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Reid E, Igou T, Zhao Y, Crittenden J, Huang CH, Westerhoff P, Rittmann B, Drewes JE, Chen Y. The Minus Approach Can Redefine the Standard of Practice of Drinking Water Treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7150-7161. [PMID: 37074125 PMCID: PMC10173460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine-based disinfection for drinking water treatment (DWT) was one of the 20th century's great public health achievements, as it substantially reduced the risk of acute microbial waterborne disease. However, today's chlorinated drinking water is not unambiguously safe; trace levels of regulated and unregulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs), and other known, unknown, and emerging contaminants (KUECs), present chronic risks that make them essential removal targets. Because conventional chemical-based DWT processes do little to remove DBPs or KUECs, alternative approaches are needed to minimize risks by removing DBP precursors and KUECs that are ubiquitous in water supplies. We present the "Minus Approach" as a toolbox of practices and technologies to mitigate KUECs and DBPs without compromising microbiological safety. The Minus Approach reduces problem-causing chemical addition treatment (i.e., the conventional "Plus Approach") by producing biologically stable water containing pathogens at levels having negligible human health risk and substantially lower concentrations of KUECs and DBPs. Aside from ozonation, the Minus Approach avoids primary chemical-based coagulants, disinfectants, and advanced oxidation processes. The Minus Approach focuses on bank filtration, biofiltration, adsorption, and membranes to biologically and physically remove DBP precursors, KUECs, and pathogens; consequently, water purveyors can use ultraviolet light at key locations in conjunction with smaller dosages of secondary chemical disinfectants to minimize microbial regrowth in distribution systems. We describe how the Minus Approach contrasts with the conventional Plus Approach, integrates with artificial intelligence, and can ultimately improve the sustainability performance of water treatment. Finally, we consider barriers to adoption of the Minus Approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Reid
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Thomas Igou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yangying Zhao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - John Crittenden
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ching-Hua Huang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Bruce Rittmann
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Wolff D, Helmholz L, Castronovo S, Ghattas AK, Ternes TA, Wick A. Micropollutant transformation and taxonomic composition in hybrid MBBR - A comparison of carrier-attached biofilm and suspended sludge. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 202:117441. [PMID: 34343873 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The suspended sludge and carrier-attached biofilms of three different hybrid moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) systems were investigated with respect to their transformation potential for a broad range of micropollutants (MPs) as well as their microbial community composition. For this purpose, laboratory-scale batch experiments were conducted with the separated suspended sludge and the carrier-attached biofilm of every system in triplicate. For all batches the removal of 31 MPs as well as the composition of the microbial community were analyzed. The carrier-attached biofilms from two hybrid MBBR systems showed a significant higher overall transformation potential in comparison to the respective suspended sludge. Especially for the MPs trimethoprim, diclofenac, mecoprop, climbazole and the human metabolite 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbamazepine consistently higher pseudo-first-order transformation rates could be observed in all three systems. The analysis of the taxonomic composition revealed taxa showing higher relative abundances in the carrier-attached biofilms (e. g. Nitrospirae and Chloroflexi) and in the suspended biomasses (e. g. Bacteroidetes and Betaproteobacteria). Correlations of the biodiversity indices and the MP biotransformation rates resulted in significant positive associations for 11 compounds in suspended sludge, but mostly negative associations for the carrier-attached biofilms. The distinct differences in MP removal between suspended sludge and carrier-attached biofilm of the three different MBBR systems were also reflected by a statistically significant link between the occurrence of specific bacterial taxa (Acidibacter, Nitrospira and Rhizomicrobium) and MP transformation rates of certain MPs. Even though the identified correlations might not necessarily be of causal nature, some of the identified taxa might serve as suitable indicators for the transformation potential of suspended sludge or carrier-attached biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wolff
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068 Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany
| | - Lissa Helmholz
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068 Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany
| | - Sandro Castronovo
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068 Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Ghattas
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068 Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068 Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany
| | - Arne Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068 Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany.
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Wu G, Geng J, Shi Y, Wang L, Xu K, Ren H. Comparison of diclofenac transformation in enriched nitrifying sludge and heterotrophic sludge: Transformation rate, pathway, and role exploration. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116158. [PMID: 32755734 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The adverse effects of diclofenac (DCF) on ecosystems and human health have induced increasing interest in its elimination in environment. DCF can be removed to some extent by nitrifying and heterotrophic microbes during wastewater treatment process. However, the actual roles of nitrifying and heterotrophic microbes in the transformation of DCF remain unclear. In this study, batch experiments were conducted to explore the biological transformation of DCF in enriched nitrifying sludge (NS), heterotrophic sludge (HS) and activated sludge (AS) systems. DCF was removed three times faster in enriched NS than in HS. Three transformation pathways of DCF in enriched NS, HS, and AS were proposed and compared. Hydroxylation was the crucial transformation step in the three transformation pathways. A faster hydroxylation reaction contributed to the faster removal of DCF in enriched NS. More transformation products (TPs) and reaction types (i.e. reductive dechlorination, sulphidation and methylation reactions) were observed in HS. Furthermore, some TPs that were resistant to degrade in enriched NS, such as DCF-benzoic acid, could be further transformed in HS. Accordingly, enriched NS could remove DCF more rapidly while HS could further transform some TPs resistant to degrade in enriched NS. Nitrifying and heterotrophic microbes may cooperatively and rapidly eliminate not only DCF, but also its TPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Jinju Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China.
| | - Yufei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Liye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Ke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
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Gonzalez-Gil L, Krah D, Ghattas AK, Carballa M, Wick A, Helmholz L, Lema JM, Ternes TA. Biotransformation of organic micropollutants by anaerobic sludge enzymes. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 152:202-214. [PMID: 30669042 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in wastewater treatment plants ultimately depends on the enzymatic activities developed in each biological process. However, few research efforts have been made to clarify and identify the role of enzymes on the removal of OMPs, which is an essential knowledge to determine the biotransformation potential of treatment technologies. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the enzymatic transformation of 35 OMPs under anaerobic conditions, which have been even less studied than aerobic systems. Initially, 13 OMPs were identified to be significantly biotransformed (>20%) by anaerobic sludge obtained from a full-scale anaerobic digester, predestining them as potential targets of anaerobic enzymes. Native enzymes were extracted from this anaerobic sludge to perform transformation assays with the OMPs. In addition, the effect of detergents to recover membrane enzymes, as well as the effects of cofactors and inhibitors to promote and suppress specific enzymatic activities were evaluated. In total, it was possible to recover enzymatic activities towards 10 out of these 13 target OMPs (acetyl-sulfamethoxazole and its transformation product sulfamethoxazole, acetaminophen, atenolol, clarithromycin, citalopram, climbazole, erythromycin, and terbutryn, venlafaxine) as well as towards 8 non-target OMPs (diclofenac, iopamidol, acyclovir, acesulfame, and 4 different hydroxylated metabolites of carbamazepine). Some enzymatic activities likely involved in the anaerobic biotransformation of these OMPs were identified. Thereby, this study is a starting point to unravel the still enigmatic biotransformation of OMPs in wastewater treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Gonzalez-Gil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain.
| | - Daniel Krah
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz, D-56068, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Ghattas
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz, D-56068, Germany
| | - Marta Carballa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
| | - Arne Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz, D-56068, Germany
| | - Lissa Helmholz
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz, D-56068, Germany
| | - Juan M Lema
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz, D-56068, Germany
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He K, Yonetani T, Asada Y, Echigo S, Itoh S. Simultaneous determination of carbamazepine-N-glucuronide and carbamazepine phase I metabolites in the wastewater by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Brunner AM, Vughs D, Siegers W, Bertelkamp C, Hofman-Caris R, Kolkman A, Ter Laak T. Monitoring transformation product formation in the drinking water treatments rapid sand filtration and ozonation. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 214:801-811. [PMID: 30296768 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transformation products (TPs) can be formed from organic micropollutants in the water cycle through both biological and technological processes. Despite the TPs' potentially altered toxicity compared to their parent compounds, transformation processes are not routinely monitored, and in particular those induced by drinking water treatment remain elusive. This lack of information is mainly due to the technical challenges in analyzing TPs, which are often unknown compounds occurring in low concentrations. Their analysis requires sophisticated analytical techniques such as non-target screening (NTS) based on high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS) methods combined with novel data analysis approaches. Here, we addressed the challenges of TP analysis and the scarcity of TP research concerning studies in drinking water. We performed lab-scale experiments to monitor TP formation of three organic micropollutants prevalent in drinking water sources, i.e. carbamazepine, clofibric acid and metolachlor, during rapid sand filtration and ozonation, two readily applied biotic and abiotic drinking water treatments, respectively. To facilitate TP identification in the NTS data, halogenated and/or isotopically labeled parent compounds were used, revealing potential TPs through their isotopic patterns. The experimental results showed that degradation of the parent compounds and TP formation were treatment and compound specific. In silico TP prediction and literature mining enabled suspect screening of the non-target data and thereby significantly enhanced TP identification. Overall, the developed workflow enables an efficient and more comprehensive assessment of drinking water quality changes during water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mizzi Brunner
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands.
| | - Dennis Vughs
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Wolter Siegers
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Cheryl Bertelkamp
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Roberta Hofman-Caris
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Kolkman
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Ter Laak
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
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Brezina E, Prasse C, Meyer J, Mückter H, Ternes TA. Investigation and risk evaluation of the occurrence of carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, their human metabolites and transformation products in the urban water cycle. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 225:261-269. [PMID: 28408188 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Trace organic contaminants such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products and industrial chemicals are frequently detected in the urban water cycle, including wastewater, surface water and groundwater, as well as drinking water. These also include human metabolites (HMs), which are formed in the human body and then excreted via urine or feces, as well as transformation products (TPs) formed in engineered treatment systems and the aquatic environment. In the current study, the occurrence of HMs as well as their TPs of the anticonvulsants carbamazepine (CBZ) and oxcarbazepine (OXC) were investigated using LC tandem MS in effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), surface water and groundwater. Highest concentrations were observed in raw wastewater for 10,11-dihydro-10,11-dihydroxycarbamazepine (DiOHCBZ), 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy-cabamazepine (10OHCBZ) and CBZ with concentrations ranging up to 2.7 ± 0.4, 1.7 ± 0.2 and 1.07 ± 0.06 μg L-1, respectively. Predictions of different toxicity endpoints using a Distributed Structure-Searchable Toxicity (DSSTox) expert system query indicated that several HMs and TPs, in particular 9-carboxy-acridine (9-CA-ADIN) and acridone (ADON), may exhibit an increased genotoxicity compared to the parent compound CBZ. As 9-CA-ADIN was also detected in groundwater, a detailed investigation of the genotoxicity of 9-CA-ADIN is warranted. Investigations of an advanced wastewater treatment plant further revealed that the discharge of the investigated compounds into the aquatic environment could be substantially reduced by ozonation followed by granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Brezina
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Carsten Prasse
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Johannes Meyer
- Walther-Straub-Institute, LMU, Goethestraße 33, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Mückter
- Walther-Straub-Institute, LMU, Goethestraße 33, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany.
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Zhu Z, Chen Y, Gu Y, Wu F, Lu W, Xu T, Chen W. Catalytic degradation of recalcitrant pollutants by Fenton-like process using polyacrylonitrile-supported iron (II) phthalocyanine nanofibers: Intermediates and pathway. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 93:296-305. [PMID: 26949842 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Iron (II) phthalocyanine (FePc) molecules were isolated in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers by electrospinning to prevent the formation of dimers and oligomers. Carbamazepine (CBZ) and Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation was investigated during a Fenton-like process with FePc/PAN nanofibers. Classical quenching tests with isopropanol and electron paramagnetic resonance tests with 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline-oxide as spin-trapping agent were performed to determine the formation of active species during hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decomposition by FePc/PAN nanofibers. After eight recycles for CBZ degradation over the FePc/PAN nanofibers/H2O2 system, the removal ratios of CBZ remained at 99%. Seven by-products of RhB and twelve intermediates of CBZ were identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Pathways of CBZ and RhB degradation were proposed based on the identified intermediates. As the reaction proceeded, all CBZ and RhB aromatic nucleus intermediates decreased and were transformed to small acids, but also to potentially toxic epoxide-containing intermediates and acridine, because of the powerful oxidation ability of •OH in the catalytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhexin Zhu
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yi Chen
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yan Gu
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Fei Wu
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Wangyang Lu
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Tiefeng Xu
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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Bader T, Schulz W, Lucke T, Seitz W, Winzenbacher R. Application of Non-Target Analysis with LC-HRMS for the Monitoring of Raw and Potable Water: Strategy and Results. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2016-1242.ch003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bader
- Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Laboratory for Operation Control and Research, Am Spitzigen Berg 1, 89129 Langenau, Germany
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1/C13, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schulz
- Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Laboratory for Operation Control and Research, Am Spitzigen Berg 1, 89129 Langenau, Germany
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1/C13, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lucke
- Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Laboratory for Operation Control and Research, Am Spitzigen Berg 1, 89129 Langenau, Germany
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1/C13, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Seitz
- Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Laboratory for Operation Control and Research, Am Spitzigen Berg 1, 89129 Langenau, Germany
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1/C13, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Rudi Winzenbacher
- Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Laboratory for Operation Control and Research, Am Spitzigen Berg 1, 89129 Langenau, Germany
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1/C13, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
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Prasse C, Ternes T. Application of Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry for the Identification of Transformation Products of Trace Organic Contaminants Formed in the Environment. APPLICATIONS OF TIME-OF-FLIGHT AND ORBITRAP MASS SPECTROMETRY IN ENVIRONMENTAL, FOOD, DOPING, AND FORENSIC ANALYSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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