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Yomogida T, Hashimoto T, Okumura T, Yamada S, Tatsuno H, Noda H, Hayakawa R, Okada S, Takatori S, Isobe T, Hiraki T, Sato T, Toyama Y, Ichinohe Y, Sekizawa O, Nitta K, Kurihara Y, Fukushima S, Uruga T, Kitatsuji Y, Takahashi Y. Application of transition-edge sensors for micro-X-ray fluorescence measurements and micro-X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy: a case study of uranium speciation in biotite obtained from a uranium mine. Analyst 2024; 149:2932-2941. [PMID: 38590233 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00059e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we successfully applied a transition-edge sensor (TES) spectrometer as a detector for microbeam X-ray measurements from a synchrotron X-ray light source in the hard X-ray region to determine uranium (U) distribution at the micro-scale and its chemical species in biotite obtained from a U mine. It is difficult to separate the fluorescent X-ray of the U Lα1 line at 13.615 keV from that of the Rb Kα line at 13.395 keV in the X-ray fluorescence spectrum with an energy resolution of approximately 220 eV using a conventional silicon drift detector (SDD). Meanwhile, the fluorescent X-rays of U Lα1 and Rb Kα were fully separated by a TES with 50 eV energy resolution at an energy of around 13 keV. The successful peak separation by the TES led to an accurate mapping analysis of trace U in micro-X-ray fluorescence measurements and a decrease in the signal-to-background ratio in micro-X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy. Thus, it could be a powerful tool for studying the U distribution and speciation in various environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Yomogida
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Naka-gun, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan.
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Hashimoto
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC), Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Naka-gun, Ibaraki, 319-1184, Japan
| | - Takuma Okumura
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamada
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Tatsuno
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Noda
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Ryota Hayakawa
- International Center for Quantum-field Measurement Systems for Studies of the Universe and Particles (QUP), KEK, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Shinji Okada
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Sayuri Takatori
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Isobe
- RIKEN Nishina Center, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hiraki
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Toshiki Sato
- Department of Physics, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yuichi Toyama
- Engineering Science Laboratory, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Yuto Ichinohe
- RIKEN Nishina Center, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Oki Sekizawa
- Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Nitta
- Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kurihara
- Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan
| | - Shigeru Fukushima
- Ningyo-toge Environmental Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tomata-gun, Okayama, 708-0601, Japan
| | - Tomoya Uruga
- Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kitatsuji
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Naka-gun, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan.
| | - Yoshio Takahashi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Zhang K, Wang H, Tappero R, Bhatnagar JM, Vilgalys R, Barry K, Keymanesh K, Tejomurthula S, Grigoriev IV, Kew WR, Eder EK, Nicora CD, Liao HL. Ectomycorrhizal fungi enhance pine growth by stimulating iron-dependent mechanisms with trade-offs in symbiotic performance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1645-1660. [PMID: 38062903 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is crucial for metabolic functions of living organisms. Plants access occluded Fe through interactions with rhizosphere microorganisms and symbionts. Yet, the interplay between Fe addition and plant-mycorrhizal interactions, especially the molecular mechanisms underlying mycorrhiza-assisted Fe processing in plants, remains largely unexplored. We conducted mesocosms in Pinus plants inoculated with different ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) Suillus species under conditions with and without Fe coatings. Meta-transcriptomic, biogeochemical, and X-ray fluorescence imaging analyses were applied to investigate early-stage mycorrhizal roots. While Fe addition promoted Pinus growth, it concurrently reduced mycorrhiza formation rate, symbiosis-related metabolites in plant roots, and aboveground plant carbon and macronutrient content. This suggested potential trade-offs between Fe-enhanced plant growth and symbiotic performance. However, the extent of this trade-off may depend on interactions between host plants and EMF species. Interestingly, dual EMF species were more effective at facilitating plant Fe uptake by inducing diverse Fe-related functions than single-EMF species. This subsequently triggered various Fe-dependent physiological and biochemical processes in Pinus roots, significantly contributing to Pinus growth. However, this resulted in a greater carbon allocation to roots, relatively reducing the aboveground plant carbon content. Our study offers critical insights into how EMF communities rebalance benefits of Fe-induced effects on symbiotic partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaile Zhang
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Road, Quincy, FL, 32351, USA
- Department of Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Haihua Wang
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Road, Quincy, FL, 32351, USA
- Department of Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ryan Tappero
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, NSLS-II, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | | | - Rytas Vilgalys
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Kerrie Barry
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Keykhosrow Keymanesh
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sravanthi Tejomurthula
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - William R Kew
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Eder
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Carrie D Nicora
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Hui-Ling Liao
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Road, Quincy, FL, 32351, USA
- Department of Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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3
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Wu S, Fu W, Rillig MC, Chen B, Zhu YG, Huang L. Soil organic matter dynamics mediated by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi - an updated conceptual framework. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1417-1425. [PMID: 37529867 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play an important role in soil organic matter (SOM) formation and stabilization. Previous studies have emphasized organic compounds produced by AM fungi as persistent binding agents for aggregate formation and SOM storage. This concept overlooks the multiple biogeochemical processes mediated by AM fungal activities, which drive SOM generation, reprocessing, reorganization, and stabilization. Here, we propose an updated conceptual framework to facilitate a mechanistic understanding of the role of AM fungi in SOM dynamics. In this framework, four pathways for AM fungi-mediated SOM dynamics are included: 'Generating', AM fungal exudates and biomass serve as key sources of SOM chemodiversity; 'Reprocessing', hyphosphere microorganisms drive SOM decomposition and resynthesis; 'Reorganizing', AM fungi mediate soil physical changes and influence SOM transport, redistribution, transformation, and storage; and 'Stabilizing', AM fungi drive mineral weathering and organo-mineral interactions for SOM stabilization. Moreover, we discuss the AM fungal role in SOM dynamics at different scales, especially when translating results from small scales to complex larger scales. We believe that working with this conceptual framework can allow a better understanding of AM fungal role in SOM dynamics, therefore facilitating the development of mycorrhiza-based technologies toward soil health and global change mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Wei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Baodong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Longbin Huang
- Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
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Sanjurjo-Sánchez J, Alves C, Freire-Lista DM. Biomineral deposits and coatings on stone monuments as biodeterioration fingerprints. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168846. [PMID: 38036142 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Biominerals deposition processes, also called biomineralisation, are intimately related to biodeterioration on stone surfaces. They include complex processes not always completely well understood. The study of biominerals implies the identification of organisms, their molecular mechanisms, and organism/rock/atmosphere interactions. Sampling restrictions of monument stones difficult the biominerals study and the in situ demonstrating of biodeterioration processes. Multidisciplinary works are required to understand the whole process. Thus, studies in heritage buildings have taken advantage of previous knowledge acquired thanks to laboratory experiments, investigations carried out on rock outcrops and within caves from some years ago. With the extrapolation of such knowledge to heritage buildings and the advances in laboratory techniques, there has been a huge increase of knowledge regarding biomineralisation and biodeterioration processes in stone monuments during the last 20 years. These advances have opened new debates about the implications on conservation interventions, and the organism's role in stone conservation and decay. This is a review of the existing studies of biominerals formation, biodeterioration on laboratory experiments, rocks, caves, and their application to building stones of monuments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Alves
- LandS/Lab2PT-Landscapes, Heritage and Territory Laboratory (FCT-UIDB/04509/2020) and Earth Sciences Department/School of Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - David M Freire-Lista
- Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Escola de Ciências da Vida e do Ambiente, Quinta dos Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Centro de Geociências, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
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A Mineral-Doped Micromodel Platform Demonstrates Fungal Bridging of Carbon Hot Spots and Hyphal Transport of Mineral-Derived Nutrients. mSystems 2022; 7:e0091322. [PMID: 36394319 PMCID: PMC9765027 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00913-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil fungi facilitate the translocation of inorganic nutrients from soil minerals to other microorganisms and plants. This ability is particularly advantageous in impoverished soils because fungal mycelial networks can bridge otherwise spatially disconnected and inaccessible nutrient hot spots. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal mineral weathering and transport through soil remains poorly understood primarily due to the lack of a platform for spatially resolved analysis of biotic-driven mineral weathering. Here, we addressed this knowledge gap by demonstrating a mineral-doped soil micromodel platform where mineral weathering mechanisms can be studied. We directly visualize acquisition and transport of inorganic nutrients from minerals through fungal hyphae in the micromodel using a multimodal imaging approach. We found that Fusarium sp. strain DS 682, a representative of common saprotrophic soil fungus, exhibited a mechanosensory response (thigmotropism) around obstacles and through pore spaces (~12 μm) in the presence of minerals. The fungus incorporated and translocated potassium (K) from K-rich mineral interfaces, as evidenced by visualization of mineral-derived nutrient transport and unique K chemical moieties following fungus-induced mineral weathering. Specific membrane transport proteins were expressed in the fungus in the presence of minerals, including those involved in oxidative phosphorylation pathways and the transmembrane transport of small-molecular-weight organic acids. This study establishes the significance of a spatial visualization platform for investigating microbial induced mineral weathering at microbially relevant scales. Moreover, we demonstrate the importance of fungal biology and nutrient translocation in maintaining fungal growth under water and carbon limitations in a reduced-complexity soil-like microenvironment. IMPORTANCE Fungal species are foundational members of soil microbiomes, where their contributions in accessing and transporting vital nutrients is key for community resilience. To date, the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal mineral weathering and nutrient translocation in low-nutrient environments remain poorly resolved due to the lack of a platform for spatial analysis of biotic weathering processes. Here, we addressed this knowledge gap by developing a mineral-doped soil micromodel platform. We demonstrate the function of this platform by directly probing fungal growth using spatially resolved optical and chemical imaging methodologies. We found the presence of minerals was required for fungal thigmotropism around obstacles and through soil-like pore spaces, and this was related to fungal transport of potassium (K) and corresponding K speciation from K-rich minerals. These findings provide new evidence and visualization into hyphal transport of mineral-derived nutrients under nutrient and water stresses.
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Pucetaite M, Hitchcock A, Obst M, Persson P, Hammer EC. Nanoscale chemical mapping of exometabolites at fungal-mineral interfaces. GEOBIOLOGY 2022; 20:650-666. [PMID: 35686583 PMCID: PMC9546123 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mineral-associated organic matter is an integral part of soil carbon pool. Biological processes contribute to the formation of such organo-mineral complexes when soil microbes, and in particular soil fungi, deposit a suite of extracellular metabolic compounds and their necromass on the mineral surfaces. While studied in bulk, micro- to nanoscale fungal-mineral interactions remain elusive. Of particular interest are the mutual effects at the interface between the fungal exometabolites and proximal mineral particles. In this work, we have grown saprotrophic and symbiotic fungi in contact with two soil minerals with contrasting properties: quartz and goethite, on top of X-ray transparent silicon nitride membrane windows and analyzed fungal hyphae by synchrotron-based scanning transmission X-ray microscopy in combination with near edge X-ray fine structure spectroscopy at C(K) and Fe(L) absorption edges. In the resultant chemical maps, we were able to visualize and differentiate organic compounds constituting the fungal cells, their extracellular metabolites, and the exometabolites adsorbing on the minerals. We found that the composition of the exometabolites differed between the fungal functional guilds, particularly, in their sugar to protein ratio and potassium concentration. In samples with quartz and goethite, we observed adsorption of the exometabolic compounds on the mineral surfaces with variations in their chemical composition around the particles. Although we did not observe clear alteration in the exometabolite chemistry upon mineral encounters, we show that fungal-mineral interaction result in reduction of Fe(III) in goethite. This process has been demonstrated for bulk systems, but, to our knowledge, this is the first observation on a single hypha scale offering insight into its underlying biological mechanisms. This demonstrates the link between processes initiated at the single-cell level to macroscale phenomena. Thus, spatially resolved chemical characterization of the microbial-mineral interfaces is crucial for an increased understanding of overall carbon cycling in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Hitchcock
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Martin Obst
- Experimental Biogeochemistry, BayCEERUniversity of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - Per Persson
- Centre for Environmental and Climate ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
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Gaylarde C, Little B. Biodeterioration of stone and metal - Fundamental microbial cycling processes with spatial and temporal scale differences. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153193. [PMID: 35122860 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental processes for the biodeterioration of stone and metal involve many of the same microbially mediated reactions - oxidation, reduction, acid dissolution and elemental cycling - resulting from the activities of many of the same groups of environmental microorganisms. Differences depend on the nature of the substratum - stone vs. metal - and the composition of the surroundings, whether terrestrial (stone) or aquatic (stone and metal). Reactions within surface-related biofilms dominate the biodeterioration of metals and contribute greatly to the biodeterioration of stone. In the latter, phototrophic organisms, and especially cyanobacteria, are important first participants, while metal biodeterioration is almost entirely associated with bacteria, archaea and fungi. Biofilms on metal surfaces can produce chemical and electrochemical responses. While electrochemical responses are absent in stone, extracellular electron transfer can be a biodeterioration mechanism in some iron-rich rocks. Microorganisms in biofilms can penetrate and create fissures or cracks in stone and metals. However, the most obvious differences in the reactions of built stone and metal structures are related to the definition of failure, length of time required for a defined failure of the substratum, the area over which the failure occurs and the consequences of failure. Time and space are, similarly, quite distinct for biological breakdown and mineral cycling of metal and stone, with stone/rock cycling potentially occurring over thousands of years and kilometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Gaylarde
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Oklahoma University, 770 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Brenda Little
- BJ Little Corrosion Consulting, LLC, 6528 Alakoko Drive, Diamondhead, MS 39525, USA.
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Fungal hyphae develop where titanomagnetite inclusions reach the surface of basalt grains. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3407. [PMID: 35232970 PMCID: PMC8888555 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04157-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient foraging by fungi weathers rocks by mechanical and biochemical processes. Distinguishing fungal-driven transformation from abiotic mechanisms in soil remains a challenge due to complexities within natural field environments. We examined the role of fungal hyphae in the incipient weathering of granulated basalt from a three-year field experiment in a mixed hardwood-pine forest (S. Carolina) to identify alteration at the nanometer to micron scales based on microscopy-tomography analyses. Investigations of fungal-grain contacts revealed (i) a hypha-biofilm-basaltic glass interface coinciding with titanomagnetite inclusions exposed on the grain surface and embedded in the glass matrix and (ii) native dendritic and subhedral titanomagnetite inclusions in the upper 1–2 µm of the grain surface that spanned the length of the fungal-grain interface. We provide evidence of submicron basaltic glass dissolution occurring at a fungal-grain contact in a soil field setting. An example of how fungal-mediated weathering can be distinguished from abiotic mechanisms in the field was demonstrated by observing hyphal selective occupation and hydrolysis of glass-titanomagnetite surfaces. We hypothesize that the fungi were drawn to basaltic glass-titanomagnetite boundaries given that titanomagnetite exposed on or very near grain surfaces represents a source of iron to microbes. Furthermore, glass is energetically favorable to weathering in the presence of titanomagnetite. Our observations demonstrate that fungi interact with and transform basaltic substrates over a three-year time scale in field environments, which is central to understanding the rates and pathways of biogeochemical reactions related to nuclear waste disposal, geologic carbon storage, nutrient cycling, cultural artifact preservation, and soil-formation processes.
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Abstract
Fungi are key organisms of the biosphere with major roles in organic-matter decomposition, element cycling, plant pathogenicity, and symbioses in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. The vast majority exhibit a filamentous, branching growth form and are aerobic chemoorganotrophs that derive carbon and energy from organic substances, and are particularly associated with soil, the plant-root zone, and rock surfaces. It is now known that some fungi are lithotrophs, deriving energy from the oxidation of inorganic materials, whereas others are photoheterotrophs, deriving additional energy from light for organic matter utilization when oxygen is limited. This means that fungi are of much wider environmental significance than previously thought and explains their ubiquity in locations previously thought to be inimical to fungal existence, such as the deep subsurface and other anaerobic locations. In addition to such free-living species, fungi associated with photosynthetic partners are also of profound biosphere importance. For example, lichens, which are composed of a symbiotic association between a fungus and a phototrophic alga and/or cyanobacterium, are pioneer colonizers and bioweathering agents of rocks and minerals. Mycorrhizas are symbiotic, plant-root-associated fungi found to colonize the majority of plant genera, where they improve plant nutrition through solubilization of essential metals and phosphate from soil minerals. Biomineralization in the soil can also immobilize toxic metals in the vicinity of plant roots, thereby benefiting plant colonization and facilitating revegetation of contaminated habitats. Wherever fungi are found, transformation of metals and minerals is a key aspect of their activity, with biomineralization an important feature. Fungal biomineralization is an important facet of geomycology - namely the roles of fungi in geochemical and geophysical processes. This article seeks to highlight the concept of biomineralization as applied to fungi, the occurrence and significance of important fungal biominerals in natural and synthetic environments, and the applied potential of fungal biomineralization in nanobiotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Michael Gadd
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK; State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, Changping District, Beijing 102249, China.
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10
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Deep weathering in the semi-arid Coastal Cordillera, Chile. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13057. [PMID: 34158516 PMCID: PMC8219721 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The weathering front is the boundary beneath Earth’s surface where pristine rock is converted into weathered rock. It is the base of the “critical zone”, in which the lithosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere interact. Typically, this front is located no more than 20 m deep in granitoid rock in humid climate zones. Its depth and the degree of rock weathering are commonly linked to oxygen transport and fluid flow. By drilling into fractured igneous rock in the semi-arid climate zone of the Coastal Cordillera in Chile we found multiple weathering fronts of which the deepest is 76 m beneath the surface. Rock is weathered to varying degrees, contains core stones, and strongly altered zones featuring intensive iron oxidation and high porosity. Geophysical borehole measurements and chemical weathering indicators reveal more intense weathering where fracturing is extensive, and porosity is higher than in bedrock. Only the top 10 m feature a continuous weathering gradient towards the surface. We suggest that tectonic preconditioning by fracturing provided transport pathways for oxygen to greater depths, inducing porosity by oxidation. Porosity was preserved throughout the weathering process, as secondary minerals were barely formed due to the low fluid flow.
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Urík M, Farkas B, Miglierini MB, Bujdoš M, Mitróová Z, Kim H, Matúš P. Mobilisation of hazardous elements from arsenic-rich mine drainage ochres by three Aspergillus species. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124938. [PMID: 33450513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural ferric ochres that precipitate in streambeds at abandoned mining sites are natural scavengers of various metals and metalloids. Thus, their chemical and structural modification via microbial activity should be considered in evaluation of the risks emerging from probable spread of contamination at mining sites. Our results highlight the role of various aspergilli strains in this process via production of acidic metabolites that affect mobility and bioavailability of coprecipitated contaminants. The Mössbauer analysis revealed subtle structural changes of iron in ochres, while the elemental analysis of non-dissolved residues of ochres that were exposed to filamentous fungi suggest coinciding bioextraction of arsenic and antimony with extensive iron mobilisation. However, the zinc bioextraction by filamentous fungi is less likely dependent on iron leaching from ferric ochres. The strain specific bioextraction efficiency and subsequent bioaccumulation of mobilised metals resulted in distinct tolerance responses among the studied soil fungal strains. However, regardless the burden of bioextracted metal(loid)s on its activity, the Aspergillus niger strain has shown remarkable capability to decrease pH of its environment and, thus, bioextract significant and environmentally relevant amounts of potentially toxic elements from the natural ochres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Urík
- Institute of Laboratory Research on Geomaterials, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Bence Farkas
- Institute of Laboratory Research on Geomaterials, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marcel B Miglierini
- Slovak University of Technology, Institute of Nuclear and Physical Engineering, Ilkovičova 3, 81219 Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Nuclear Reactors, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Bujdoš
- Institute of Laboratory Research on Geomaterials, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Mitróová
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- Department of Mineral Resources and Energy Engineering & Department of Environment and Energy, Jeonbuk National University, 567, Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896 Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Matúš
- Institute of Laboratory Research on Geomaterials, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Zhou W, Xian D, Su X, Li Y, Que W, Shi Y, Wang J, Liu C. Macroscopic and spectroscopic characterization of U(VI) sorption on biotite. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 255:126942. [PMID: 32387732 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the geochemical behavior of uranium is critical for the safe disposal of radioactive wastes. Biotite, a Fe(II)-rich phyllosilicate, is a common rock-forming mineral and a major component of granite or granodiorite. This work comprehensively studied the sorption of U(VI) on biotite surface with batch experiments and analyzed the uranium speciation with various spectroscopic techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and time-resolved fluorescence spectra (TRFS). Our results indicated that uranyl ions could penetrate into the interlayer of biotite, this ion-exchange process was pH-dependent and only favorable under acidic condition. Instead of precipitation or reduction to uraninite, the TRFS results strongly suggests U(VI) forms surface complexes under the neutral and alkaline condition, though the number and structure of surface species could not be identified accurately. Besides, the oxidation of biotite with peroxide hydrogen showed that structural Fe(II) would have a very low redox reactivity. With leaching experiments, zeta potential analysis and thermodynamics calculation, we discussed the possible reasons for inhibition of U(VI) reduction at the biotite-water interface. Our results may provide insight on interaction mechanism of uranium at mineral-water interface and help us understand the migration behavior of uranium in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqiang Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Fundamental Science Laboratory on Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dongfan Xian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Fundamental Science Laboratory on Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xuebin Su
- Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, CNNC, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Yao Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Fundamental Science Laboratory on Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Weimin Que
- Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, CNNC, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Yanlin Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Fundamental Science Laboratory on Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Fundamental Science Laboratory on Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chunli Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Fundamental Science Laboratory on Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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13
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Sun Q, Liu X, Wang S, Lian B. Effects of mineral substrate on ectomycorrhizal fungal colonization and bacterial community structure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137663. [PMID: 32172104 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi can promote the nutrient uptake of plants from soil minerals by bioweathering. However, effects of different minerals on ECM fungal colonization and bacterial community structures in the soil remains poorly documented. Here, we investigated ECM fungal composition and bacterial communities in different mineral-filled mesh bags buried in forest soil. Control (filled with quartz, which has little nutrients for plants) and mineral (apatite, potash feldspar and serpentine) -filled mesh bags were buried in E-horizon soil for six months. After incubation, the contents of available elements in bags were determined, bacterial population sizes were quantified by quantitative PCR, and bacterial and ECM fungal community structures in mesh bags were assessed using high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that dozens of ECM fungal species colonized in different mesh bags, of which 17, 54 and 47 ECM species were observed in apatite-, potash feldspar- and serpentine-filled bags, respectively. Ectomycorrhizal fungal composition and bacterial community structure are affected significantly by mineral types. Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Bacillus and Paenibacillus, known for high weathering potential, were the preponderant bacteria in mineral-filled bags compared to the control. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are able to selectively colonize mesh bags based on mineral types, and may have a certain influence on the formation of bacterial community structure, implying a possible cooperation of ECM fungi and bacteria in soil mineral weathering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibiao Sun
- College of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, China; College of Marine Science and Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiuming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China; Puding Karst Ecosystem Research Station, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Puding 562100, China
| | - Shijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China; Puding Karst Ecosystem Research Station, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Puding 562100, China.
| | - Bin Lian
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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14
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Zeng Q, Huang Y, Huang L, Li S, Hu L, Xiong D, Zhong H, He Z. A novel composite of SiO 2 decorated with nano ferrous oxalate (SDNF) for efficient and highly selective removal of Pb 2+ from aqueous solutions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 391:122193. [PMID: 32062548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Developing a material with high adsorption capacity and selectivity to remove lead from Pb2+ polluted wastewater is of vital importance for environment protection and resources utilization. In this study, a novel composite, SiO2 decorated with nano ferrous oxalate (SDNF), was prepared from natural biotite containing ores to remove Pb2+. Pseudo-first-order kinetic (R2 = 0.99) and Langmuir models (R2 = 0.99) fitted the data well, manifesting that Pb2+ adsorption process was monolayer adsorption. The maximum Pb2+ adsorption capacity was identified as 446.98 mg/g. SEM and TEM images showed that nano ferrous oxalate with average size of 11.51 nm was coated on the surface of ores, and their distributions were uniform. Results of XRD, XPS, FTIR and zeta potential indicated that ion exchange, surface complexation and electrostatic attraction interaction were involved in the remvoal of Pb2+, and the ion exchange between Fe2+ and Pb2+ played a major role. Moreover, both Cd2+ and Zn2+ removal efficiency are less than 2 % in Pb-Cd or Pb-Zn coexisted solution, indicating the composite possessed high selectivity for Pb2+ removal. All above results indicated that the composite was a material with high adsorption capacity and selectivity for Pb2+, which was suitable for remediation of Pb2+ pollution from Pb2+ containing wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zeng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yongji Huang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Leiming Huang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shuzhen Li
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Liang Hu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Daoling Xiong
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy & Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science & Technology, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Hui Zhong
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Zhiguo He
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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15
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Napieralski SA, Buss HL, Brantley SL, Lee S, Xu H, Roden EE. Microbial chemolithotrophy mediates oxidative weathering of granitic bedrock. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:26394-26401. [PMID: 31843926 PMCID: PMC6936594 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909970117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The flux of solutes from the chemical weathering of the continental crust supplies a steady supply of essential nutrients necessary for the maintenance of Earth's biosphere. Promotion of weathering by microorganisms is a well-documented phenomenon and is most often attributed to heterotrophic microbial metabolism for the purposes of nutrient acquisition. Here, we demonstrate the role of chemolithotrophic ferrous iron [Fe(II)]-oxidizing bacteria in biogeochemical weathering of subsurface Fe(II)-silicate minerals at the Luquillo Critical Zone Observatory in Puerto Rico. Under chemolithotrophic growth conditions, mineral-derived Fe(II) in the Rio Blanco Quartz Diorite served as the primary energy source for microbial growth. An enrichment in homologs to gene clusters involved in extracellular electron transfer was associated with dramatically accelerated rates of mineral oxidation and adenosine triphosphate generation relative to sterile diorite suspensions. Transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy revealed the accumulation of nanoparticulate Fe-oxyhydroxides on mineral surfaces only under biotic conditions. Microbially oxidized quartz diorite showed greater susceptibility to proton-promoted dissolution, which has important implications for weathering reactions in situ. Collectively, our results suggest that chemolithotrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria are likely contributors in the transformation of rock to regolith.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Napieralski
- Department of Geoscience, NASA Astrobiology Institute, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Heather L. Buss
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1RJ Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Susan L. Brantley
- Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Seungyeol Lee
- Department of Geoscience, NASA Astrobiology Institute, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Huifang Xu
- Department of Geoscience, NASA Astrobiology Institute, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Eric E. Roden
- Department of Geoscience, NASA Astrobiology Institute, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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Lybrand RA, Austin JC, Fedenko J, Gallery RE, Rooney E, Schroeder PA, Zaharescu DG, Qafoku O. A coupled microscopy approach to assess the nano-landscape of weathering. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5377. [PMID: 30926847 PMCID: PMC6441011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineral weathering is a balanced interplay among physical, chemical, and biological processes. Fundamental knowledge gaps exist in characterizing the biogeochemical mechanisms that transform microbe-mineral interfaces at submicron scales, particularly in complex field systems. Our objective was to develop methods targeting the nanoscale by using high-resolution microscopy to assess biological and geochemical drivers of weathering in natural settings. Basalt, granite, and quartz (53-250 µm) were deployed in surface soils (10 cm) of three ecosystems (semiarid, subhumid, humid) for one year. We successfully developed a reference grid method to analyze individual grains using: (1) helium ion microscopy to capture micron to sub-nanometer imagery of mineral-organic interactions; and (2) scanning electron microscopy to quantify elemental distribution on the same surfaces via element mapping and point analyses. We detected locations of biomechanical weathering, secondary mineral precipitation, biofilm formation, and grain coatings across the three contrasting climates. To our knowledge, this is the first time these coupled microscopy techniques were applied in the earth and ecosystem sciences to assess microbe-mineral interfaces and in situ biological contributors to incipient weathering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Lybrand
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Jason C Austin
- Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jennifer Fedenko
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Rachel E Gallery
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Erin Rooney
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Paul A Schroeder
- Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Dragos G Zaharescu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Odeta Qafoku
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
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17
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Aquilina L, Roques C, Boisson A, Vergnaud-Ayraud V, Labasque T, Pauwels H, Pételet-Giraud E, Pettenati M, Dufresne A, Bethencourt L, Bour O. Autotrophic denitrification supported by biotite dissolution in crystalline aquifers (1): New insights from short-term batch experiments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:842-853. [PMID: 29734630 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigate denitrification mechanisms through batch experiments using crushed rock and groundwater from a granitic aquifer subject to long term pumping (Ploemeur, France). Except for sterilized experiments, extensive denitrification reaction induces NO3 decreases ranging from 0.3 to 0.6mmol/L. Carbon concentrations, either organic or inorganic, remain relatively stable and do not document potential heterotrophic denitrification. Batch experiments show a clear effect of mineral dissolution which is documented through cation (K, Na, Ca) and Fluoride production. These productions are tightly related to denitrification progress during the experiment. Conversely, limited amounts of SO4, systematically lower than autotrophic denitrification coupled to sulfur oxidation stoichiometry, are produced during the experiments which indicates that sulfur oxidation is not likely even when pyrite is added to the experiments. Analysis of cation ratios, both in isolated minerals of the granite and within water of the batch, allow the mineral dissolution during the experiments to be quantified. Using cation ratios, we show that batch experiments are characterized mainly by biotite dissolution. As biotite contains 21 to 30% of Fe and 0.3 to 1.7% of F, it constitutes a potential source for these two elements. Denitrification could be attributed to the oxidation of Fe(II) contained in biotite. We computed the amount of K and F produced through biotite dissolution when entirely attributing denitrification to biotite dissolution. Computed amounts show that this process may account for the observed K and F produced. We interpret these results as the development of microbial activity which induces mineral dissolution in order to uptake Fe(II) which is used for denitrification. Although pyrite is probably available, SO4 and cation measurements favor a large biotite dissolution reaction which could account for all the observed Fe production. Chemical composition of groundwater produced from the Ploemeur site indicates similar denitrification processes although original composition shows mainly plagioclase dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Aquilina
- Université Rennes 1 - CNRS, OSUR - Géosciences Rennes, Av. du Général Leclerc, 35 042 Rennes, France.
| | - Clément Roques
- ETH Zürich, Department of Earth Sciences, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Alexandre Boisson
- BRGM DAT Bretagne, Rennes Atalante Beaulieu 2 rue de Jouanet, 35700 Rennes, France
| | - Virginie Vergnaud-Ayraud
- Université Rennes 1 - CNRS, OSUR - Géosciences Rennes, Av. du Général Leclerc, 35 042 Rennes, France
| | - Thierry Labasque
- Université Rennes 1 - CNRS, OSUR - Géosciences Rennes, Av. du Général Leclerc, 35 042 Rennes, France
| | - Hélène Pauwels
- BRGM D3E, 3 av. Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | | | - Marie Pettenati
- BRGM D3E, 3 av. Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Alexis Dufresne
- Université Rennes 1 - CNRS, OSUR - Ecobio, Av. du Général Leclerc, 35 042 Rennes, France
| | - Lorine Bethencourt
- Université Rennes 1 - CNRS, OSUR - Ecobio, Av. du Général Leclerc, 35 042 Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Bour
- Université Rennes 1 - CNRS, OSUR - Géosciences Rennes, Av. du Général Leclerc, 35 042 Rennes, France
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