1
|
Arabeyyat OS, Ragha LA. The use of energy management ISO 50001 to increase the effectiveness of water treatment plants: An application study on the Zai water treatment plant. MethodsX 2024; 12:102661. [PMID: 38559384 PMCID: PMC10979085 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This study sought to determine the impact of implementing the energy management system ISO 50001 on the Zai Water Treatment Plant's energy efficiency performance and demonstrate how this implementation affected the cost and rate of energy consumption. The proposed study model contained three dependent variables-energy consumption, energy efficiency, and the cost of energy consumption. It also contained an independent variable-the energy management system ISO 50001. All these variables were used to develop various questions to help accomplish the study's goals. Planning was done by selecting pumping stations, selecting the most energy-consuming type of pump, and finally, choosing a pump maintenance project to improve energy performance. The researcher used the case of the Zai water pumping station as an example where the ISO 50001 energy management system was applied along with the stages of the Deming Cycle of management. Four pumping units from the Zai water pumping station served as the research sample for the study. •Find the impact of implementing the ISO 50001 energy management system on the energy efficiency performance of the Zai water treatment plant.•The effects of implementing ISO 50001 energy management system on cost and energy consumption at the Zai water treatment plant.•What effect does the ISO 50001 energy management system affect the Zai Water Treatment Plant's energy efficiency? After applying the ISO 50001 energy management system, several conclusions were drawn. Energy costs and consumption rates in the pumping units dropped while the energy efficiency in the chosen pumping units increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar S. Arabeyyat
- Department of Project Management, Business School, Al-Balqa Applied University, 19117, Salt, Jordan
| | - Laith A. Ragha
- Zay Station for Water Treatment, Ministry of water and irrigation, Salt, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yue W, Yu S, Xu M, Rong Q, Xu C, Su M. A Copula-based interval linear programming model for water resources allocation under uncertainty. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 317:115318. [PMID: 35623131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity tends to be aggravated by increase in water demand with the trend of socio-economic development. Thus, non-stationary characteristics of water demand should be identified in water resources allocation (WRA) to alleviate the potential influences from water shortages. In this study, a Copula-based interval linear programming model was established for regional WRA. Through combining correlation analysis and an interval linear programming model, this model can: 1) identify interactions between water demand and socio-economic development levels based on Copula functions, 2) explore variations in water shortage with consideration of multiple risk tolerance levels of decision-makers based on Copula sampling, and 3) obtain desired strategies for WRA through an interval linear programming model. Also, Dalian City in China was selected as a case study area to verify the effectiveness of the model for WRA to five water users (i.e., agricultural sector, industrial sector, public service sector, domestic residents, and ecological environment). Considering multiple tolerance levels of decision-makers to water shortage risk, three scenarios (i.e., S1 to S3), indicating 20%, 40%, and 60% of their low, medium, and high tolerance levels, were proposed. The results showed that the correlation between the amount of water demand and indicators of socio-economic development can be described by Clayton and Gaussian Copula functions. The total water supply of Dalian in 2030 would increase by 2.06%-2.65%, compared with the one in 2025. The allocation of water resources across districts was influenced by varied water demand, energy consumption, and risk tolerance levels. Compared with the amount of water allocation in 2025, the contribution of transferred water sources would increase by 6.71% and 7.04% under S1 and S2 in 2030, respectively, and decrease by 14.31% under S3. With the increase of risk tolerance levels of decision-makers, the amount of water supply in Dalian City would gradually decrease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wencong Yue
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shujie Yu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Meng Xu
- School of Public Administration, Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Qiangqiang Rong
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Meirong Su
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Managing Apparent Loss and Real Loss from the Nexus Perspective Using System Dynamics. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
When water utilities establish water loss control programs, they traditionally focus on apparent loss rather than real loss when considering economic feasibility in the water sector. There is an urgent need for new management approaches that can address complex relationships and ensure the sustainability of natural resources among different sectors. This study suggests a novel approach for water utilities to manage water losses from the water-energy (WE) Nexus perspective. The Nexus model uses system dynamics to simulate twelve scenarios with the differing status of water loss and energy intensities. This analysis identifies real loss as one of the main causes of resource waste and an essential factor from the Nexus perspective. It also demonstrates that the energy intensity of each process in the urban water system has a significant impact on resource use and transfer. The consumption and movement of resources can be quantified in each process involved in the urban water system to distinguish central and vulnerable processes. This study suggests that the Nexus approach can strongly contribute to quantifying the use and movement of resources between water and energy sectors and the strategic formulation of sustainable and systematic water loss management strategies from the Nexus perspective.
Collapse
|
4
|
A Novel Electricity and Freshwater Production System: Performance Analysis from Reliability and Exergoeconomic Viewpoints with Multi-Objective Optimization. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13116448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Based on the benefits of integrated gasification combined cycles (IGCCs), a cogeneration plant for providing electricity and freshwater is proposed. The main novelties of the devised system are the integration of biomass gasification and a regenerative gas turbine with intercooling and a syngas combustor, where the syngas produced in the gasifier is burned in the combustion chamber and fed to a gas turbine directly. The energy discharged from the gas turbine is utilized for further electricity and freshwater generation via Kalina and MED hybridization. The proposed system is analyzed from energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and reliability–availability viewpoints. The optimal operating condition and optimum performance criteria are obtained by hybridizing an artificial neural network (ANN), the multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm. According to results obtained, for the fourth scenario of the optimization process, optimal values of , , , and are obtained for the exergy efficiency, freshwater production rate, sum unit cost of products, and net output power, respectively. According to reliability and availability assessment, the probability of the healthy working state of all components and subsystems is the system is shown to be available of the time over the 20-year lifetime.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lam KL, van der Hoek JP. Low-Carbon Urban Water Systems: Opportunities beyond Water and Wastewater Utilities? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14854-14861. [PMID: 33170666 PMCID: PMC7711836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The provision of urban water and wastewater services contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Urban water supply and wastewater utilities can potentially achieve low-carbon or carbon-neutral operation through many "utility opportunities". Outside the jurisdiction of water utilities, many water-related "wider opportunities" can also contribute to GHG emissions abatement for cities. This study aims to explore the GHG emissions abatement potential, cost effectiveness, and enabling factors of implementing wider opportunities in cities. Using Amsterdam as a case study, we developed a marginal abatement cost curve to compare the abatement potential and cost effectiveness of both utility and wider opportunities. The results show that many wider opportunities related to thermal energy, water end use, and life cycle are cost-effective with significant abatement potential, compared to utility opportunities. This case study and emerging worldwide examples show that the water industry has a role to play to support wider water-related opportunities in cities. This vision can be supported by developing mechanisms to credit utilities for wider opportunity initiatives, building inter- and intrasectoral partnerships for utilities, accounting for scope 3 emissions of utilities, and being open to extend utilities' role beyond water and wastewater services providers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ka Leung Lam
- Department
of Water Management, Delft University of
Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Peter van der Hoek
- Department
of Water Management, Delft University of
Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam
Institute for Advanced Metropolitan Solutions, Kattenburgerstraat 5, 1018 JA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Waternet, Korte Ouderkerkerdijk 7, 1096 AC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cardenes I, Siddiqi A, Naeini MM, Hall JW. Multi-objective optimization of energy and greenhouse gas emissions in water pumping and treatment. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 82:2745-2760. [PMID: 33341767 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A large part of operating costs in urban water supply networks is usually due to energy use, mostly in the form of electricity consumption. There is growing pressure to reduce energy use to help save operational costs and reduce carbon emissions. However, in practice, reducing these costs has proved to be challenging because of the complexity of the systems. Indeed, many water utilities have concluded that they cannot practically achieve further energy savings in the operation of their water supply systems. This study shows how a hybrid linear and multi-objective optimization approach can be used to identify key energy consumption elements in a water supply system, and then evaluate the amount of investment needed to achieve significant operational gains at those points in the supply network. In application to the water supply system for the city of London, the method has shown that up to 18% savings in daily energy consumption are achievable. The optimal results are sensitive to discount rate and the financial value placed on greenhouse gas emissions. Valuation of greenhouse gas emissions is necessary to incentivise high levels of energy efficiency. The methodology can be used to inform planning and investment decisions, with specific focus on reducing energy consumption, for existing urban water supply systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iliana Cardenes
- Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, University of Oxford, S Parks Road, Oxford, UK E-mail:
| | - Afreen Siddiqi
- Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA and Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mohammad Mortazavi Naeini
- Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, University of Oxford, S Parks Road, Oxford, UK E-mail:
| | - Jim W Hall
- Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, University of Oxford, S Parks Road, Oxford, UK E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The Energy Trade-Offs of Transitioning to a Locally Sourced Water Supply Portfolio in the City of Los Angeles. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13215589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the energy needs of future water systems is important for coordinating long-term energy and water management plans, as both systems are interrelated. We use the case study of the Los Angeles City’s Department of Water and Power (LADWP), located in a densely populated, environmentally progressive, and water-poor region, to highlight the trade-offs and tensions that can occur in balancing priorities related to reliable water supply, energy demand for water and greenhouse gas emissions. The city is on its path to achieving higher fractions of local water supplies through the expansion of conservation, water recycling and stormwater capture to replace supply from imported water. We analyze scenarios to simulate a set of future local water supply adoption pathways under average and dry weather conditions, across business as usual and decarbonized grid scenarios. Our results demonstrate that an aggressive local water supply expansion could impact the geospatial distribution of electricity demand for water services, which could place a greater burden on LADWP’s electricity system over the next two decades, although the total energy consumed for the utility’s water supply might not be significantly changed. A decomposition analysis of the major factors driving electricity demand suggests that in most scenarios, a structural change in LADWP’s portfolio of water supply sources affects the electricity demanded for water more than increases in population or water conservation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Siddik MAB, Chini CM, Marston L. Water and Carbon Footprints of Electricity Are Sensitive to Geographical Attribution Methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7533-7541. [PMID: 32378885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental footprinting methods provide a means to relate the environmental externalities of electricity production to electricity consumers. Although several methods have been developed to connect the environmental footprint of electricity generation to end users, estimates produced by these methods are inherently uncertain due to the impossibility of actually tracing electricity from the point of generation to utilization. Previous studies rarely quantify this uncertainty, even though it may fundamentally alter their findings and recommendations. Here, we evaluate the sensitivity of water and carbon footprints estimates among seven commonly used methods to attribute electricity production to end users. We assess how sensitive water and carbon electricity footprint estimates are to attribution methods, how these estimates change over time, and the main factors contributing to the variability between methods. We evaluate and make available the water and carbon footprints of electricity consumption for every city across the contiguous United States for all assessed methods. We find significant but spatially heterogeneous variability in water and carbon footprint estimates across attribution methods. No method consistently overestimated or underestimated water and carbon footprints for every city. The variation between attribution methods suggests that future studies need to consider how the method selected to attribute environmental impacts through the electrical grid may affect their findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Abu Bakar Siddik
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Christopher M Chini
- Department of Systems Engineering and Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, 2950 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Landon Marston
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhuge C, Yu M, Wang C, Cui Y, Liu Y. An agent-based spatiotemporal integrated approach to simulating in-home water and related energy use behaviour: A test case of Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:135086. [PMID: 31806314 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Water and energy consumptions in the residential sector are highly correlated. A better understanding of the correlation would help save both water and energy, for example, through technological innovations, management and policies. Recently, there is an increasing need for a higher spatiotemporal resolution in the analysis and modelling of water-energy demand, as the results would be more useful for policy analysis and infrastructure planning in both water and energy systems. In response, this paper developed an agent-based spatiotemporal integrated approach to simulate the water-energy consumption of each household or person agent in second throughout a whole day, considering the influences of out-of-home activities (e.g., work and shopping) on in-home activities (e.g., bathing, cooking and cleaning). The integrated approach was tested in the capital of China, Beijing. The temporal results suggested that the 24-hour distributions of water and related energy consumptions were quite similar, and the water-energy consumptions were highly correlated (with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.89); The spatial results suggested that people living in the central districts and the central areas of the outer districts tended to consume more water and related energy, and also the water-energy correlation varies across space. Such spatially and temporally explicit results are expected to be useful for policy making (e.g., time-of-use tariffs) and infrastructure planning and optimization in both water and energy sectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiang Zhuge
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR1 7TJ, United Kingdom; Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, United Kingdom
| | - Min Yu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute for Resources and Environmental Policies, Development Research Center of the State Council, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yilan Cui
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xiong W, Li Y, Pfister S, Zhang W, Wang C, Wang P. Improving water ecosystem sustainability of urban water system by management strategies optimization. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 254:109766. [PMID: 31733479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Water management strategies play an important role in water shortage alleviation. This study evaluates the cost and water ecosystem benefit of 14 water management strategies in Beijing in the future scenarios for 2020 and 2035. In addition, optimal implements of abatement strategies are obtained within the context of legislated targets, with the consideration of interaction among strategies. The result shows that Beijing can meet its commitments for total water use and pollution control by the water management strategies implementation in both 2020 and 2035. For 14 water management strategies analyzed in this study, 5 options with negative abatement cost value achieve 12.2-24.1% of the total water ecosystem benefit in 2020 and 2035. Wastewater reclamation is the most efficient strategy in water ecosystem impact (WEI) reduction, which contributes 38.4% of the total WEI reduction with an abatement cost of 1.6 Yuan/m3 H2O -eq. However, the sequence of optimal strategy implementation rate is not in accordance with the abatement cost of the strategies. The most cost-effective option is the water-efficient shower head, while the highest implementation rate is found for promotion of production technologies. A comparison between water management optimization with and without the consideration of interactions among strategies shows that taking the interaction among strategies into account imposes almost no influence on the total WEI reduction. But it has impacts on optimal implementation rate of each water management option and the cost estimation (+10.8%) of water management implementation. Such a systematic analysis of water management strategies provides general recommendations on sustainable water resource management in water scarce regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China.
| | - Stephan Pfister
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, John-von-Neumann-Weg 9, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Hendrickson TP, Bruguera M. Impacts of groundwater management on energy resources and greenhouse gas emissions in California. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 141:196-207. [PMID: 29793159 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
California faces significant energy and water infrastructure planning challenges in response to a changing climate. Immediately following the most severe recorded drought, the state experienced one of its wettest water years in recorded history. Despite the recent severe wet weather, much of the state's critical groundwater systems have not recovered from the drought. The recent Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) aims to eliminate future depletion risks, but may force California basins to seek alternative water sources by limiting groundwater withdrawals during droughts. These alternative water resources, such as recycled water or desalination, can have significantly higher energy demands in treatment and supply than local groundwater or surface water resources. This research developed potential scenarios of water supply sources for five overdrafted groundwater basins, and modeled the impacts of these scenarios on energy demands and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for water supply systems. Our results reveal that energy demands and GHG emissions in different water supply scenarios can vary substantially between basins, but could increase statewide energy consumption as much as 2% and GHG emissions by 0.5. These results highlight the need to integrate these energy and GHG impacts into water resource management. Better understanding these considerations enables water supply planners to avoid potential unintended consequences (i.e., increased energy demands and GHG emissions) of enhancing drought resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maya Bruguera
- ICF, 601 W 5th St., #900, Los Angeles, CA 90071, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
End Use Level Water and Energy Interactions: A Large Non-Residential Building Case Study. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10060810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
14
|
Fukuzumi S, Lee YM, Nam W. Fuel Production from Seawater and Fuel Cells Using Seawater. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:4264-4276. [PMID: 28914497 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Seawater is the most abundant resource on our planet and fuel production from seawater has the notable advantage that it would not compete with growing demands for pure water. This Review focuses on the production of fuels from seawater and their direct use in fuel cells. Electrolysis of seawater under appropriate conditions affords hydrogen and dioxygen with 100 % faradaic efficiency without oxidation of chloride. Photoelectrocatalytic production of hydrogen from seawater provides a promising way to produce hydrogen with low cost and high efficiency. Microbial solar cells (MSCs) that use biofilms produced in seawater can generate electricity from sunlight without additional fuel because the products of photosynthesis can be utilized as electrode reactants, whereas the electrode products can be utilized as photosynthetic reactants. Another important source for hydrogen is hydrogen sulfide, which is abundantly found in Black Sea deep water. Hydrogen produced by electrolysis of Black Sea deep water can also be used in hydrogen fuel cells. Production of a fuel and its direct use in a fuel cell has been made possible for the first time by a combination of photocatalytic production of hydrogen peroxide from seawater and dioxygen in the air and its direct use in one-compartment hydrogen peroxide fuel cells to obtain electric power.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8502, Japan
| | - Yong-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Quesnel KJ, Ajami NK, Wyss N. Accelerating the Integration of Distributed Water Solutions: A Conceptual Financing Model from the Electricity Sector. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 60:867-881. [PMID: 28823071 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-017-0914-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Modern challenges require new approaches to urban water management. One solution in the portfolio of potential strategies is the integration of distributed water infrastructure, practices, and technologies into existing systems. However, many practical barriers have prevented the widespread adoption of these systems in the US. The objective of this paper is to address these challenges by developing a conceptual model encompassing regulatory, financial, and governance components that can be used to incorporate new distributed water solutions into our current network. To construct the model, case studies of successfully implemented distributed electricity systems, specifically energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies, were examined to determine how these solutions have become prominent in recent years and what lessons can be applied to the water sector in a similar pursuit. The proposed model includes four action-oriented elements: catalyzing change, establishing funding sources, using resource pathways, and creating innovative governance structures. As illustrated in the model, the water sector should use suite of coordinated policies to promote change, engage end users through fiscal incentives, and encourage research, development and dissemination of new technologies over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Quesnel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Room 314, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- ReNUWIt Engineering Research Center, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Room 117, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Newsha K Ajami
- ReNUWIt Engineering Research Center, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Room 117, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Room 218B, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Noemi Wyss
- ReNUWIt Engineering Research Center, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Room 117, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Planning, Policy, and Design, 300 Social Ecology I, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-7075, USA
| |
Collapse
|