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Hu Y, Peng S, Su B, Wang T, Lin J, Sun W, Hu X, Zhang G, Wang X, Peng P, Bi X. Laboratory studies on the infectivity of human respiratory viruses: Experimental conditions, detections, and resistance to the atmospheric environment. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 4:471-483. [PMID: 38933192 PMCID: PMC11197496 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The environmental stability of infectious viruses in the laboratory setting is crucial to the transmission potential of human respiratory viruses. Different experimental techniques or conditions used in studies over the past decades have led to diverse understandings and predictions for the stability of viral infectivity in the atmospheric environment. In this paper, we review the current knowledge on the effect of simulated atmospheric conditions on the infectivity of respiratory viruses, mainly focusing on influenza viruses and coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. First, we summarize the impact of the experimental conditions on viral stability; these involve the methods of viral aerosol generation, storage during aging and collection, the virus types and strains, the suspension matrixes, the initial inoculum volumes and concentrations, and the drying process. Second, we summarize and discuss the detection methods of viral infectivity and their disadvantages. Finally, we integrate the results from the reviewed studies to obtain an overall understanding of the effects of atmospheric environmental conditions on the decay of infectious viruses, especially aerosolized viruses. Overall, this review highlights the knowledge gaps in predicting the ability of viruses to maintain infectivity during airborne transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuyi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bojiang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Godin R, Hejazi S, Reuel NF. Advancements in Airborne Viral Nucleic Acid Detection with Wearable Devices. ADVANCED SENSOR RESEARCH 2024; 3:2300061. [PMID: 38764891 PMCID: PMC11101210 DOI: 10.1002/adsr.202300061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Wearable health sensors for an expanding range of physiological parameters have experienced rapid development in recent years and are poised to disrupt the way healthcare is tracked and administered. The monitoring of environmental contaminants with wearable technologies is an additional layer of personal and public healthcare and is also receiving increased focus. Wearable sensors that detect exposure to airborne viruses could alert wearers of viral exposure and prompt proactive testing and minimization of viral spread, benefitting their own health and decreasing community risk. With the high levels of asymptomatic spread of COVID-19 observed during the pandemic, such devices could dramatically enhance our pandemic response capabilities in the future. To facilitate advancements in this area, this review summarizes recent research on airborne viral detection using wearable sensing devices as well as technologies suitable for wearables. Since the low concentration of viral particles in the air poses significant challenges to detection, methods for airborne viral particle collection and viral sensing are discussed in detail. A special focus is placed on nucleic acid-based viral sensing mechanisms due to their enhanced ability to discriminate between viral subtypes. Important considerations for integrating airborne viral collection and sensing on a single wearable device are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Godin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University
| | - Sepehr Hejazi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University
| | - Nigel F. Reuel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University
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Qiu G, Zhang X, deMello AJ, Yao M, Cao J, Wang J. On-site airborne pathogen detection for infection risk mitigation. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8531-8579. [PMID: 37882143 PMCID: PMC10712221 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00417a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Human-infecting pathogens that transmit through the air pose a significant threat to public health. As a prominent instance, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that caused the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the world in an unprecedented manner over the past few years. Despite the dissipating pandemic gloom, the lessons we have learned in dealing with pathogen-laden aerosols should be thoroughly reviewed because the airborne transmission risk may have been grossly underestimated. From a bioanalytical chemistry perspective, on-site airborne pathogen detection can be an effective non-pharmaceutic intervention (NPI) strategy, with on-site airborne pathogen detection and early-stage infection risk evaluation reducing the spread of disease and enabling life-saving decisions to be made. In light of this, we summarize the recent advances in highly efficient pathogen-laden aerosol sampling approaches, bioanalytical sensing technologies, and the prospects for airborne pathogen exposure measurement and evidence-based transmission interventions. We also discuss open challenges facing general bioaerosols detection, such as handling complex aerosol samples, improving sensitivity for airborne pathogen quantification, and establishing a risk assessment system with high spatiotemporal resolution for mitigating airborne transmission risks. This review provides a multidisciplinary outlook for future opportunities to improve the on-site airborne pathogen detection techniques, thereby enhancing the preparedness for more on-site bioaerosols measurement scenarios, such as monitoring high-risk pathogens on airplanes, weaponized pathogen aerosols, influenza variants at the workplace, and pollutant correlated with sick building syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Qiu
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Xiaole Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg1, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maosheng Yao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
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Lee D, Jang J, Jang J. Sensitive and highly rapid electrochemical measurement of airborne coronaviruses through condensation-based direct impaction onto carbon nanotube-coated porous paper working electrodes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131972. [PMID: 37399725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection of indoor airborne viruses is critical to prevent the spread of respiratory diseases. Herein, we present sensitive, highly rapid electrochemical measurement of airborne coronaviruses through condensation-based direct impaction onto antibody-immobilized, carbon nanotube-coated porous paper working electrodes (PWEs). Carboxylated carbon nanotubes are drop-cast on paper fibers to make three-dimensional (3D) porous PWEs. These PWEs have higher active surface area-to-volume ratios and electron transfer characteristics than conventional screen-printed electrodes. The limit of detection and detection time of the PWEs for liquid-borne coronaviruses OC43 are 65.7 plaque-forming units (PFU)/mL and 2 min, respectively. The PWEs showed sensitive and rapid detection of whole coronaviruses, which can be ascribed to the 3D porous electrode structure of the PWEs. Moreover, water molecules condense on airborne virus particles during air sampling, and these water-encapsulated virus particles (<4 µm) are impacted on the PWE for direct measurement without virus lysis and elution. The whole detection takes ∼10 min, including air sampling, at virus concentrations of 1.8 and 11.5 PFU/L of air, which can be due to the highly enriching and minimally damaging virus capture on a soft and porous PWE, demonstrating the potential for the rapid and low-cost airborne virus monitoring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daesoon Lee
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Junbeom Jang
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Jang
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Chang Y, Wang Y, Li W, Wei Z, Tang S, Chen R. Mechanisms, Techniques and Devices of Airborne Virus Detection: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20085471. [PMID: 37107752 PMCID: PMC10138381 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20085471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Airborne viruses, such as COVID-19, cause pandemics all over the world. Virus-containing particles produced by infected individuals are suspended in the air for extended periods, actually resulting in viral aerosols and the spread of infectious diseases. Aerosol collection and detection devices are essential for limiting the spread of airborne virus diseases. This review provides an overview of the primary mechanisms and enhancement techniques for collecting and detecting airborne viruses. Indoor virus detection strategies for scenarios with varying ventilations are also summarized based on the excellent performance of existing advanced comprehensive devices. This review provides guidance for the development of future aerosol detection devices and aids in the control of airborne transmission diseases, such as COVID-19, influenza and other airborne transmission viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Chang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, China; (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (S.T.)
| | - Yuqian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, China; (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (S.T.)
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (W.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zewen Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (W.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Shichuan Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, China; (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (S.T.)
| | - Rui Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, China; (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (S.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Mantri D, Wymenga L, van Turnhout J, van Zeijl H, Zhang G. Manipulation, Sampling and Inactivation of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus Using Nonuniform Electric Fields on Micro-Fabricated Platforms: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:345. [PMID: 36838044 PMCID: PMC9967285 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Micro-devices that use electric fields to trap, analyze and inactivate micro-organisms vary in concept, design and application. The application of electric fields to manipulate and inactivate bacteria and single-celled organisms has been described extensively in the literature. By contrast, the effect of such fields on viruses is not well understood. This review explores the possibility of using existing methods for manipulating and inactivating larger viruses and bacteria, for smaller viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2. It also provides an overview of the theoretical background. The findings may be used to implement new ideas and frame experimental parameters that optimize the manipulation, sampling and inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 electrically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devashish Mantri
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Luutzen Wymenga
- Department Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van Turnhout
- Department Material Science Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Henk van Zeijl
- Department Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Guoqi Zhang
- Department Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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Bhardwaj J, Ngo ND, Lee J, Jang J. High enrichment and near real-time quantification of airborne viruses using a wet-paper-based electrochemical immunosensor under an electrostatic field. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 442:130006. [PMID: 36162308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Conventional airborne virus measurement usually requires appreciable sampling and detection times. Viral aerosols should also be collected or prepared in a liquid medium whose volume typically ranges from milliliters to tens of milliliters; hence, many sampling and detection steps need to be taken with the unit horizontal or immobile. Moreover, viral aerosols need to be sufficiently enriched, which makes real-time monitoring difficult. Herein, we present a near real-time enrichment and quantification system of airborne viruses that consists of a wet-paper-based electrochemical immunosensor with a gel electrolyte and a modified electrostatic particle concentrator. A small amount of phosphate-buffered saline flowed on the electrode, which resulted in sensor electrodes that are barely wet (covered in a thin buffer film measuring several micrometers) to ensure antigen-antibody interaction and the removal of non-target particles on the electrode surface. This system ensures that airborne viruses are highly enriched on the working electrode of the immunosensor, and it is possible to measure the MS2 virus particle concentrations every 10 min for 60 min stably and selectively against non-target airborne viruses and bacteria at horizontal and tilted measurement configurations. This system thus has the potential to be used in the real-time mobile monitoring of airborne microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Bhardwaj
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, the Republic of Korea
| | - Nhan Dinh Ngo
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jaegil Lee
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Jang
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, the Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, the Republic of Korea.
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Negishi N, Yamano R, Hori T, Koura S, Maekawa Y, Sato T. Development of a high-speed bioaerosol elimination system for treatment of indoor air. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2023; 227:109800. [PMID: 36407015 PMCID: PMC9651995 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We developed a high-speed filterless airflow multistage photocatalytic elbow aerosol removal system for the treatment of bioaerosols such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Human-generated bioaerosols that diffuse into indoor spaces are 1-10 μm in size, and their selective and rapid treatment can reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. A high-speed airflow is necessary to treat large volumes of indoor air over a short period. The proposed system can be used to eliminate viruses in aerosols by forcibly depositing aerosols in a high-speed airflow onto a photocatalyst placed inside the system through inertial force and turbulent diffusion. Because the main component of the deposited bioaerosol is water, it evaporates after colliding with the photocatalyst, and the nonvolatile virus remains on the photocatalytic channel wall. The residual virus on the photocatalytic channel wall is mineralized via photocatalytic oxidation with UVA-LED irradiation in the channel. When this system was operated in a 4.5 m3 aerosol chamber, over 99.8% aerosols in the size range of 1-10 μm were removed within 15 min. The system continued delivering such performance with the continuous introduction of aerosols. Because this system exhibits excellent aerosol removal ability at a flow velocity of 5 m/s or higher, it is more suitable than other reactive air purification systems for treating large-volume spaces.
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Key Words
- AOP, advanced oxidation process
- Bioaerosol
- CFD, computational fluid dynamics
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- DES, detached eddy simulation
- HEPA, high-efficiency particulate absorbing
- ISO, International Standard Organization
- Indoor air
- LES, Large eddy simulation
- RANS, Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SCDLP, soya casein-digested lecithin polysorbate
- TiO2 photocatalyst
- UV, ultraviolet
- UVA, ultraviolet-A
- UVC, ultraviolet-C
- Windspeed
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Negishi
- Environment Management Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-16 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, 275-0016, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hori
- Environment Management Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-16 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Setsuko Koura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, 275-0016, Japan
| | - Yuji Maekawa
- Kamaishi Electric Machinery Factory Co. Ltd., 9-171-4 Kasshi-cho, Kamaishi, 026-0055, Japan
| | - Taro Sato
- Kamaishi Electric Machinery Factory Co. Ltd., 9-171-4 Kasshi-cho, Kamaishi, 026-0055, Japan
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Jang J, Bhardwaj J, Jang J. Efficient measurement of airborne viable viruses using the growth-based virus aerosol concentrator with high flow velocities. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 434:128873. [PMID: 35427967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Growth tube collectors (GTCs) are used to sample virus aerosols because of their superior viable virus recovery among air samplers. However, a major limitation of such samplers is that they operate at low flow rates compared to many inertia-based air samplers. Herein, we demonstrated efficient measurements of airborne MS2 and T3 viruses using a GTC that can implement high flow velocities for higher flow rates per tube, which we refer to as the growth-based virus aerosol concentrator (GVC), via qPCR and the plaque assay technique. The GVC exhibited a flow rate of up to 6 L/min, where the average sampling flow velocity was 5.09 m/s, 22 times higher than those used in the GTCs, for a single tube with a diameter of 5 mm. The count median diameter of the size-increased particles at the exit of the initiator was measured to be 1.44 µm at 6 L/min, considerably smaller than those observed in conventional GTCs. Nevertheless, the measurement of airborne MS2 and T3 viruses using the GVC showed a high concentration (high enrichment ratio of 109,458 at 10-min sampling) of viruses in a sampling medium, with a high viable virus percentage (> 90%) and physical collection efficiency (> 90%) at 6 L/min, which shows the potential for rapid on-site detection of airborne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbeom Jang
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jyoti Bhardwaj
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Jang
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Lee D, Bhardwaj J, Jang J. Paper-based electrochemical immunosensor for label-free detection of multiple avian influenza virus antigens using flexible screen-printed carbon nanotube-polydimethylsiloxane electrodes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2311. [PMID: 35145121 PMCID: PMC8831593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have been conducted on measuring avian influenza viruses and their hemagglutinin (HA) antigens via electrochemical principles; most of these studies have used gold electrodes on ceramic, glass, or silicon substrates, and/or labeling for signal enhancement. Herein, we present a paper-based immunosensor for label-free measurement of multiple avian influenza virus (H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2) antigens using flexible screen-printed carbon nanotube-polydimethylsiloxane electrodes. These flexible electrodes on a paper substrate can complement the physical weakness of the paper-based sensors when wetted, without affecting flexibility. The relative standard deviation of the peak currents was 1.88% when the electrodes were repeatedly bent and unfolded twenty times with deionized water provided each cycle, showing the stability of the electrodes. For the detection of HA antigens, approximately 10-μl samples (concentration: 100 pg/ml–100 ng/ml) were needed to form the antigen–antibody complexes during 20–30 min incubation, and the immune responses were measured via differential pulse voltammetry. The limits of detections were 55.7 pg/ml (0.95 pM) for H5N1 HA, 99.6 pg/ml (1.69 pM) for H7N9 HA, and 54.0 pg/ml (0.72 pM) for H9N2 HA antigens in phosphate buffered saline, and the sensors showed good selectivity and reproducibility. Such paper-based sensors are economical, flexible, robust, and easy-to-manufacture, with the ability to detect several avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daesoon Lee
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jyoti Bhardwaj
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Jang
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Breshears LE, Nguyen BT, Mata Robles S, Wu L, Yoon JY. Biosensor detection of airborne respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2. SLAS Technol 2022; 27:4-17. [PMID: 35058206 PMCID: PMC8720388 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Airborne SARS-CoV-2 transmission represents a significant route for possible human infection that is not yet fully understood. Viruses in droplets and aerosols are difficult to detect because they are typically present in low amounts. In addition, the current techniques used, such as RT-PCR and virus culturing, require large amounts of time to get results. Biosensor technology can provide rapid, handheld, and point-of-care systems that can identify virus presence quickly and accurately. This paper reviews the background of airborne virus transmission and the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, its relative risk for transmission even at distances greater than the currently suggested 6 feet (or 2 m) physical distancing. Publications on biosensor technology that may be applied to the detection of airborne SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses are also summarized. Based on the current research we believe that there is a pressing need for continued research into handheld and rapid methods for sensitive collection and detection of airborne viruses. We propose a paper-based microfluidic chip and immunofluorescence assay as one method that could be investigated as a low-cost and portable option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lane E Breshears
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Brandon T Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Samantha Mata Robles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Lillian Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Jeong-Yeol Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
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Compendium of analytical methods for sampling, characterization and quantification of bioaerosols. ADV ECOL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Kutter JS, de Meulder D, Bestebroer TM, Mulders A, Fouchier RA, Herfst S. Comparison of three air samplers for the collection of four nebulized respiratory viruses - Collection of respiratory viruses from air. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1874-1885. [PMID: 34124803 PMCID: PMC8530848 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Viral respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Unfortunately, the transmission routes and shedding kinetics of respiratory viruses remain poorly understood. Air sampling techniques to quantify infectious viruses in the air are indispensable to improve intervention strategies to control and prevent spreading of respiratory viruses. Here, the collection of infectious virus with the six-stage Andersen cascade impactor was optimized with semi-solid gelatin as collection surface. Subsequently, the collection efficiency of the cascade impactor, the SKC BioSampler, and an in-house developed electrostatic precipitator was compared. In an in vitro set-up, influenza A virus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus type 3, and respiratory syncytial virus were nebulized and the amount of collected infectious virus and viral RNA was quantified with each air sampler. Whereas only low amounts of virus were collected using the electrostatic precipitator, high amounts were collected with the BioSampler and cascade impactor. The BioSampler allowed straight-forward sampling in liquid medium, whereas the more laborious cascade impactor allowed size fractionation of virus-containing particles. Depending on the research question, either the BioSampler or the cascade impactor can be applied in laboratory and field settings, such as hospitals to gain more insight into the transmission routes of respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin S. Kutter
- Department of ViroscienceErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of ViroscienceErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Theo M. Bestebroer
- Department of ViroscienceErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Ard Mulders
- Department of ViroscienceErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Ron A.M. Fouchier
- Department of ViroscienceErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of ViroscienceErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamthe Netherlands
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14
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Bhardwaj J, Hong S, Jang J, Han CH, Lee J, Jang J. Recent advancements in the measurement of pathogenic airborne viruses. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126574. [PMID: 34252679 PMCID: PMC8256664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Air-transmissible pathogenic viruses, such as influenza viruses and coronaviruses, are some of the most fatal strains and spread rapidly by air, necessitating quick and stable measurements from sample air volumes to prevent further spread of diseases and to take appropriate steps rapidly. Measurements of airborne viruses generally require their collection into liquids or onto solid surfaces, with subsequent hydrosolization and then analysis using the growth method, nucleic-acid-based techniques, or immunoassays. Measurements can also be performed in real time without sampling, where species-specific determination is generally disabled. In this review, we introduce some recent advancements in the measurement of pathogenic airborne viruses. Air sampling and measurement technologies for viral aerosols are reviewed, with special focus on the effects of air sampling on damage to the sampled viruses and their measurements. Measurement of pathogenic airborne viruses is an interdisciplinary research area that requires understanding of both aerosol technology and biotechnology to effectively address the issues. Hence, this review is expected to provide some useful guidelines regarding appropriate air sampling and virus detection methods for particular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Bhardwaj
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Junbeom Jang
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ho Han
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaegil Lee
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Jang
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Hong S, Kim MW, Jang J. Physical collection and viability of airborne bacteria collected under electrostatic field with different sampling media and protocols towards rapid detection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14598. [PMID: 34272448 PMCID: PMC8285527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrostatic samplers have been increasingly studied for sampling of viral and bacterial aerosols, and bioaerosol samplers are required to provide concentrated liquid samples with high physical collection and biological recovery, which would be critical for rapid detection. Here, the effects of sampling media and protocols on the physical collection and biological recovery of two airborne bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens and Micrococcus luteus) under electrostatic field were investigated using a personal electrostatic particle concentrator (EPC). Deionized (DI) water with/without sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and phosphate buffered saline were tested as sampling media. A polystyrene container was mounted onto the collection electrode of the EPC for stable storage and vortexing after capture. Many bacterial cells were found to be deposited on the bottom surface of the container submerged in the media via electrophoresis, and among the tested sampling protocols, wet sampling with a container and subsequent vortexing offered the most bacteria in the collection suspension. Experiments with several sampling media showed that 0.001-0.01% SDS-DI water demonstrated the highest recovery rate in the EPC. These findings would be valuable in the field of sampling and subsequent rapid detection of bioaerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongkyeol Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Woo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Jang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Piri A, Kim HR, Park DH, Hwang J. Increased survivability of coronavirus and H1N1 influenza virus under electrostatic aerosol-to-hydrosol sampling. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 413:125417. [PMID: 33930959 PMCID: PMC7879034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Airborne virus susceptibility is an underlying cause of severe respiratory diseases, raising pandemic alerts worldwide. Following the first reports of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 in 2019 and its rapid spread worldwide and the outbreak of a new highly variable strain of influenza A virus (H1N1) in 2009, developing quick, accurate monitoring and diagnostic approaches for emerging infections is considered critical. Efficient air sampling of coronaviruses and the H1N1 virus allows swift, real-time identification, triggering early adjuvant interventions. Electrostatic precipitation is an efficient method for sampling bio-aerosols as hydrosols; however, sampling conditions critically impact this method. Corona discharge ionizes surrounding air, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may impair virus structural components, leading to RNA and/or protein damage and preventing virus detection. Herein, ascorbic acid (AA) dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was used as the sampling solution of an electrostatic sampler to counteract virus particle impairment, increasing virus survivability throughout sampling. The findings of this study indicate that the use of PBS+AA is effective in reducing the ROS damage of viral RNA by 95%, viral protein by 45% and virus yield by 60%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Piri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Rae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hoon Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Hwang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Li M, Wang L, Qi W, Liu Y, Lin J. Challenges and Perspectives for Biosensing of Bioaerosol Containing Pathogenic Microorganisms. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:798. [PMID: 34357208 PMCID: PMC8307108 DOI: 10.3390/mi12070798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As an important route for disease transmission, bioaerosols have received increasing attention. In the past decades, many efforts were made to facilitate the development of bioaerosol monitoring; however, there are still some important challenges in bioaerosol collection and detection. Thus, recent advances in bioaerosol collection (such as sedimentation, filtration, centrifugation, impaction, impingement, and microfluidics) and detection methods (such as culture, molecular biological assay, and immunological assay) were summarized in this review. Besides, the important challenges and perspectives for bioaerosol biosensing were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jianhan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (M.L.); (L.W.); (W.Q.); (Y.L.)
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18
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Kim HR, An S, Hwang J. High air flow-rate electrostatic sampler for the rapid monitoring of airborne coronavirus and influenza viruses. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125219. [PMID: 33516114 PMCID: PMC7825829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Capturing virus aerosols in a small volume of liquid is essential when monitoring airborne viruses. As such, aerosol-to-hydrosol enrichment is required to produce a detectable viral sample for real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays. To meet this requirement, the efficient and non-destructive collection of airborne virus particles is needed, while the incoming air flow rate should be sufficiently high to quickly collect a large number of virus particles. To achieve this, we introduced a high air flow-rate electrostatic sampler (HAFES) that collected virus aerosols (human coronavirus 229E, influenza A virus subtypes H1N1 and H3N2, and bacteriophage MS2) in a continuously flowing liquid. Viral collection efficiency was evaluated using aerosol particle counts, while viral recovery rates were assessed using real-time qRT-PCR and plaque assays. An air sampling period of 20 min was sufficient to produce a sample suitable for use in real-time qRT-PCR in a viral epidemic scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Rae Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sanggwon An
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jungho Hwang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Virus-sampling technologies in different environments. ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT OF NOVEL CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19 ) 2021. [PMCID: PMC8237644 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85780-2.00010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to pathogenic microorganisms, especially viruses, can lead to various diseases, allergies, and hospital infections. The application of sampling procedure is still a challenge to sample viruses from different environments such as air, water, wastewater, etc. However, there are many procedures such as filtration, impactor, impinger, cyclone, electrostatic separator, and MD-8 airscan that are applied for sampling and measuring viruses from air. Among conventional filters, the gelatin type can be readily dissolved in a liquid for molecular counting or cell culture without significant changes in virus tissue. Liquid impingers are the most frequent devices that are applied for the collection of viral aerosols. Also, many methods including precipitation, ultracentrifugation, electronegative membrane, and ultrafiltration have been used to prepare samples of food, wastewater, feces, urine, and surfaces. In many studies, the aforementioned methods have been employed to sample the coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2 in various environments. Also, various PCR procedures have been commonly used to identify the virus from the environmental samples.
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20
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Kim HR, An S, Hwang J. An integrated system of air sampling and simultaneous enrichment for rapid biosensing of airborne coronavirus and influenza virus. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 170:112656. [PMID: 33010706 PMCID: PMC7518959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-care risk assessment (PCRA) for airborne viruses requires a system that can enrich low-concentration airborne viruses dispersed in field environments into a small volume of liquid. In this study, airborne virus particles were collected to a degree above the limit of detection (LOD) for a real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). This study employed an electrostatic air sampler to capture aerosolized test viruses (human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A/H1N1), and influenza A virus subtype H3N2 (A/H3N2)) in a continuously flowing liquid (aerosol-to-hydrosol (ATH) enrichment) and a concanavalin A (ConA)-coated magnetic particles (CMPs)-installed fluidic channel for simultaneous hydrosol-to-hydrosol (HTH) enrichment. The air sampler's ATH enrichment capacity (EC) was evaluated using the aerosol counting method. In contrast, the HTH EC for the ATH-collected sample was evaluated using transmission-electron-microscopy (TEM)-based image analysis and real-time qRT-PCR assay. For example, the ATH EC for HCoV-229E was up to 67,000, resulting in a viral concentration of 0.08 PFU/mL (in a liquid sample) for a viral epidemic scenario of 1.2 PFU/m3 (in air). The real-time qRT-PCR assay result for this liquid sample was "non-detectable" however, subsequent HTH enrichment for 10 min caused the "non-detectable" sample to become "detectable" (cycle threshold (CT) value of 33.8 ± 0.06).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Rae Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sanggwon An
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jungho Hwang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Alsved M, Widell A, Dahlin H, Karlson S, Medstrand P, Löndahl J. Aerosolization and recovery of viable murine norovirus in an experimental setup. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15941. [PMID: 32994471 PMCID: PMC7525472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the major cause for viral acute gastroenteritis in the world. Despite the existing infection prevention strategies in hospitals, the disease continues to spread and causes extensive and numerous outbreaks. Hence, there is a need to investigate the possibility of airborne transmission of norovirus. In this study, we developed an experimental setup for studies on the infectivity of aerosolized murine norovirus (MNV), a model for the human norovirus. Two aerosol generation principles were evaluated: bubble bursting, a common natural aerosolization mechanism, and nebulization, a common aerosolization technique in laboratory studies. The aerosolization setup was characterized by physical and viral dilution factors, generated aerosol particle size distributions, and the viral infectivity after aerosolization. We found a lower physical dilution factor when using the nebulization generator than with the bubble bursting generator. The viral dilution factor of the system was higher than the physical dilution; however, when comparing the physical and viral dilution factors, bubble bursting generation was more efficient. The infectivity per virus was similar using either generation principle, suggesting that the generation itself had a minor impact on MNV infectivity and that instead, the effect of drying in air could be a major reason for infectivity losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Alsved
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Widell
- Clinical Virology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Dahlin
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Karlson
- Clinical Virology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrik Medstrand
- Clinical Virology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jakob Löndahl
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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22
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Kim HR, An S, Hwang J. Aerosol-to-Hydrosol Sampling and Simultaneous Enrichment of Airborne Bacteria For Rapid Biosensing. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2763-2771. [PMID: 32493010 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rapid monitoring of biological particulate matter (Bio-PM, bioaerosols) requires an enrichment technique for concentrating the Bio-PM dispersed in the air into a small volume of liquid. In this study, an electrostatic air sampler is employed to capture aerosolized test bacteria in a carrier liquid (aerosol-to-hydrosol (ATH) enrichment). Simultaneously, the captured bacteria are carried into a fluid channel for hydrosol-to-hydrosol (HTH) enrichment with Concanavalin A coated magnetic particles (CMPs). The ATH enrichment capacity of the air sampler was evaluated with an aerosol particle counter for the following test bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Then, the HTH enrichment capacity for the ATH-collected sample was evaluated using the colony-counting method, scanning electron microscopy based image analysis, fluorescence microscopy, electrical current measurements, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The ATH and HTH enrichment capacities for the given operation conditions were up to 80 000 and 14.9, respectively, resulting in a total enrichment capacity of up to 1.192 × 106. Given that air-to-liquid enrichment required to prepare detectable bacterial samples for real-time qPCR in field environments is of the order of at least 106, our method can be used to prepare a detectable sample from low-concentration airborne bacteria in the field and significantly reduce the time required for Bio-PM monitoring because of its enrichment capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Rae Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanggwon An
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Hwang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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23
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Bhardwaj J, Kim MW, Jang J. Rapid Airborne Influenza Virus Quantification Using an Antibody-Based Electrochemical Paper Sensor and Electrostatic Particle Concentrator. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10700-10712. [PMID: 32833440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Airborne influenza viruses are responsible for serious respiratory diseases, and most detection methods for airborne viruses are based on extraction of nucleic acids. Herein, vertical-flow-assay-based electrochemical paper immunosensors were fabricated to rapidly quantify the influenza H1N1 viruses in air after sampling with a portable electrostatic particle concentrator (EPC). The effects of antibodies, anti-influenza nucleoprotein antibodies (NP-Abs) and anti-influenza hemagglutinin antibodies (HA-Abs), on the paper sensors as well as nonpulsed high electrostatic fields with and without corona charging on the virus measurement were investigated. The antigenicity losses of the surface (HA) proteins were caused by H2O2 via lipid oxidation-derived radicals and 1O2 via direct protein peroxidation upon exposure of a high electrostatic field. However, minimal losses in antigenicity of NP of the influenza viruses were observed, and the concentration of the H1N1 viruses was more than 160 times higher in the EPC than the BioSampler upon using NP-Ab based paper sensors after 60 min collection. This NP-Ab-based paper sensors with the EPC provided measurements comparable to quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) but much quicker, specific to the influenza H1N1 viruses in the presence of other airborne microorganisms and beads, and more cost-effective than enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Bhardwaj
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Woo Kim
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Jang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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24
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Zhang T, Hong ZY, Tang SY, Li W, Inglis DW, Hosokawa Y, Yalikun Y, Li M. Focusing of sub-micrometer particles in microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:35-53. [PMID: 31720655 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00785g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sub-micrometer particles (0.10-1.0 μm) are of great significance to study, e.g., microvesicles and protein aggregates are targets for therapeutic intervention, and sub-micrometer fluorescent polystyrene (PS) particles are used as probes for diagnostic imaging. Focusing of sub-micrometer particles - precisely control over the position of sub-micrometer particles in a tightly focused stream - has a wide range of applications in the field of biology, chemistry and environment, by acting as a prerequisite step for downstream detection, manipulation and quantification. Microfluidic devices have been attracting great attention as desirable tools for sub-micrometer particle focusing, due to their small size, low reagent consumption, fast analysis and low cost. Recent advancements in fundamental knowledge and fabrication technologies have enabled microfluidic focusing of particles at sub-micrometer scale in a continuous, label-free and high-throughput manner. Microfluidic methods for the focusing of sub-micrometer particles can be classified into two main groups depending on whether an external field is applied: 1) passive methods, which utilize intrinsic fluidic properties without the need of external actuation, such as inertial, deterministic lateral displacement (DLD), viscoelastic and hydrophoretic focusing; and 2) active methods, where external fields are used, such as dielectrophoretic, thermophoretic, acoustophoretic and optical focusing. This article mainly reviews the studies on the focusing of sub-micrometer particles in microfluidic devices over the past 10 years. It aims to bridge the gap between the focusing of micrometer and nanometer scale (1.0-100 nm) particles and to improve the understanding of development progress, current advances and future prospects in microfluidic focusing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlong Zhang
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan. and School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney 2122, Australia.
| | - Zhen-Yi Hong
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Shi-Yang Tang
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - David W Inglis
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney 2122, Australia.
| | - Yoichiroh Hosokawa
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Yaxiaer Yalikun
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Ming Li
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney 2122, Australia.
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25
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Mainelis G. Bioaerosol Sampling: Classical Approaches, Advances, and Perspectives. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2020; 54:496-519. [PMID: 35923417 PMCID: PMC9344602 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2019.1671950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Bioaerosol sampling is an essential and integral part of any bioaerosol investigation. Since bioaerosols are very diverse in terms of their sizes, species, biological properties, and requirements for their detection and quantification, bioaerosol sampling is an active, yet challenging research area. This paper was inspired by the discussions during the 2018 International Aerosol Conference (IAC) (St. Louis, MO) regarding the need to summarize the current state of the art in bioaerosol research, including bioaerosol sampling, and the need to develop a more standardized set of guidelines for protocols used in bioaerosol research. The manuscript is a combination of literature review and perspectives: it discusses the main bioaerosol sampling techniques and then overviews the latest technical developments in each area; the overview is followed by the discussion of the emerging trends and developments in the field, including personal sampling, application of passive samplers, and advances toward improving bioaerosol detection limits as well as the emerging challenges such as collection of viruses and collection of unbiased samples for bioaerosol sequencing. The paper also discusses some of the practical aspects of bioaerosol sampling with particular focus on sampling aspects that could lead to bioaerosol determination bias. The manuscript concludes by suggesting several goals for bioaerosol sampling and development community to work towards and describes some of the grand bioaerosol challenges discussed at the IAC 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gediminas Mainelis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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26
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Pan M, Lednicky J, Wu C. Collection, particle sizing and detection of airborne viruses. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1596-1611. [PMID: 30974505 PMCID: PMC7167052 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Viruses that affect humans, animals and plants are often dispersed and transmitted through airborne routes of infection. Due to current technological deficiencies, accurate determination of the presence of airborne viruses is challenging. This shortcoming limits our ability to evaluate the actual threat arising from inhalation or other relevant contact with aerosolized viruses. To improve our understanding of the mechanisms of airborne transmission of viruses, air sampling technologies that can detect the presence of aerosolized viruses, effectively collect them and maintain their viability, and determine their distribution in aerosol particles, are needed. The latest developments in sampling and detection methodologies for airborne viruses, their limitations, factors that can affect their performance and current research needs, are discussed in this review. Much more work is needed on the establishment of standard air sampling methods and their performance requirements. Sampling devices that can collect a wide size range of virus-containing aerosols and maintain the viability of the collected viruses are needed. Ideally, the devices would be portable and technology-enabled for on-the-spot detection and rapid identification of the viruses. Broad understanding of the airborne transmission of viruses is of seminal importance for the establishment of better infection control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Pan
- Department of Environmental Engineering SciencesEngineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and EnvironmentUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - J.A. Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global HealthCollege of Public Health & Health ProfessionsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Emerging Pathogens InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - C.‐Y. Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering SciencesEngineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and EnvironmentUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
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Bhardwaj J, Sharma A, Jang J. Vertical flow-based paper immunosensor for rapid electrochemical and colorimetric detection of influenza virus using a different pore size sample pad. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 126:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Singh R, Hong S, Jang J. Label-free Detection of Influenza Viruses using a Reduced Graphene Oxide-based Electrochemical Immunosensor Integrated with a Microfluidic Platform. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42771. [PMID: 28198459 PMCID: PMC5309888 DOI: 10.1038/srep42771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) has recently gained considerable attention for use in electrochemical biosensing applications due to its outstanding conducting properties and large surface area. This report presents a novel microfluidic chip integrated with an RGO-based electrochemical immunosensor for label-free detection of an influenza virus, H1N1. Three microelectrodes were fabricated on a glass substrate using the photolithographic technique, and the working electrode was functionalized using RGO and monoclonal antibodies specific to the virus. These chips were integrated with polydimethylsiloxane microchannels. Structural and morphological characterizations were performed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Electrochemical studies revealed good selectivity and an enhanced detection limit of 0.5 PFU mL-1, where the chronoamperometric current increased linearly with H1N1 virus concentration within the range of 1 to 104 PFU mL-1 (R2 = 0.99). This microfluidic immunosensor can provide a promising platform for effective detection of biomolecules using minute samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Singh
- School of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongkyeol Hong
- School of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Jang
- School of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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