conclusions are general and do not depend on details of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vagov
- HSE University, Moscow 101000, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - E G Nikonov
- HSE University, Moscow 101000, Russia
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
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49
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Shibuta M, Nakajima A. Two-Photon Photoemission Spectroscopy and Microscopy for Electronic and Plasmonic Characterizations of Molecularly Designed Organic Surfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3285-3295. [PMID: 36988100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Functional surfaces decorated with organic molecules and/or nanoclusters (NCs) composed of several tens of atoms are promising for use in future photoelectronic substrates, whose functionalities are governed by molecular local electronic/plasmonic excitations at the interfaces. Here, we combine two-photon photoemission spectroscopy (2P-PES) and microscopy (2P-PEEM) to investigate the local excited-state dynamics at organic surfaces functionalized with NCs. The 2P-PES and 2P-PEEM for organic fullerene (C60) layers on graphite and Au substrates demonstrated photophysical characterization of electronic and plasmonic properties, including propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). The SPP propagation at the Au interface buried by overlayered C60 can be visualized by Agn NC deposition, which enhances plasmon-induced hot electrons, where the threshold number of Ag atoms (n ≥ 9) for the plasmonic response is revealed by the size dependence of 2P-PES for Agn NCs on C60 layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Shibuta
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
- Keio Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences (KiPAS), Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
- Keio Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences (KiPAS), Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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Han PF, Wang YJ, Feng LY, Gao SJ, Sun Q, Zhai HJ. Chemical Bonding and Dynamic Structural Fluxionality of a Boron-Based Na 5B 7 Sandwich Cluster. Molecules 2023; 28:3276. [PMID: 37050038 PMCID: PMC10096537 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Doping alkali metals into boron clusters can effectively compensate for the intrinsic electron deficiency of boron and lead to interesting boron-based binary clusters, owing to the small electronegativity of the former elements. We report on the computational design of a three-layered sandwich cluster, Na5B7, on the basis of global-minimum (GM) searches and electronic structure calculations. It is shown that the Na5B7 cluster can be described as a charge-transfer complex: [Na4]2+[B7]3-[Na]+. In this sandwich cluster, the [B7]3- core assumes a molecular wheel in shape and features in-plane hexagonal coordination. The magic 6π/6σ double aromaticity underlies the stability of the [B7]3- molecular wheel, following the (4n + 2) Hückel rule. The tetrahedral Na4 ligand in the sandwich has a [Na4]2+ charge-state, which is the simplest example of three-dimensional aromaticity, spherical aromaticity, or superatom. Its 2σ electron counting renders σ aromaticity for the ligand. Overall, the sandwich cluster has three-fold 6π/6σ/2σ aromaticity. Molecular dynamics simulation shows that the sandwich cluster is dynamically fluxional even at room temperature, with a negligible energy barrier for intramolecular twisting between the B7 wheel and the Na4 ligand. The Na5B7 cluster offers a new example for dynamic structural fluxionality in molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Han
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ying-Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou 034000, China
| | - Lin-Yan Feng
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou 034000, China
| | - Shu-Juan Gao
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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