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Duarte RMBO, Brandão PF, Duarte AC. Multidimensional chromatography in environmental analysis: Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid versus gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464288. [PMID: 37573757 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of complex environmental matrices poses an extreme challenge for analytical chemists due to the vast number of known and unknown compounds, with very diverse chemical and physical properties. The need for a holistic characterisation of this complexity has sparked the development of effective tools to unravel the chemical composition of such environmental samples. Multidimensional chromatographic methods, namely comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) gas and liquid chromatography (GC × GC and LC × LC, respectively), coupled to different detection systems have emerged as powerful tools with the capability to address this challenge. While GC × GC has steadily gained popularity in environmental analysis, LC × LC is surprisingly less attractive in this research field. This critical review article explores the potential reasons why LC × LC is not the dominant technique used in environmental analysis as compared to GC × GC, while simultaneously highlighting the quite unique role of LC × LC for the target and untargeted analysis of complex environmental matrices. The possible combinations of stationary phases, the important role of the interfacing valve as the heart of an LC × LC assembly, the existing optimization strategies for improving the separation power in the 2D chromatographic space, and the need for user-friendly mathematical tools for multidimensional data handling are also discussed. Finally, a set of practical measures are suggested to increase the use and secure the success of LC × LC in environmental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina M B O Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.
| | - Pedro F Brandão
- Department of Chemistry, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Armando C Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
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Lee WC, Deng Y, Zhou R, Itoh M, Mochida M, Kuwata M. Water Solubility Distribution of Organic Matter Accounts for the Discrepancy in Hygroscopicity among Sub- and Supersaturated Humidity Regimes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17924-17935. [PMID: 36346950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Water uptake properties of organic matter (OM) are critical for aerosol direct and indirect effects. OM contains various chemical species that have a wide range of water solubility. However, the role of water solubility on water uptake by OM has poorly been investigated. We experimentally retrieved water solubility distributions of water-soluble OM (WSOM) from combustion of mosquito coil and tropical peat using the 1-octanol-water partitioning method. In addition, hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of solubility-segregated WSOM were measured. The dominant fraction of WSOM from mosquito coil smoldering was highly soluble (water solubility (S) > 10-2 g cm-3), while that from peat combustion contained ∼40% of less-soluble species (S < 10-3 g cm-3). The difference in water solubility distributions induced changes in the roles of less water-soluble fractions (S < 10-3 g cm-3) on CCN activity. Namely, the less water-soluble fraction from mosquito coil combustion fully dissolved at the point of critical supersaturation, while that for tropical peat smoldering was limited by water solubility. The present result suggests that water solubility distributions of OM, rather than its bulk chemical property, need to be quantified for understanding the water uptake process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chien Lee
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC-ESAT), Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Division of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 639798Singapore
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, 639798Singapore
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Yange Deng
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Ruichen Zhou
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Masayuki Itoh
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Hyogo651-2103, Japan
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8501, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mochida
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Mikinori Kuwata
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC-ESAT), Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, 639798Singapore
- Asian School of Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 639798Singapore
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Programme, 138602Singapore
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Multidimensional Analytical Characterization of Water-Soluble Organic Aerosols: Challenges and New Perspectives. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11062539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic aerosols (OA) are an important component of air particles and one of the key drivers that impact both climate and human health. Understanding the processes involving water-soluble OA depends on how well the chemical composition of this aerosol component is decoded. Yet, obtaining detailed information faces several challenges, including water-soluble OA collection, extraction, and chemical complexity. This review highlights the multidimensional non-targeted analytical strategies that have been developed and employed for providing new insights into the structural and molecular features of water-soluble organic components present in air particles. First, the most prominent high-resolution mass spectrometric methods for near real-time measurements of water-soluble OA and their limitations are discussed. Afterward, a special emphasis is given to the degree of compositional information provided by offline multidimensional analytical techniques, namely excitation–emission (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and their hyphenation with chromatographic systems. The major challenges ahead on the application of these multidimensional analytical strategies for OA research are also addressed so that they can be used advantageously in future studies.
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Spranger T, Pinxteren DV, Reemtsma T, Lechtenfeld OJ, Herrmann H. 2D Liquid Chromatographic Fractionation with Ultra-high Resolution MS Analysis Resolves a Vast Molecular Diversity of Tropospheric Particle Organics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11353-11363. [PMID: 31478645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A 2D-liquid chromatographic fractionation method was combined with direct infusion electrospray ionization Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to better resolve the high complexity of the organic material in atmospheric particles. The number of assigned molecular formulas increased by a factor of 2.3 for the fractionated sample (18 144) compared to a bulk sample analysis without fractionation (7819), while simultaneously allowing the identification of 71 240 isomeric compounds. Accounting for these isomers has an impact on the means and distributions of different descriptive sample parameters. More than 15 000 compounds were exclusively identified in the fractionated sample providing insights regarding the formation of organosulfates, reduced N-containing compounds, and polyaromatic compounds. Further, a new method for assigning organonitrates and poly-organonitrates based on Kendrick mass defect analysis is presented. The current study implicates that analytical separation leads to much more detailed insights into particle organics composition, while more commonly applied direct infusion MS studies can strongly underestimate composition complexity and lead to biased assignments of bulk organic properties. Overall, the particle organics composition is far more complex than previously shown, while separation through better chromatographic techniques helps to understand formation processes of atmospheric particle constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Spranger
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD) , Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , Leipzig 04318 , Germany
| | - Dominik van Pinxteren
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD) , Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , Leipzig 04318 , Germany
| | | | | | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD) , Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , Leipzig 04318 , Germany
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Chen J, Lee WC, Itoh M, Kuwata M. A Significant Portion of Water-Soluble Organic Matter in Fresh Biomass Burning Particles Does Not Contribute to Hygroscopic Growth: An Application of Polarity Segregation by 1-Octanol-Water Partitioning Method. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10034-10042. [PMID: 31361952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The importance of water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) on the hygroscopic growth of particles is recognized, yet roles of different categories of WSOM are under debate. We segregated WSOM from Indonesian biomass burning particles by the 1-octanol-water partitioning method. The method is based on the 1-octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW), which correlates with water solubility. The segregated WSOM was analyzed using the humidified tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) and time-of-flight aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ToF-ACSM). Both the hygroscopicity parameter κ and the fractional contribution of m/z 44 (f44), which serves as a metric for degree of oxygenation, increased with polarity. This result experimentally evidenced that highly polar/water-soluble OM is highly hygroscopic/oxygenated. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) identified three factors from the ToF-ACSM data. Deconvolution of κ by PMF factors demonstrated that the less polar fractions, which occupy approximately 20-60% of WSOM dependent on the biomass type, almost do not contribute to water uptake under subsaturated conditions. This result highlights that categorization of WSOM will be needed to understand how hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Earth Observatory of Singapore , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Programme , Singapore 138602
| | - Wen-Chien Lee
- Earth Observatory of Singapore , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
- Division of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
| | - Masayuki Itoh
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
- School of Human Science and Environment , University of Hyogo , Hyogo 651-2103 , Japan
| | - Mikinori Kuwata
- Earth Observatory of Singapore , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Programme , Singapore 138602
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
- Asian School of Environment , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
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Lee WC, Chen J, Budisulistiorini SH, Itoh M, Shiodera S, Kuwata M. Polarity-Dependent Chemical Characteristics of Water-Soluble Organic Matter from Laboratory-Generated Biomass-Burning Revealed by 1-Octanol-Water Partitioning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8047-8056. [PMID: 31194524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polarity distribution of water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) is an important factor in determining the hygroscopic and cloud nucleation abilities of organic aerosol particles. We applied a novel framework to quantitatively classify WSOM based on the 1-octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW), which often serves as a proxy of polarity. In this study, WSOM was generated in a laboratory biomass-burning experiment by smoldering of Indonesian peat and vegetation samples. The fractionated WSOM was analyzed using a UV-visible spectrophotometer, spectrofluorometer, and time-of-flight aerosol chemical speciation monitor. Several deconvolution methods, including positive matrix factorization, parallel factor analysis, and least-squares analysis, were applied to the measured spectra, resulting in three classes of WSOM. The highly polar fraction of WSOM, which predominantly exists in the range of log KOW < 0, is highly oxygenated and exhibits similar optical properties as those of light-absorbing humic-like substances (HULIS, termed after the humic substances due to the similarity in chemical characteristics). WSOM in the least-polar fraction, which mainly distributes in log KOW > 1, mostly consists of hydrocarbon-like and high molecular weight species. In between the most- and least-polar fraction, WSOM in the marginally polar fraction likely contains aromatic compounds. The analyses have also suggested the existence of HULIS with different polarities. Comparison with previous studies indicates that only WSOM in the highly polar fraction (log KOW < 0) likely contributes to water uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Chen
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Programme , Singapore 138602
| | | | - Masayuki Itoh
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
- School of Human Science and Environment , University of Hyogo , Hyogo 651-2103 , Japan
| | - Satomi Shiodera
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature , Kyoto 603-8047 , Japan
| | - Mikinori Kuwata
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Programme , Singapore 138602
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
- Asian School of the Environment , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
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Durner B, Ehmann T, Matysik FM. High-resolution polymer high performance liquid chromatography: Application of a saw tooth gradient for the separation of various polymers. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1587:88-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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JIANG HX, LI J, TANG J, MO YZ, ZHANG G. Applications of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Studies of Brown Carbon. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(18)61115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Win MS, Tian Z, Zhao H, Xiao K, Peng J, Shang Y, Wu M, Xiu G, Lu S, Yonemochi S, Wang Q. Atmospheric HULIS and its ability to mediate the reactive oxygen species (ROS): A review. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 71:13-31. [PMID: 30195672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) are not only an unresolved mixture of macro-organic compounds but also powerful chelating agents in atmospheric particulate matters (PMs); impacting on both the properties of aerosol particles and health effects by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Currently, the interests of HULIS are intensively shifting to the investigations of HULIS-metal synergic effects and kinetics modeling studies, as well as the development of HULIS quantification, findings of possible HULIS sources and generation of ROS from HULIS. In light of HULIS studies, we comprehensively review the current knowledge of isolation and physicochemical characterization of HULIS from atmospheric samples as well as HULIS properties (hygroscopic, surface activity, and colloidal) and possible sources of HULIS. This review mainly highlights the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from PMs, HULIS and transition metals, especially iron. This review also summarized the mechanism of iron-organic complexation and recent findings of OH formation from HULIS-metal complexes. This review will be helpful to carry out the modeling studies that concern with HULIS-transition metals and for further studies in the generation of ROS from HULIS-metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myat Sandar Win
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhengyang Tian
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jiaxian Peng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu Shang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Minghong Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Guangli Xiu
- East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Senlin Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Shinich Yonemochi
- Centers for Environmental Science in Saitama, Saitama 374-0115, Japan
| | - Qingyue Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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Zhang X, Zhang L, Li Z, Jiang Z, Zheng Q, Lin B, Pan B. Rational Design of Antifouling Polymeric Nanocomposite for Sustainable Fluoride Removal from NOM-Rich Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13363-13371. [PMID: 29091418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of natural organic matter (NOM) exerts adverse effects on adsorptive removal of various pollutants including fluoride from water. Herein, we designed a novel nanocomposite adsorbent for preferable and sustainable defluoridation from NOM-rich water. The nanocomposite (HZO@HCA) is obtained by encapsulating hydrous zirconium oxide nanoparticles (HZO NPs) inside hyper-cross-linked polystyrene anion exchanger (HCA) binding tertiary amine groups. Another commercially available nanocomposite HZO@D201, with the host of a cross-linked polystyrene anion exchanger (D201) binding ammonium groups, was involved for comparison. HZO@HCA features with abundant micropores instead of meso-/macropores of HZO@D201, resulting in the inaccessible sites for NOM due to the size exclusion. Also, the tertiary amine groups of HCA favor an efficient desorption of the slightly loaded NOM from HZO@HCA. As expected, Sigma-Aldrich humic acid even at 20 mg of DOC/L did not exert any observable effect on fluoride sequestration by HZO@HCA, whereas a significant inhibition was observed for HZO@D201. Cyclic adsorption runs further verified the superior reusability of HZO@HCA for defluoridation from NOM-rich water. In addition, the HZO@HCA column could generate ∼80 bed volume (BV) effluent from a synthetic fluoride-containing groundwater to meet the drinking water standard (<1.5 mg F/L), whereas HCA and HZO@D201 columns could only generate <5 and ∼40 BV effluents, respectively. This study is believed to shed new light on how to rationally design antifouling nanocomposites for water remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
- Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhixian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bingcai Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
- Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
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