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Li H, Ma J, Qin Y, Sun X, Pei Z, Yang R, Li Y, Zhang Q. Assessment of interactions between elemental carbon and metals in black carbon: Hydroxyl radical generation and glutathione depletion. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134223. [PMID: 38593664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Elemental carbon (EC) and metals are two important parts of atmospheric black carbon (BC). However, little information is available regarding the interaction between them and its impacts on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and physiological antioxidants depletion. In this study, we chose six most frequently detected metals (Cu(Ⅱ), Fe(Ⅲ), Mn(Ⅱ), Cr(Ⅲ), Pb(Ⅱ) and Zn(Ⅱ)) in BC and examined their interactions with EC in the ROS generation and glutathione (GSH) oxidation. Results showed that only Cu(Ⅱ) and EC synergically promoted the GSH oxidation and hydroxyl radical (•OH) generation. Other five metals had negligible effects on the GSH oxidation regardless of the presence or absence of EC. The synergistic interaction between Cu(Ⅱ) and EC could be attributed to the superior electrical conductivity of EC. In the process, EC transferred electrons from the adjacent GSH to Cu(Ⅱ) through its graphitic carbon framework to yield Cu(Ⅰ) and GSH radical. Cu(Ⅰ) further reacted with dioxygen to generate •OH, which eventually led to the oxidation of GSH. Our results revealed a new driving force inducing the ROS formation and GSH depletion as well as provided novel insights into the risk assessment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanming Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu Sun
- Beijing Urban Ecosystem Research Station, State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Ma J, Li L, Zhang Z, Pei Z, Zuo P, Li H, Yang R, Li Y, Zhang Q. Insight into the oxidation of glutathione mediated by black carbon from three typical emission sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120647. [PMID: 36375575 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is released into the atmosphere in large quantities from different emission sources each year and poses a serious threat to human health. These BC possessed a variety of characteristics and different mediation abilities for the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In this study, we collected BC (i.e., diesel BC, coal BC and wood BC) from three typica emission sources, and examined their mediation abilities to the oxidation of glutathione (GSH). Results showed that all three BC significantly promoted the GSH oxidation, and the mediation efficiencies were as follows: diesel BC > coal BC > wood BC. In comparison with the water-soluble fraction, the mediation abilities of three BC mainly came from their solid phase fractions. In the coal BC and wood BC systems, the oxidation of GSH was attributed to the catalysis of transition metals in BC. By contrast, the transition metals, phenolic -OH and persistent free radicals in diesel BC were identified as the active sites responsible for the GSH oxidation. In addition, the graphitic surface of diesel BC could synergize with these active sites to accelerate the oxidation of GSH. Under the catalysis of BC, dissolved oxygen was first reduced to ROS (O2•- and H2O2) and then caused the GSH oxidation. These findings not only help to better assess the adverse health effects of different BC, but also deepen the understanding of the reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lingyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetables Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ziyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Peijie Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Huiqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Lin H, Chen Q, Wang M, Chang T. Oxidation potential and coupling effects of the fractionated components in airborne fine particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113652. [PMID: 35700767 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and damage human tissues. Fully understanding the generation mechanism of oxidative toxicity of PM is challenging due to the extremely complex composition. Classification methods may be helpful in understanding the ROS production mechanisms of complex PM. This study used a solvent extraction and solid phase extraction methods to separate five different components from PM2.5 includes non-extractable components that have rarely been studied before, and discussed the coupling effect and heterogeneous characteristics of oxidation activity they produced. It is found that the water-soluble component contribute about half of the PM oxidation activity, and metal ions probably contribute most of the oxidation activity. Experimental results show that oxygen molecules is the main precursor of ROS production, which depends on whether the aerosol component has catalytic conversion ability. After mixing humic-like substance (HULIS) and hydrophilic water-soluble (HP-WSM) PM, the oxidation activity increased, it is most likely to be a synergistic effect between HULIS and metal ions is dominant, but limited contribution to oxidation activity. It turns out that the non-extractable and water-insoluble components have higher oxidation activity than the water-soluble components, and the two components exhibited a more durable ability to produce 1O2. The reaction of soluble components to produce ROS is homogeneous, but it is obviously heterogeneous for these insoluble components. This study suggests that future attention should be paid to the oxidative toxicity of the non-extractable component, and that single PM component or compound cannot simply be studied independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Mamin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Tian Chang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
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Contribution of Physical and Chemical Properties to Dithiothreitol-Measured Oxidative Potentials of Atmospheric Aerosol Particles at Urban and Rural Sites in Japan. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dithiothreitol-measured oxidative potential (OPDTT) can chemically quantify the adverse health effects of atmospheric aerosols. Some chemical species are characterized with DTT activities, and the particle diameter and surface area control DTT oxidizability; however, the physical contribution to OPDTT by atmospheric aerosols is controversial. Therefore, we performed field observations and aerosol sampling at urban and rural sites in Japan to investigate the effect of both physical and chemical properties on the variation in OPDTT of atmospheric aerosols. The shifting degree of the representative diameter to the ultrafine range (i.e., the predominance degree of ultrafine particles) was retrieved from the ratio between the lung-deposited surface area and mass concentrations. The chemical components and OPDTT were also elucidated. We discerned strong positive correlations of K, Mn, Pb, NH4+, SO42−, and pyrolyzable organic carbon with OPDTT. Hence, anthropogenic combustion, the iron–steel industry, and secondary organic aerosols were the major emission sources governing OPDTT variations. The increased specific surface area did not lead to the increase in the OPDTT of atmospheric aerosols, despite the existing relevance of the surface area of water-insoluble particles to DTT oxidizability. Overall, the OPDTT of atmospheric aerosols can be estimated by the mass of chemical components related to OPDTT variation, owing to numerous factors controlling DTT oxidizability (e.g., strong contribution of water-soluble particles). Our findings can be used to estimate OPDTT via several physicochemical parameters without its direct measurement.
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Mirghaffari N, Iannarelli R, Ludwig C, Rossi MJ. Coexistence of reactive functional groups at the interface of a powdered activated amorphous carbon: a molecular view. Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.1966110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Riccardo Iannarelli
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Safety Competence Center, EPFL RHO DSPS-SCC, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Ludwig
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ENAC IIE GR-LUD, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), ENE LBK CPM, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Michel J. Rossi
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ENAC IIE GR-LUD, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kajino M, Hagino H, Fujitani Y, Morikawa T, Fukui T, Onishi K, Okuda T, Igarashi Y. Simulation of the transition metal-based cumulative oxidative potential in East Asia and its emission sources in Japan. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6550. [PMID: 33753804 PMCID: PMC7985388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85894-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The aerosol oxidative potential (OP) is considered to better represent the acute health hazards of aerosols than the mass concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). The proposed major contributors to OP are water soluble transition metals and organic compounds, but the relative magnitudes of these compounds to the total OP are not yet fully understood. In this study, as the first step toward the numerical prediction of OP, the cumulative OP (OPtm*) based on the top five key transition metals, namely, Cu, Mn, Fe, V, and Ni, was defined. The solubilities of metals were assumed constant over time and space based on measurements. Then, the feasibility of its prediction was verified by comparing OPtm* values based on simulated metals to that based on observed metals in East Asia. PM2.5 typically consists of primary and secondary species, while OPtm* only represents primary species. This disparity caused differences in the domestic contributions of PM2.5 and OPtm*, especially in large cities in western Japan. The annual mean domestic contributions of PM2.5 were 40%, while those of OPtm* ranged from 50 to 55%. Sector contributions to the OPtm* emissions in Japan were also assessed. The main important sectors were the road brake and iron-steel industry sectors, followed by power plants, road exhaust, and railways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuo Kajino
- Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Nagamine 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0052, Japan. .,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Hagino
- Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0822, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujitani
- National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Tazuko Morikawa
- Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0822, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Fukui
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-0845, Japan
| | - Kazunari Onishi
- St. Luke's International University, Chuo, Tokyo, 104-0044, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Okuda
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Igarashi
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science (KURNS), Kyoto University, Kumatori, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan.,College of Science, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan
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Yang Y, Pei Z, Yan L, Ma J, Zhang Z, Li Y, Yang R, Wang P, Zhu Y, Zhang Q. Oxidative transformation of 1-naphthylamine in water mediated by different environmental black carbons. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123594. [PMID: 32795825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Black carbons (BCs) are ubiquitous in the natural environment and can significantly influence the environmental behavior of pollutants. This work examined the mediating effects of graphite, soot, and biochar on 1-naphthylamine (1-NA) oxidation under aerobic conditions. It was shown that the three BCs significantly promoted the oxidation of 1-NA in the dark, and the mediation efficiency of graphite was much greater than that of soot or biochar. The oxidation products were the coupling oligomers (dimers and trimers) and the oxygen-containing oligomers of 1-NA (di-OH-1-NA, OH-azo naphthalene, OH-trimers and amino-naphthoquinone derivatives etc.). The phenolic OH on BCs were identified as the active sites for 1-NA oxidation, which could stimulate O2 to produce reactive oxygen species through successive single electron transfer and then cause 1-NA oxidation. Moreover, the superior catalytic performance of graphite was also related to its high electrical conductivity. The synergies between the sp2-hybridized carbon surface and the active sites (such as phenolic OH and defects) facilitated the oxidation of 1-NA on graphite. Findings in this study not only are helpful for better understanding the reactivity of environmental BCs, but also provide new insights into the risk assessment of 1-NA in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, PR China; School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, PR China.
| | - Liangguo Yan
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China.
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Ziyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, PR China
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Phosphate Buffer Solubility and Oxidative Potential of Single Metals or Multielement Particles of Welding Fumes. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the chemical behavior and the health impact of welding fumes (WF), a complex and heterogeneous mixture of particulate metal oxides, two certified reference materials (CRMs) were tested: mild steel WF (MSWF-1) and stainless steel WF (SSWF-1). We determined their total chemical composition, their solubility, and their oxidative potential in a phosphate buffer (PB) solution under physiological conditions (pH 7.4 and 37 °C). The oxidative potential (OPDTT) of WF CRMs was evaluated using an acellular method by following the dithiothreitol (DTT) consumption rate (µmol DTT L−1 min−1). Pure metal salts present in the PB soluble fraction of the WF CRMs were tested individually at equivalent molarity to estimate their specific contribution to the total OPDTT. The metal composition of MSWF-1 consisted mainly of Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu and the SSWF-1 composition consisted mainly of Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn, in diminishing order. The metal PB solubility decreased from Cu (11%) to Fe (approximately 0.2%) for MSWF-1 and from Mn (9%) to Fe (<1%) for SSWF-1. The total OPDTT of SSWF-1 is 2.2 times the OPDTT of MSWF-1 due to the difference in oxidative capacity of soluble transition metals. Cu (II) and Mn (II) are the most sensitive towards DTT while Cr (VI), Fe (III), and Zn (II) are barely reactive, even at higher concentrations. The OPDTT measured for both WF CRMs extracts compare well with simulated extracts containing the main metals at their respective PB-soluble concentrations. The most soluble transition metals in the simulated extract, Mn (II) and Cu (II), were the main contributors to OPDTT in WF CRMs extracts. Mn (II), Cu (II), and Ni (II) might enhance the DTT oxidation by a redox catalytic reaction. However, summing the main individual soluble metal DTT response induces a large overestimation probably linked to modifications in the speciation of various metals when mixed. The complexation of metals with different ligands present in solution and the interaction between metals in the PB-soluble fraction are important phenomena that can influence OPDTT depletion and therefore the potential health effect of inhaled WF.
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Kajino M, Hagino H, Fujitani Y, Morikawa T, Fukui T, Onishi K, Okuda T, Kajikawa T, Igarashi Y. Modeling Transition Metals in East Asia and Japan and Its Emission Sources. GEOHEALTH 2020; 4:e2020GH000259. [PMID: 32999946 PMCID: PMC7507570 DOI: 10.1029/2020gh000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Emission inventories of anthropogenic transition metals, which contribute to aerosol oxidative potential (OP), in Asia (Δx = 0.25°, monthly, 2000-2008) and Japan (Δx = 2 km, hourly, mainly 2012) were developed, based on bottom-up inventories of particulate matters and metal profiles in a speciation database for particulate matters. The new inventories are named Transition Metal Inventory (TMI)-Asia v1.0 and TMI-Japan v1.0, respectively. It includes 10 transition metals in PM2.5 and PM10, which contributed to OP based on reagent experiments, namely, Cu, Mn, Co, V, Ni, Pb, Fe, Zn, Cd, and Cr. The contributions of sectors in the transition metals emission in Japan were also investigated. Road brakes and iron-steel industry are primary sources, followed by other metal industry, navigation, incineration, power plants, and railway. In order to validate the emission inventory, eight elements such as Cu, Mn, V, Ni, Pb, Fe, Zn, and Cr in anthropogenic dust and those in mineral dust were simulated over East Asia and Japan with Δx = 30 km and Δx = 5 km domains, respectively, and compared against the nation-wide seasonal observations of PM2.5 elements in Japan and the long-term continuous observations of total suspended particles (TSPs) at Yonago, Japan in 2013. Most of the simulated elements generally agreed with the observations, while Cu and Pb were significantly overestimated. This is the first comprehensive study on the development and evaluation of emission inventory of OP active elements, but further improvement is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuo Kajino
- Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)TsukubaJapan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | | | - Yuji Fujitani
- National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)TsukubaJapan
| | | | | | - Kazunari Onishi
- Graduate School of Public HealthSt. Luke's International UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Tomoaki Okuda
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyKeio UniversityYokohamaJapan
| | - Tomoki Kajikawa
- Graduate School of Creative Science and EngineeringWaseda UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Yasuhito Igarashi
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science (KURNS)Kyoto UniversityOsakaJapan
- College of ScienceIbaraki UniversityMitoJapan
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Functional Factors of Biomass Burning Contribution to Spring Aerosol Composition in a Megacity: Combined FTIR-PCA Analyses. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11040319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Whether the spring season brings additional pollution to the urban environment remains questionable for a megacity. Aerosol sampling and characterization was performed in the urban background of the Moscow megacity in spring 2017, in a period of a significant impact of mass advection from surrounding fire regions. Parametrization of Angstrom absorption exponent (AAE) on low and high values provides periods dominated by fossil fuel (FF) combustion and affected by biomass burning (BB), respectively. The period identification is supported by air mass transportation from the south of Russia through the regions where a number of fires were observed. Functionalities in entire aerosol composition, assigned to classes of organic, ionic compounds, and dust, are inferred by diffusion refection infrared Fourier transmission (FTIR) spectroscopy. Functional markers of urban transport emissions relate to modern engine technology and driving cycles. Regional BB functionalities indicate the fire impacts to the spring aerosol composition. The development of the advanced source apportionment for a megacity is performed by means of combined ambient FTIR data and statistical PCA analysis. PCA of FTIR spectral data differentiate daily aerosol chemistry by low and high AAE values, related to FF- and BB-affected spectral features. PC loadings of 58%, 21%, and 11% of variability reveal the functional factors of transport, biomass burning, biogenic, dust, and secondary aerosol spring source impacts.
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11
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Zhang Q, Wang M, Gu C, Zhang C. Water disinfection processes change the cytotoxicity of C 60 fullerene: Reactions at the nano-bio interface. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 163:114867. [PMID: 31330401 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The environmental transformation of nanoparticles results in significant changes in their structure, properties, and toxicity, which are imperative for assessing their environmental impact and health risks. Little is known about the toxicity alteration of fullerene nanoparticles (C60) after water disinfection processes considering their potential application in antimicrobial control in water treatment ultimately ending in sewage treatment plants. We showed that C60 aggregates (nC60) were converted to more oxidized forms via commonly used water disinfection processes (i.e., phototransformation and photochlorination treatment). The light-irradiated nanoparticles (UV_nC60) exhibited mitigated cytotoxicity relative to nC60, whereas photochlorinated nC60 (UV/Cl_nC60) showed an exacerbated outcome. We revealed a distinct toxic mechanism occurring at the nano-bio interface, for which electrons were shuttled by C60 nanoparticles from membrane-bound NADPH oxidase to extracellular molecular oxygen, resulting in the production of various extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). UV/Cl_nC60 showed the highest electron-shuttling activity due to its high carbonyl content, and more than 2.4-fold higher level of extracellular hydroxyl radicals were detected relative to that in untreated cells. Although UV_nC60 possessed a somewhat higher carbonyl content than nC60, it showed a weaker adhesion to the cell membrane, which compromised the electron-transfer process. The intrinsic ROS generation/quenching capabilities and oxidative potentials of the various nanoparticles were also systematically compared. Overall, this report highlights the importance of understanding environmental transformations in risk assessment and uncovers an overlooked mechanism through which nC60/derivatives can modulate the electron transfer process at the nano-bio interface via acting as electron shuttles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiurong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Meiling Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Chuanhui Gu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chengdong Zhang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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12
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Pei Z, Ma J, Li L, Xie J, Wang L, Wen B, Zhang S, Xing B. Synergetic mediation of reduced graphene oxide and Cu(II) on the oxidation of 2-naphthol in water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:689-696. [PMID: 31185358 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is one of the most widely used carbon nanomaterials. When it is released into the environment, rGO can markedly affect the transformation of many pollutants, and change their fate and risk. In this work, the synergetic effects of rGO and Cu(II) on the oxidation of 2-naphthol were examined in water in the dark. It was found that the coexistence of rGO and Cu(II) significantly promoted the oxidation of 2-naphthol. Corresponding products were identified as the coupling oligomers of 2-naphthol (dimer, trimer and tetramer) and hydroxylated compounds (OH-2-naphthol, OH-dimer, di-OH-dimer and naphthoquinone derivatives). In the oxidation reaction, rGO played dual roles, i.e. adsorbent and electron-transfer mediator. rGO firstly adsorbed Cu(II) and 2-naphthol on its surface, and then transferred electrons from 2-naphthol to Cu(II) to yield 2-naphthol radicals and Cu(I). 2-Naphthol radicals coupled to each other to form different oligomers of 2-naphthol. Cu(I) was re-oxidized back to Cu(II) by dissolved oxygen, which sustained the continuous oxidation of 2-naphthol. During the autoxidation of Cu(I), reactive oxygen species were generated, which further reacted with 2-naphthol to form hydroxylated products. These findings provide new insights into the risk assessment of rGO and 2-naphthol in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Lingyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetables Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jieli Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Lingqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Bei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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13
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Substituent effects on the oxidation reactions of 4-nitrophenol, phenol, 4-methylpheol, and 4-methoxyphenol mediated by reduced graphene oxide in water. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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Zerbi G, Barbon A, Bengalli R, Lucotti A, Catelani T, Tampieri F, Gualtieri M, D'Arienzo M, Morazzoni F, Camatini M. Graphite particles induce ROS formation in cell free systems and human cells. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:13640-13650. [PMID: 28876004 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02540h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It is commonly accepted that the toxicity of carbonaceous particulate matter (PM) is due to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which induce biological damage in the exposed cells. It is also known that PM produced during the combustion processes consists of a carbonaceous core "dressed" with other organic and/or inorganic materials. In spite of this knowledge, the role of these materials in the production of ROS has not yet been clear. This work aims at understanding whether "naked" carbonaceous particles are capable of forming ROS either in cell-free or in-cell systems. The problem has been treated based on the data collected from pure graphite samples of different sizes obtained by ball-milling pure graphite for various lengths of time. The experimental approach considered Raman, ESR (spin trapping), cell viability and fluorescence spectroscopy measurements. These techniques allowed us to carry out measurements both in cell and cell-free systems and the results consistently indicate that also pure naked carbonaceous particles can catalyze the electron transfer that produces superoxide ions. The process depends on the particle size and enlightens the role of the edges of the graphitic platelets. Evidence has been collected that even "naked" graphitic nanoparticles are capable of producing ROS and decreasing the cell viability thus representing a potential danger to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zerbi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Italy.
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15
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Krapf M, Künzi L, Allenbach S, Bruns EA, Gavarini I, El-Haddad I, Slowik JG, Prévôt ASH, Drinovec L, Močnik G, Dümbgen L, Salathe M, Baumlin N, Sioutas C, Baltensperger U, Dommen J, Geiser M. Wood combustion particles induce adverse effects to normal and diseased airway epithelia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:538-548. [PMID: 28239691 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00586a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Residential wood burning is a major source of poorly characterized, deleterious particulate matter, whose composition and toxicity may vary with wood type, burning condition and photochemical age. The causative link between ambient wood particle constituents and observed adverse health effects is currently lacking. Here we investigate the relationship between chemical properties of primary and atmospherically aged wood combustion particles and acute toxicity in human airway epithelial cells. Emissions from a log wood burner were diluted and injected into a smog chamber for photochemical aging. After concentration-enrichment and removal of oxidizing gases, directly emitted and atmospherically aged particles were deposited on cell cultures at the air-liquid interface for 2 hours in an aerosol deposition chamber mimicking physiological conditions in lungs. Cell models were fully differentiated normal and diseased (cystic fibrosis and asthma) human bronchial epithelia (HBE) and the bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B. Cell responses were assessed at 24 hours after aerosol exposure. Atmospherically relevant doses of wood combustion particles significantly increased cell death in all but the asthma cell model. Expression of oxidative stress markers increased in HBE from all donors. Increased cell death and inflammatory responses could not be assigned to a single chemical fraction of the particles. Exposure to primary and aged wood combustion particles caused adverse effects to airway epithelia, apparently induced by several interacting components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Krapf
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
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16
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Alsudir S, Lai EPC. Selective detection of ZnO nanoparticles in aqueous suspension by capillary electrophoresis analysis using dithiothreitol and L-cysteine adsorbates. Talanta 2017; 169:115-122. [PMID: 28411799 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The UV detection sensitivity of ZnO nanoparticles in capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis was selectively enhanced, by 27 or 19 folds, after adsorption of dithiothreitol (DTT) or cysteine (Cys) in 10mM sodium phosphate buffer. Adsorption equilibrium was reached within 90min for DTT but only 10min for Cys. The adsorption process was best modeled by the Langmuir isotherm, indicating the formation of a monolayer of DTT or Cys on the surface of ZnO nanoparticles. The selectivity of DTT and Cys towards ZnO nanoparticles was tested using alumina (Al2O3), ceria (CeO2), silica (SiO2) and titania (TiO2) nanoparticles. No changes in the CE-UV peak area of either adsorbates or nanoparticles were observed, indicating a lack of adsorption. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) provided similar evidence of the selectivity of both adsorbates towards ZnO. Cys also improved the colloidal stability of ZnO nanoparticles by breaking down the aggregates, as evidenced by a reduction of their average hydrodynamic diameter. This new analytical approach provides a simple and rapid methodology to detect ZnO nanoparticles selectively by CE-UV analysis with enhanced sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Alsudir
- Ottawa-Carleton Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Edward P C Lai
- Ottawa-Carleton Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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