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Wang X, Ding N, Liu H. Effect of microplastics on sodium hypochlorite disinfection and changes in its toxicity on zebrafish. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142594. [PMID: 38871186 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The presence of microplastics (MPs) in water may affect the efficacy of the disinfection process and induce toxicity changes to MPs themselves during disinfection. Therefore, this study evaluated the two-way effects of polyethylene microplastic (MP) particles in water and wastewater during sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) disinfection. On the one hand, it has been confirmed that the presence of MPs reduced the disinfection efficiency of NaClO. The required CT (concentration of the disinfection × contact time) for a 2-4-log inactivation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in different water samples was in the order of deionized water < turbid water (1 NTU) < water with MPs (1 mg/L) < turbid water (10 NTU). On the other hand, although exposure to MPs did induce significant changes in the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione, compared to pristine MPs, the MPs treated by NaClO at current conditions (0.3 and 3.0 mg/L for 30 min) did not show significant changes in their toxicity on zebrafish, at an MP exposure concentration of 1 mg/L. There was no significant difference in the survival rate and weight growth rate, neither as in the activities of the oxidative stress-related enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione s-transferase) in both gut and muscle tissues of the zebrafish, between exposure to the pristine and NaClO-treated MPs. It is indicated that NaClO disinfection commonly applied for water and wastewater treatment would not pose a serious concern to effluent safety in the presence of mild levels of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wang
- Environmental Testing and Experiment Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Ning Ding
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hong Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Province 215000, China
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2
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Qin J, Xia PF, Yuan XZ, Wang SG. Chlorine disinfection elevates the toxicity of polystyrene microplastics to human cells by inducing mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127842. [PMID: 34875417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in drinking water and pose potential threats to human health. Despite increasingly attentions on the toxicity of MPs, the deleterious effects of MPs after chlorine disinfection, which might be a more accessible form of MPs, has rarely been considered. Here, we first treated pristine polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) with chlorine to simulate the reactions that occur during drinking water treatment, and investigated and compared the cytotoxicity of chlorinated PS-MPs to those of pristine PS-MPs. Chlorine disinfection did not change the size of pristine PS-MPs, but increased the surface roughness. In addition, abundant carbon-chlorine bonds and persistent free radicals were generated on the surface of chlorinated PS-MPs. Compared with pristine PS-MPs, chlorinated PS-MPs markedly inhibited the cell proliferation, changed cellular morphology, destroyed cell membrane integrity, induced cell inflammatory response and apoptosis. Proteomics confirmed the difference in interactions with intracellular proteins between these particles. Furthermore, we found that the regulation of PI3K/AKT and Bcl-2/Bax pathways, oxidative stress-triggered mitochondrial depolarization, and the activation of caspase cascade were identified as the underlying mechanisms for the enhanced apoptosis ratio in GES-1 cells when exposed to chlorinated PS-MPs. This exacerbated cytotoxicity could be explained by the enhanced surface roughness and changed surface chemistry of these PS-MPs after chlorine disinfection. This work discloses the impacts of chlorine disinfection on the cytotoxicity of PS-MPs, which provides new insights for a more systematic risk assessment of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qin
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Peng-Fei Xia
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Xian-Zheng Yuan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Shu-Guang Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
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Xiang W, Chang J, Qu R, Albasher G, Wang Z, Zhou D, Sun C. Transformation of bromophenols by aqueous chlorination and exploration of main reaction mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129112. [PMID: 33288278 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bromophenols (BPs) are ubiquitous phenolic contaminants and typical halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) that are commonly detected in aquatic environments. The transformation of 2,4-dibromophenol (2,4-DBP) during chlorination process was fully explored in this research. It was found that active chlorine can react with 2,4-DBP effectively in a wide pH range of 5.0-11.0, with an apparent second-order rate constant (kapp) varying from 0.8 M-1 s-1 to 110.3 M-1 s-1. The addition of 5 mM ammonium ions almost completely suppressed the reaction via competitive consumption of free chlorine. With the concentration of HA increasing from 1.0 to 10.0 mg L-1, the inhibition on the degradation of 2,4-DBP increased from 8.7% to 63.4%. By contrast, bromide ions at a concentration of 5 mM accelerated the process by about 4 times, due to the formation of hypobromous acid. On the basis of the eleven products (with eight nominal masses) identified by LC-TOF-MS, electrophilic substitution reactions and single-electron transfer reactions were mainly involved in the chlorination process. The concentration of primary chlorine-substituted products was about 4 times that of the dimer products, demonstrating that electrophilic substitution reaction was predominant during chlorination of 2,4-DBP. Density functional theory (DFT) based calculations revealed that HOCl is the dominant active oxidizing species for elimination of 2,4-DBP and coupling reaction occurs more easily at para and ortho position of hydroxyl group in the phenolic moiety. These findings could provide some new insights into the environmental fate of bromophenols during chlorine disinfection of water and wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jingyi Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ruijuan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Gadah Albasher
- King Saud University, College of Science, Zoology Department, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Cheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
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Zhao Y, Liu Y, Zhang X, Liao W. Environmental transformation of graphene oxide in the aquatic environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127885. [PMID: 32805658 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, research on graphene oxide (GO) has developed rapidly in both academic and industrial applications such as electronic, biosensor, drug delivery, water treatment and so forth. Based on the large amount of applications, it is anticipated that GO will inevitably find its own way to the environment, if used are not restricted to prevent their release. Environmental transformation is an important transformation process in the natural environment. In this review, we will summarize the recent developments on environmental transformation of GO in the aquatic environment. Although papers on environmental transformation of graphene-based nanomaterials can be found, a systematic picture describing photo-transformation of GO (dividing into different irradiation sources), environmental transformation of GO in the dark environmental, the environmental toxicity of GO are still lacking. Thus, it is essential to summarize how different light sources will affect the GO structure and reactive oxygen species generation in the photo-transformation process, how GO will react with various natural constituents in the aquatic environment, whether GO will toxic to different aquatic organisms and what will be the interactions between GO and the intracellular receptors in the intracellular level once GO released into the aquatic environment. This review will arouse the realization of potential risk that GO can bring to the aquatic environment and enlighten us to pay attention to behaviors of other two-dimensional GO-like nanomaterials, which have been intensively applied and studied in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingcan Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Rd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, PR China; Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, PR China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, NO.26, Jinjing Rd, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300384, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, NO.26, Jinjing Rd, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300384, PR China.
| | - Xinbo Zhang
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, NO.26, Jinjing Rd, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300384, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, NO.26, Jinjing Rd, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300384, PR China
| | - Wenchao Liao
- College of Health and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, 3002 Lantian Rd, Pingshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518118, PR China
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Zhang Q, Cui Y, Gu C, Zhang C. Potential concerns in fullerene application to water treatment related to transformation, cellular uptake and intracellular catalysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 728:138754. [PMID: 32388024 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fullerene (C60) exhibits versatile properties that shows great potential for improving water treatment technologies. However, the probable transformation of C60 during water treatment, which consequently changes the physicochemical properties and toxicity of the parent compound, may introduce doubt concerning its application. Our results demonstrated that the C60 aggregate (nC60) was transformed to a more oxidized form under common water disinfection processes (i.e., ultraviolet irradiation and photochlorination). The light-irradiated product (UV_nC60) exhibited lower cytotoxicity toward macrophage J774A.1 cells relative to nC60, whereas the photochlorinated product (UV/Cl_nC60) increased the toxic effect. Particularly, the internalization of nanoparticles and the mimetic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity resulted in the selective accumulation of intracellular hydrogen peroxide. Thus, sequential exposure to a nonlethal dose of nanoparticles followed by 5 μM copper ions (which is a much lower level than the EPA-regulated level of 20 μM in drinking water) led to the significant production of hydroxyl radicals inside cells. The uptake and SOD-like activity were highly structure-related, with the most noteworthy activity obtained for UV/Cl_nC60. These results emphasize that environmental transformation-induced property changes should be given adequate consideration in the risk assessment of C60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiurong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yueting Cui
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100857, China
| | - Chuanhui Gu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100857, China
| | - Chengdong Zhang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100857, China..
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Zhang Q, Wang M, Gu C, Zhang C. Water disinfection processes change the cytotoxicity of C 60 fullerene: Reactions at the nano-bio interface. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 163:114867. [PMID: 31330401 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The environmental transformation of nanoparticles results in significant changes in their structure, properties, and toxicity, which are imperative for assessing their environmental impact and health risks. Little is known about the toxicity alteration of fullerene nanoparticles (C60) after water disinfection processes considering their potential application in antimicrobial control in water treatment ultimately ending in sewage treatment plants. We showed that C60 aggregates (nC60) were converted to more oxidized forms via commonly used water disinfection processes (i.e., phototransformation and photochlorination treatment). The light-irradiated nanoparticles (UV_nC60) exhibited mitigated cytotoxicity relative to nC60, whereas photochlorinated nC60 (UV/Cl_nC60) showed an exacerbated outcome. We revealed a distinct toxic mechanism occurring at the nano-bio interface, for which electrons were shuttled by C60 nanoparticles from membrane-bound NADPH oxidase to extracellular molecular oxygen, resulting in the production of various extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). UV/Cl_nC60 showed the highest electron-shuttling activity due to its high carbonyl content, and more than 2.4-fold higher level of extracellular hydroxyl radicals were detected relative to that in untreated cells. Although UV_nC60 possessed a somewhat higher carbonyl content than nC60, it showed a weaker adhesion to the cell membrane, which compromised the electron-transfer process. The intrinsic ROS generation/quenching capabilities and oxidative potentials of the various nanoparticles were also systematically compared. Overall, this report highlights the importance of understanding environmental transformations in risk assessment and uncovers an overlooked mechanism through which nC60/derivatives can modulate the electron transfer process at the nano-bio interface via acting as electron shuttles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiurong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Meiling Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Chuanhui Gu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chengdong Zhang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Mikheev IV, Kareev IE, Bubnov VP, Volkov DS, Korobov MV, Proskurnin MA. Development of Standard Reference Samples of Aqueous Fullerene Dispersions. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193481809006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhou Z, Huang G, Xiong Y, Zhou M, Zhang S, Tang CY, Meng F. Unveiling the Susceptibility of Functional Groups of Poly(ether sulfone)/Polyvinylpyrrolidone Membranes to NaOCl: A Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopic Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:14342-14351. [PMID: 29135237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A clear understanding of membrane aging process is essential for the optimization of chemical cleaning in membrane-based facilities. In this study, two-dimensional (2D) Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) correlation spectroscopy (CoS) analysis was first used to decipher the sequential order of functional group changes of NaOCl-aged poly(ether sulfone)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PES/PVP) membranes. The synchronous maps showed 12 major autopeaks in total. Based on the asynchronous maps, a similar aging sequence of membrane groups was clearly identified at three pHs (i.e., 6, 8, and 10): 1463, 1440, and 1410 (cyclic C-H structures) > 1662 (amide groups) > 1700 (succinimide groups) > 1320, 1292 (S═O asymmetric) > 1486, 1580 (aromatic structures) > 1241 (aromatic ether bands) > 1105, 1150 cm-1 (O═S═O symmetric). Among them, membrane chlorination occurred at 1241, 1410, and 1440 cm-1. Moreover, the initial degradation of PVP and the subsequent transformation of PES could be highly responsible for the increased water permeability and the enlargement of membrane pores, respectively, both leading to serious fouling with humic acid filtration. In summary, the 2D-FTIR-CoS analysis is a powerful approach to reveal the interaction mechanisms of NaOCl-membrane and could be also useful to probe the process of membrane fouling and chemical cleaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbo Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Guocheng Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yi Xiong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Minghao Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shaoqing Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chuyang Y Tang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Fangang Meng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
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Mikheev IV, Kareev IE, Bubnov VP, Volkov DS, Korobov MV, Proskurnin MA. Aqueous Dispersions of Unmodified Y@C82
(C2v
) Endohedral Metallofullerene. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V. Mikheev
- Chemistry Department; Analytical Centre of Lomonosov Moscow State University / Agilent Technologies Authorized Partner Laboratory Moscow; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Ivan E. Kareev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region Russia
| | - Vyacheslav P. Bubnov
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region Russia
| | - Dmitriy S. Volkov
- Chemistry Department; Analytical Centre of Lomonosov Moscow State University / Agilent Technologies Authorized Partner Laboratory Moscow; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Korobov
- Chemistry Department; Analytical Centre of Lomonosov Moscow State University / Agilent Technologies Authorized Partner Laboratory Moscow; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Proskurnin
- Chemistry Department; Analytical Centre of Lomonosov Moscow State University / Agilent Technologies Authorized Partner Laboratory Moscow; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Russia
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