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Chen J, Fu X, Wang X, Dong S, Chen T, Xue L, Zhou Y, Sheng L, Wang W. Unveiling the overlooked direct emissions of particulate organic nitrates from ship. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 185:108487. [PMID: 38367554 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Particulate organic nitrates (pONs) have drawn growing interests due to their effects on nitrogen cycling, air pollution, and regional climate. While secondary formation is typically considered as the major source of pONs, direct emissions from various sources remain poorly explored. Ship exhausts have been known as an important source of reactive nitrogen species, yet pONs emissions from ship have been rarely characterized. In this study, we conducted atmospheric measurement of pONs during a ship-based cruise measurement campaign in the East China Sea and also emission measurement of pONs from ship exhausts. During the ship-based cruise, total five typical kinds of pONs were determined and the average total concentrations of five pONs were 479 ± 193 and 250 ± 139 ng m-3 when sampling was influenced by ship emissions or not, respectively, indicating the notable impact of ship exhaust plumes on ambient pONs. Further, five typical pONs were successfully identified and quantified from ship exhausts, with the average total concentration of 1123 ± 406 μg m-3. The much higher pONs levels in ship exhausts than in ambient particulate matters demonstrated ship emission as an important source for pONs. Additionally, their emission factors from ship exhausts were determined as at a range of 0.1-12.6 mg kWh-1. The chemical transport model simulations indicate that direct pONs emissions from ship exert a significant contribution to atmospheric pONs, especially in the clean marine atmosphere. These findings provide compelling evidence for direct emission of pONs from ship and its considerable effects. We call for further studies to better characterize the direct pONs emissions from ship and other potential sources, which should be incorporated into global and regional models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Shuwei Dong
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Tianshu Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Lifang Sheng
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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Graeffe F, Heikkinen L, Garmash O, Äijälä M, Allan J, Feron A, Cirtog M, Petit JE, Bonnaire N, Lambe A, Favez O, Albinet A, Williams LR, Ehn M. Detecting and Characterizing Particulate Organic Nitrates with an Aerodyne Long-ToF Aerosol Mass Spectrometer. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:230-242. [PMID: 36704177 PMCID: PMC9869397 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Particulate organic nitrate (pON) can be a major part of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and is commonly quantified by indirect means from aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) data. However, pON quantification remains challenging. Here, we set out to quantify and characterize pON in the boreal forest, through direct field observations at Station for Measuring Ecosystem Atmosphere Relationships (SMEAR) II in Hyytiälä, Finland, and targeted single-precursor laboratory studies. We utilized a long time-of-flight AMS (LToF-AMS) for aerosol chemical characterization, with a particular focus to identify C x H y O z N+ ("CHON+") fragments. We estimate that during springtime at SMEAR II, pON (including both the organic and nitrate part) accounts for ∼10% of the particle mass concentration (calculated by the NO+/NO2 + method) and originates mainly from the NO3 radical oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds. The majority of the background nitrate aerosol measured is organic. The CHON+ fragment analysis was largely unsuccessful at SMEAR II, mainly due to low concentrations of the few detected fragments. However, our findings may be useful at other sites as we identified 80 unique CHON+ fragments from the laboratory measurements of SOA formed from NO3 radical oxidation of three pON precursors (β-pinene, limonene, and guaiacol). Finally, we noted a significant effect on ion identification during the LToF-AMS high-resolution data processing, resulting in too many ions being fit, depending on whether tungsten ions (W+) were used in the peak width determination. Although this phenomenon may be instrument-specific, we encourage all (LTOF-) AMS users to investigate this effect on their instrument to reduce the possibility of incorrect identifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans Graeffe
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
| | - Liine Heikkinen
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
- Department
of Environmental Science and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, StockholmSE-10691, Sweden
| | - Olga Garmash
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere
University, Tampere33014, Finland
| | - Mikko Äijälä
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
| | - James Allan
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences and National Centre for Atmospheric
Science (NCAS), University of Manchester, Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Anaïs Feron
- Univ
Paris Est Créteil and Université Paris Cité,
CNRS, LISA, Créteil, ParisF-94010, France
| | - Manuela Cirtog
- Univ
Paris Est Créteil and Université Paris Cité,
CNRS, LISA, Créteil, ParisF-94010, France
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire
des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), Gif-sur-Yvette91191, France
| | - Nicolas Bonnaire
- Laboratoire
des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), Gif-sur-Yvette91191, France
| | - Andrew Lambe
- Aerodyne
Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts01821, United States
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut
National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte60550, France
| | - Alexandre Albinet
- Institut
National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte60550, France
| | - Leah R. Williams
- Aerodyne
Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts01821, United States
| | - Mikael Ehn
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland
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Bessagnet B, Allemand N, Putaud JP, Couvidat F, André JM, Simpson D, Pisoni E, Murphy BN, Thunis P. Emissions of Carbonaceous Particulate Matter and Ultrafine Particles from Vehicles—A Scientific Review in a Cross-Cutting Context of Air Pollution and Climate Change. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022; 12:1-52. [PMID: 35529678 PMCID: PMC9067409 DOI: 10.3390/app12073623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) is a pollutant of concern not only because of its adverse effects on human health but also on visibility and the radiative budget of the atmosphere. PM can be considered as a sum of solid/liquid species covering a wide range of particle sizes with diverse chemical composition. Organic aerosols may be emitted (primary organic aerosols, POA), or formed in the atmosphere following reaction of volatile organic compounds (secondary organic aerosols, SOA), but some of these compounds may partition between the gas and aerosol phases depending upon ambient conditions. This review focuses on carbonaceous PM and gaseous precursors emitted by road traffic, including ultrafine particles (UFP) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are clearly linked to the evolution and formation of carbonaceous species. Clearly, the solid fraction of PM has been reduced during the last two decades, with the implementation of after-treatment systems abating approximately 99% of primary solid particle mass concentrations. However, the role of brown carbon and its radiative effect on climate and the generation of ultrafine particles by nucleation of organic vapour during the dilution of the exhaust remain unclear phenomena and will need further investigation. The increasing role of gasoline vehicles on carbonaceous particle emissions and formation is also highlighted, particularly through the chemical and thermodynamic evolution of organic gases and their propensity to produce particles. The remaining carbon-containing particles from brakes, tyres and road wear will still be a problem even in a future of full electrification of the vehicle fleet. Some key conclusions and recommendations are also proposed to support the decision makers in view of the next regulations on vehicle emissions worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Bessagnet
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, 21027 Ispra, Italy
- Correspondence: or
| | | | | | - Florian Couvidat
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | | | - David Simpson
- EMEP MSC-W, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, 0313 Oslo, Norway
- Department Space, Earth & Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Enrico Pisoni
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Benjamin N. Murphy
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA
| | - Philippe Thunis
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, 21027 Ispra, Italy
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