1
|
Zhang L, Wang R, Chai W, Ma M, Li L. Controllable Preparation of a N-Doped Hierarchical Porous Carbon Framework Derived from ZIF-8 for Highly Efficient Capacitive Deionization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:48800-48809. [PMID: 37788171 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a promising desalination technology, and metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived carbon as an electrode material has received more and more attention due to its designable structure. However, MOF-derived carbon materials with single-pore structures have been difficult to meet the technical needs of related fields. In this work, the ordered hierarchical porous carbon framework (OMCF) was prepared by the template method using zeolitic imidazolate frameworks-8 (ZIF-8) as a precursor. The pore structures, surface properties, electrochemical properties, and CDI performances of the OMCF were investigated and compared with the microporous carbon framework (MCF), also derived from ZIF-8. The results show that the hierarchical porous carbon OMCF possessed a higher specific surface area, better hydrophilic surface (with a contact angle of 13.45°), and higher specific capacitance and ion diffusion rate than those of the MCF, which made the OMCF exhibit excellent CDI performances. The adsorption capacity and salt adsorption rate of the OMCF in a 500 mg·L-1 NaCl solution at 1.2 V and a 20 mL·min-1 flow rate were 12.17 mg·g-1 and 3.34 mg·g-1·min-1, respectively, higher than those of the MCF. The deionization processes of the OMCF and MCF closely follow the pseudo-first-order kinetics, indicating the double-layer capacitance control. This work serves as a valuable reference for the CDI application of N-doped hierarchical porous carbon derived from MOFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longyu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wencui Chai
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Laboratory of Critical Metals, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mengyao Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Linke Li
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qiang H, Shi M, Wang F, Xia M. Green synthesis of high N-doped hierarchical porous carbon nanogranules with ultra-high specific surface area and porosity for capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
3
|
Zhao J, Wu B, Huang X, Sun Y, Zhao Z, Ye M, Wen X. Efficient and Durable Sodium, Chloride-doped Iron Oxide-Hydroxide Nanohybrid-Promoted Capacitive Deionization of Saline Water via Synergetic Pseudocapacitive Process. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201678. [PMID: 35818682 PMCID: PMC9443451 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the rational design and development of efficient faradaic deionization electrodes with high theoretical capacitance, natural abundance, and attractive conductivity have shown great promise for outstanding capacitive deionization (CDI)-based desalination applications. Herein, the construction of novel FeOOH hybrid heterostructures with Na and Cl dopants (e.g., Na-FeOOH and Cl-FeOOH) via a robust hydrothermal strategy is reported, and an asymmetric CDI cell (Na-FeOOH//Cl-FeOOH) comprising Na-FeOOH and Cl-FeOOH working as the cathode and anode, respectively, is assembled. The multiple coupling effects of the specific structural features (e.g., enriched porosity, hierarchical pore alignment, and highly open crystalline framework), enhanced electrochemical conductivity, and optimized ion-transfer property endow the FeOOH hybrid electrode with improved electrochemical performance. Impressively, the Na-FeOOH//Cl-FeOOH cell demonstrates a superior salt adsorption capacity (SACNaCl ) of 35.12 mg g-1 in a 500 mg L-1 NaCl solution, a faster removal rate, and remarkable cycling stability. Moreover, the pseudocapacitive removal mechanism from the synergetic contribution of the Na-FeOOH cathode and Cl-FeOOH anode account for the significant desalination promotion of the Na-FeOOH//Cl-FeOOH cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringInner Mongolia UniversityHohhot010021P. R. China
| | - Bingyao Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringInner Mongolia UniversityHohhot010021P. R. China
| | - Xinwei Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringInner Mongolia UniversityHohhot010021P. R. China
| | - Yang Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringInner Mongolia UniversityHohhot010021P. R. China
| | - Zhibo Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringInner Mongolia UniversityHohhot010021P. R. China
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft MatterFujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials ResearchDepartment of PhysicsCollege of Physical Science and TechnologyXiamen UniversityXiamen361005P. R. China
| | - Meidan Ye
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft MatterFujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials ResearchDepartment of PhysicsCollege of Physical Science and TechnologyXiamen UniversityXiamen361005P. R. China
| | - Xiaoru Wen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringInner Mongolia UniversityHohhot010021P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alkhadra M, Su X, Suss ME, Tian H, Guyes EN, Shocron AN, Conforti KM, de Souza JP, Kim N, Tedesco M, Khoiruddin K, Wenten IG, Santiago JG, Hatton TA, Bazant MZ. Electrochemical Methods for Water Purification, Ion Separations, and Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13547-13635. [PMID: 35904408 PMCID: PMC9413246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural development, extensive industrialization, and rapid growth of the global population have inadvertently been accompanied by environmental pollution. Water pollution is exacerbated by the decreasing ability of traditional treatment methods to comply with tightening environmental standards. This review provides a comprehensive description of the principles and applications of electrochemical methods for water purification, ion separations, and energy conversion. Electrochemical methods have attractive features such as compact size, chemical selectivity, broad applicability, and reduced generation of secondary waste. Perhaps the greatest advantage of electrochemical methods, however, is that they remove contaminants directly from the water, while other technologies extract the water from the contaminants, which enables efficient removal of trace pollutants. The review begins with an overview of conventional electrochemical methods, which drive chemical or physical transformations via Faradaic reactions at electrodes, and proceeds to a detailed examination of the two primary mechanisms by which contaminants are separated in nondestructive electrochemical processes, namely electrokinetics and electrosorption. In these sections, special attention is given to emerging methods, such as shock electrodialysis and Faradaic electrosorption. Given the importance of generating clean, renewable energy, which may sometimes be combined with water purification, the review also discusses inverse methods of electrochemical energy conversion based on reverse electrosorption, electrowetting, and electrokinetic phenomena. The review concludes with a discussion of technology comparisons, remaining challenges, and potential innovations for the field such as process intensification and technoeconomic optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad
A. Alkhadra
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xiao Su
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew E. Suss
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel,Wolfson
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel,Nancy
and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Huanhuan Tian
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eric N. Guyes
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Amit N. Shocron
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Kameron M. Conforti
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - J. Pedro de Souza
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nayeong Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michele Tedesco
- European
Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Wetsus, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Khoiruddin Khoiruddin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia,Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - I Gede Wenten
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia,Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Juan G. Santiago
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - T. Alan Hatton
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Martin Z. Bazant
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States,Department
of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu L, Peng S, Mao Y, Zong Y, Zhang X, Wu D. Enhancing Brackish Water Desalination using Magnetic Flow-electrode Capacitive Deionization. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 216:118290. [PMID: 35306460 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is viewed as a potential alternative to the current state-of-the-art electrodriven technology for the desalination of brackish water. However, the key shortcoming of the FCDI is still the discontinuous nature of the electrode conductive network, resulting in low electron transport efficiency and ion adsorption capacity. Here, a novel magnetic field-assisted FCDI system (termed magnetic FCDI) is proposed to enhance brackish water desalination, simply by using magnetic activated carbon (MAC) as flow electrodes. The results show that the assistance from the magnetic field enables a 78.9% - 205% enhancement in the average salt removal rate (ASRR) compared with that in the absence of a magnetic field, which benefits from the artificial manipulation of the flow electrode transport behavior. In long-term tests, the stable desalination performance of magnetic FCDI was also demonstrated with a stable ASRR of 0.70 μmol cm-2 min-1 and energy-normalized removed salt (ENRS) of 8.77 μmol J-1. In addition, magnetic field also enables the regeneration of the electrode particles from the concentrated electrolyte. In summary, the findings indicate that the magnetic FCDI is an energy-efficient and operation convenient technology for brackish water desalination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Shuai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Yunfeng Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China.
| | - Yang Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang J, Huang B, Jin T, Liu Z, Huang D, Qian Y. Electrosorption of uranium (VI) from aqueous solution by phytic acid modified chitosan: An experimental and DFT study. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
7
|
Zhang H, Zhang F, Li A, Zhao B, Li D, Liu Y, Yang Y, Li F, Liu R, Wei Y. Controllable synthesis of Na, K-based titanium oxide nanoribbons as functional electrodes for supercapacitors and separation of aqueous ions. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05811h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By facile controllable preparation, as-synthesized NTO and KTO exhibit remarkable electrochemical behavior for the applications of supercapacitors and capacitive deionization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Fang Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Aiyang Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Environmental Standard Institute, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
| | - Danni Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yifei Liu
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, P. R. China
| | - Fangzhou Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Rui Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu Q, Liang D, Lu S, Zhang J, Wang H, Xiang Y, Aurbach D. Novel Inorganic Integrated Membrane Electrodes for Membrane Capacitive Deionization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:46537-46548. [PMID: 34554723 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In capacitive deionization (CDI), coion repulsion and Faradaic reactions during charging reduce the charge efficiency (CE), thus limiting the salt adsorption capacity (SAC) and energy efficiency. To overcome these issues, membrane CDI (MCDI) based on the enhanced permselectivity of the anode and cathode is proposed using the ion-exchange polymer as the independent membrane or coating. To develop a novel and cost-effective MCDI system, we fabricated an integrated membrane electrode using a thin layer of the inorganic ion-exchange material coated on the activated carbon (AC) electrode, which effectively improves the ion selectivity. Montmorillonite (MT, Al2O9Si3) and hydrotalcite (HT, Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16·4H2O) were selected as the main active anion- and cation-exchange materials, respectively, for the cathode and anode. The HT-MT MCDI system employing HT-AC and MT-AC electrodes obtained a CE of 90.5% and an SAC of 15.8 mg g-1 after 100 consecutive cycles (50 h); these values were considerably higher than those of the traditional CDI system employing pristine AC electrodes (initially, a CE of 55% and an SAC of 10.2 mg g-1, which attenuated continuously to zero, and even "inverted work" occurs after 50 h, i.e., desorption during charging and adsorption during discharging). The HT-MT MCDI system showed moderate tolerance to organic matters during desalination and retained 84% SAC and 89% CE after 70 cycles in 50-200 mg L-1 sodium alginate. This study demonstrates a simple and cost-effective method for fabricating high-CE electrodes for desalination with great application potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghao Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Dawei Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Shanfu Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Haining Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Yan Xiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Doron Aurbach
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu L, Ding R, Mao Y, Peng S, Li Z, Zong Y, Wu D. Selective recovery of phosphorus and urea from fresh human urine using a liquid membrane chamber integrated flow-electrode electrochemical system. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 202:117423. [PMID: 34284122 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) extraction from human urine is a potential strategy to address global resource shortage, but few approaches are able to obtain high-quality liquid P products. In this study, we introduced an innovative flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) system, also called ion-capture electrochemical system (ICES), for selectively extracting P and N (i.e., urea) from fresh human urine simply by integrating a liquid membrane chamber (LMC) using a pair of anion exchange membrane (AEM). In the charging process, negatively charged P ions (i.e., HPO42- and H2PO4-) can be captured by acidic extraction solutions (e.g., solutions of HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4) on their way to the anode chamber, leading to the conversion of P ions to uncharged H3PO4, while other undesired ions such as Cl- and SO42- are expelled. Simultaneously, uncharged urea molecules remain in the urine effluent with the removal of salt. Thus, high-purity phosphoric acid and urea solutions can be obtained in the LMC and spacer chambers, respectively. The purification of P in an acidic environment is ascribed largely to the competitive migration and protonation of ions. The latter contributes ~27% for the selective capture of P. Under the optimal operating conditions (i.e., ratio of the urine volume to the HCl volume = 7:3, initial pH of the extraction solution = 1.43, current density = 20 A/m2 and threshold pH ~ 2.0), satisfactory recovery performance (811 mg/L P with 73.85% purity and 8.3 g/L urea-N with 81.4% extraction efficiency) and desalination efficiency (91.1%) were obtained after 37.5 h of continuous operation. Our results reveal a promising strategy for improving in selective separation and continuous operation via adjustments to the cell configuration, initiating a new research dimension toward selective ion separation and high-quality P recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Ren Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Yunfeng Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Shuai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Yang Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hasseler TD, Ramachandran A, Tarpeh WA, Stadermann M, Santiago JG. Process design tools and techno-economic analysis for capacitive deionization. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 183:116034. [PMID: 32736269 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) devices use cyclical electrosorption on porous electrode surfaces to achieve water desalination. Process modeling and design of CDI systems requires accurate treatment of the coupling among input electrical forcing, input flow rates, and system responses including salt removal dynamics, water recovery, energy storage, and dissipation. Techno-economic analyses of CDI further require a method to calculate and compare between a produced commodity (e.g. desalted water) versus capital and operational costs of the system. We here demonstrate a new modeling and analysis tool for CDI developed as an installable Matlab program that allows direct numerical simulation of CDI dynamics and calculation of key performance and cost parameters. The program is provided for free and is used to run open-source Simulink models. The Simulink environment sends information to the program and allows for a drag and drop design space where users can connect CDI cells to relevant periphery blocks such as grid energy, battery, solar panel, waste disposal, and maintenance/labor cost streams. The program allows for simulation of arbitrary current forcing and arbitrary flow rate forcing of one or more CDI cells. We employ validated well-mixed reactor formulations together with a non-linear circuit model formulation that can accommodate a variety of electric double layer sub-models (e.g. for charge efficiency). The program includes a graphical user interface (GUI) to specify CDI plant parameters, specify operating conditions, run individual tests or parameter batch-mode simulations, and plot relevant results. The techno-economic models convert among dimensional streams of species (e.g. feed, desalted water, and brine), energy, and cost and enable a variety of economic estimates including levelized water costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan D Hasseler
- Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Ashwin Ramachandran
- Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - William A Tarpeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Michael Stadermann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, United States
| | - Juan G Santiago
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.
| |
Collapse
|