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Cheng X, Gao L, Cao X, Zhang Y, Ai Q, Weng J, Liu Y, Li J, Zhang L, Lyu B, Wu Y, Zheng M. Identification and Prioritization of Organic Pollutants in Human Milk from the Yangtze River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11935-11944. [PMID: 38913859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Pollutants in human milk are critical for evaluating maternal internal exposure and infant external exposure. However, most studies have focused on a limited range of pollutants. Here, 15 pooled samples (prepared from 467 individual samples) of human milk from three areas of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in China were analyzed by gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In total, 171 compounds of nine types were preliminarily identified. Among these, 16 compounds, including 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone and 2-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone, were detected in human milk for the first time. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis identified ten area-specific pollutants, including 2-naphthylamine, 9-fluorenone, 2-isopropylthianthrone, and benzo[a]pyrene, among pooled human milk samples from Shanghai (n = 3), Jiangsu Province (n = 6), and Zhejiang Province (n = 6). Risk index (RI) values were calculated and indicated that legacy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contributed only 20% of the total RIs for the identified PAHs and derivatives, indicating that more attention should be paid to PAHs with various functional groups. Nine priority pollutants in human milk from the YRD were identified. The most important were 4-tert-amylphenol, caffeine, and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone, which are associated with apoptosis, oxidative stress, and other health hazards. The results improve our ability to assess the health risks posed by pollutants in human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xiaoying Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiaofeng Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiyuan Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Bing Lyu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
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Turnipseed SB. Analysis of chemical contaminants in fish using high resolution mass spectrometry - A review. TRENDS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2024; 42:e00227. [PMID: 38957876 PMCID: PMC11215702 DOI: 10.1016/j.teac.2024.e00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has become an important tool in environmental and food safety analysis. This review highlights how HRMS has been used to analyze chemical contaminants in fish. Measuring and documenting chemical contaminants in fish serves not only as an indicator of environmental conditions but can also monitor the health of these animals and help protect an important source of human food. The incidence and significance of contaminants including veterinary drugs, human drugs and personal care products, pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, per- and poly fluorinated substances, and marine toxins will be reviewed. The advantage of HRMS over traditional MS is its ability to expand the number of compounds that can be detected and identified. This is true whether HRMS is used for targeted analytes, or more broadly for suspect screening and nontargeted analyses. The classes of compounds, types of fish or seafood, options for data acquisition and analysis, and reports of unexpected findings from recent HMRS methods for chemical contaminants in fish are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri B Turnipseed
- US Food and Drug Administration, Animal Drugs Research Center, Denver, CO, USA
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Tang C, Liu L, Zheng R, Zhu Y, Tang C, Zeng YH, Luo XJ, Mai BX. Comprehensive characterization and prioritization of halogenated organic compounds in fish and their implications for exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 184:108476. [PMID: 38346376 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Fish are an important pollution indicator for biomonitoring of halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) in aquatic environments, and HOCs in fish may pose health threats to consumers. This study performed nontarget and comprehensive analyses of HOCs in fish from an e-waste recycling zone by gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry, and further prioritized their human exposure risks. A total of 1652 formulas of HOCs were found in the fish, of which 1222, 117, and 313 were organochlorines, organobromines, and organochlorine-bromines, respectively. The total concentrations of HOCs were 15.4-18.7 μg/g (wet weight), and organobromines were the predominant (14.1-16.8 μg/g). Of the HOCs, 41 % were elucidated with tentative structures and divided into 13 groups. The estimated total daily exposures of HOCs via dietary consumption of the fish for local adult residents were 3082-3744 ng/kg bw/day. The total exposures were dominated by several groups of HOCs with the following contribution order: polyhalogenated biphenyls and their derivatives > polyhalogenated diphenyl ethers > halo- (H-)alkanes/olefines > H-benzenes > H-dioxins > H-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons > H-phenols. The comprehensive characterization and prioritization results provide an overview of the species and distributions of HOCs in edible fish, and propose an inventory of crucial HOCs associated with high exposure risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiming Tang
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Chemistry and Detection Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Chemistry and Detection Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Ruifen Zheng
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Chemistry and Detection Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yizhe Zhu
- Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Chemistry and Detection Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Caixing Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Lingnan Hospital, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yan-Hong Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Bidleman TF, Ericson L, Liljelind P, Tysklind M. Drosophilin A methyl ether (DAME) and other chlorinated dimethoxybenzenes in fungi and forest litter from Sweden. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 347:140685. [PMID: 37981018 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Fungi and substrates undergoing fungal decomposition were collected from forests in northern and southern Sweden and analyzed for chlorinated dimethoxybenzenes (DMBs). Specimens were fungi fruiting bodies, rotting wood, forest litter and underlying humus. Targeted compounds were DAME (1,2,4,5-tetrachloro-3,6-DMB) and related fungal secondary metabolites. A screening procedure was developed which involved soaking the specimens in ethyl acetate followed by analysis by capillary gas chromatography - mass spectrometry with mass selective detection (GC-MSD). DAME was the most frequently found (62% of 47 specimens) and often the most abundant target compound, with range and mean ± SD concentrations of <0.0017-3.81 and 0.21 ± 0.63 mg kg-1 ww. Based on log-log correlations of partition coefficients of hydrophobic compounds between fungal biomass/water (KD) and octanol/water (KOW), five species of fungi are suggested to produce DAME de novo versus bioaccumulation from forest runoff water. Full-scan mass spectra of some high-concentration specimens indicated the presence of a Cl2DMB and a Cl3DMB, which could not be identified further due to lack of standards, and drosophilin A (DA = 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-methoxyphenol), the precursor to DAME. Tetrachloroveratrole (TeCV = 1,2,3,4-tetrachloro-5,6-DMB) was found in only a few specimens. This study supports our hypothesis of fungi as a source of DAME in terrestrial runoff and indicates that other chlorinated secondary metabolites are present. DAME is widely distributed globally, and it would be good to have a better understanding of its sources and pathways as a marker of terrestrial organochlorines and their availability for bioaccumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry F Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Lars Ericson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Per Liljelind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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Singh RR, Aminot Y, Héas-Moisan K, Preud'homme H, Munschy C. Cracked and shucked: GC-APCI-IMS-HRMS facilitates identification of unknown halogenated organic chemicals in French marine bivalves. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108094. [PMID: 37478678 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based non-target analysis coupled with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is gaining momentum due to its ability to provide complementary information which can be useful in the identification of unknown organic chemicals in support of efforts in unraveling the complexity of the chemical exposome. The chemical exposome in the marine environment, though not as well studied as its freshwater counterparts, is not foreign to chemical diversity specially when it comes to potentially bioaccumulative and bioactive polyhalogenated organic contaminants and natural products. In this work we present in detail how we utilized IMS-HRMS coupled with gas chromatographic separation and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) to annotate polyhalogenated organic chemicals in French bivalves collected from 25 sites along the French coasts. We describe how we used open cheminformatic tools to exploit isotopologue patterns, isotope ratios, Kendrick mass defect (Cl scale), and collisional cross section (CCS), in order to annotate 157 halogenated features (level 1: 54, level 2: 47, level 3: 50, and level 4: 6). Grouping the features into 11 compound classes was facilitated by a KMD vs CCS plot which showed co-clustering of potentially structurally-related compounds. The features were semi-quantified to gain insight into the distribution of these halogenated features along the French coast, ultimately allowing us to differentiate between sites that are more anthropologically impacted versus sites that are potentially biodiverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph R Singh
- Ifremer, CCEM Contamination Chimique des Ecosystèmes Marins, F-44000, Nantes, France.
| | - Yann Aminot
- Ifremer, CCEM Contamination Chimique des Ecosystèmes Marins, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Karine Héas-Moisan
- Ifremer, CCEM Contamination Chimique des Ecosystèmes Marins, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Hugues Preud'homme
- IPREM-UMR5254, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Technopôle Helioparc, 2 Avenue P. Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France
| | - Catherine Munschy
- Ifremer, CCEM Contamination Chimique des Ecosystèmes Marins, F-44000, Nantes, France
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Ren J, Point AD, Baygi SF, Fernando S, Hopke PK, Holsen TM, Crimmins BS. Bioaccumulation of perfluoroalkyl substances in the Lake Erie food web. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120677. [PMID: 36400140 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation and biomagnification of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the Lake Erie food web was investigated by analyzing surface water and biological samples including 10 taxa of fish species, 2 taxa of benthos and zooplankton. The carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopic composition and fatty acids profiles of biological samples were used to evaluate the food web structure and assess the biomagnification of PFAS. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) dominated the total PFAS (ΣPFAS) concentration (50-90% of ΣPFAS concentration), followed by C9-C11 perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs). The highest PFOS concentrations (79 ± 4.8 ng/g, wet weight (wwt)) and ΣPFAS (88 ± 5.2 ng/g, wwt) were detected in yellow perch (Perca flavescens). The C8-C14 PFAS biomagnification factors (BMFs) between apex piscivorous fish and prey fish were found to be generally greater than 1, indicative of PFAS biomagnification, while biodilution (BMF<1) was observed between planktivorous fish and zooplankton. Trophic magnification factors (TMFs) of C8-C14 PFCA were not correlated with perfluoroalkyl chain length. The C4-C9 PFAS were detected in the surface water of Lake Erie, and PFBA was found to have the highest concentrations (2.1-2.8 ng/L) among all PFAS detected. The log of bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was found to generally increase with increasing log Kow for C6, 8, and 9 PFAS in all selected species from three tropic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junda Ren
- Clarkson University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Adam D Point
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Sadjad Fakouri Baygi
- Clarkson University, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Sujan Fernando
- Clarkson University, Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA; Clarkson University, Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Thomas M Holsen
- Clarkson University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA; Clarkson University, Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Bernard S Crimmins
- Clarkson University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA; Clarkson University, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA; AEACS, LLC, New Kensington, PA, USA.
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7
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Trinklein TJ, Cain CN, Ochoa GS, Schöneich S, Mikaliunaite L, Synovec RE. Recent Advances in GC×GC and Chemometrics to Address Emerging Challenges in Nontargeted Analysis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:264-286. [PMID: 36625122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Trinklein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Caitlin N Cain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Grant S Ochoa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Sonia Schöneich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Lina Mikaliunaite
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Robert E Synovec
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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Menger F, Celma A, Schymanski EL, Lai FY, Bijlsma L, Wiberg K, Hernández F, Sancho JV, Ahrens L. Enhancing spectral quality in complex environmental matrices: Supporting suspect and non-target screening in zebra mussels with ion mobility. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107585. [PMID: 36265356 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Identification of bioaccumulating contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) via suspect and non-target screening remains a challenging task. In this study, ion mobility separation with high-resolution mass spectrometry (IM-HRMS) was used to investigate the effects of drift time (DT) alignment on spectrum quality and peak annotation for screening of CECs in complex sample matrices using data independent acquisition (DIA). Data treatment approaches (Binary Sample Comparison) and prioritisation strategies (Halogen Match, co-occurrence of features in biota and the water phase) were explored in a case study on zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in Lake Mälaren, Sweden's largest drinking water reservoir. DT alignment evidently improved the fragment spectrum quality by increasing the similarity score to reference spectra from on average (±standard deviation) 0.33 ± 0.31 to 0.64 ± 0.30 points, thus positively influencing structure elucidation efforts. Thirty-two features were tentatively identified at confidence level 3 or higher using MetFrag coupled with the new PubChemLite database, which included predicted collision cross-section values from CCSbase. The implementation of predicted mobility data was found to support compound annotation. This study illustrates a quantitative assessment of the benefits of IM-HRMS on spectral quality, which will enhance the performance of future screening studies of CECs in complex environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Menger
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Alberto Celma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Emma L Schymanski
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 6, Avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan V Sancho
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Tang C, Chen G, Liang Y, Liao J, Lin H, Huang C, Zeng Y, Luo X, Peng X, Mai B. Nontarget analysis and comprehensive characterization of halogenated organic pollutants by GC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS in association with chromatogram segmentation and Cl/Br-specific screening algorithms. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1222:340171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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10
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Ren J, Point AD, Baygi SF, Fernando S, Hopke PK, Holsen TM, Crimmins BS. Bioaccumulation of polyfluoroalkyl substances in the Lake Huron aquatic food web. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 819:152974. [PMID: 35007599 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of fluorinated organic chemicals that have been produced for industrial and commercial application since the 1950s. PFAS are highly persistent and ubiquitous in water, sediment, and biota. Toxic effects of PFAS on humans and the ecosystem have increased scientific and public concern. To better understand the distribution of PFAS in the Laurentian Great Lakes, carbon (12C and 13C) and nitrogen (14N and 15N) stable isotope enrichment, fatty acid profiles, and PFAS were measured in the Lake Huron (LH) aquatic food web. The trophic level of the organisms was estimated using δ15N and found to be a determinant of PFAS biomagnification. The δ13C and fatty acid profiles were used to assess the carbon/energy flow pathway and predator-prey relationships, respectively. The δ13C, δ15N, and fatty acids were used to elucidate the trophodynamics and understand the PFAS trophic transfer in the LH aquatic food web. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was the dominant PFAS observed, followed by C9 - C11 perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCA). The highest PFOS concentrations (45 ± 11 ng/g, wet weight (wwt)) were detected in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), while the highest total PFCA concentrations (sum of C4 - C16 PFCAs) were detected in deepwater sculpin (Myoxocephalus thompsonii). With the exception of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), C8-C14 PFAS biomagnification factors (BMFs) were found to be generally greater than 1, suggesting PFAS biomagnification from prey to predator. Trophic magnification factors (TMFs) of C8-C14 PFCA were found to be independent of compound hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junda Ren
- Clarkson University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Adam D Point
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Sadjad Fakouri Baygi
- Clarkson University, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Sujan Fernando
- Clarkson University, Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA; Clarkson University, Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Thomas M Holsen
- Clarkson University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA; Clarkson University, Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Bernard S Crimmins
- Clarkson University, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA; AEACS, LLC, New Kensington, PA, USA.
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Dürig W, Alygizakis NA, Wiberg K, Ahrens L. Application of a novel prioritisation strategy using non-target screening for evaluation of temporal trends (1969-2017) of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in archived lynx muscle tissue samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:153035. [PMID: 35026275 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Most environmental monitoring studies of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) focus on aquatic species and target specific classes of CECs. Even with wide-scope target screening methods, relevant CECs may be missed. In this study, non-target screening (NTS) was used for tentative identification of potential CECs in muscle tissue of the terrestrial top predator Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx). Temporal trend analysis was applied as a prioritisation tool for archived samples, using univariate statistical tests (Mann-Kendall and Spearman rank). Pooled lynx muscle tissue collected from 1969 to 2017 was analysed with an eight-point time series using a previously validated screening workflow. Following peak detection, peak alignment, and blank subtraction, 12,941 features were considered for statistical analysis. Prioritisation by time-trend analysis detected 104 and 61 features with statistically significant increasing and decreasing trends, respectively. Following probable molecular formula assignment and elucidation with MetFrag, two compounds with increasing trends, and one with a decreasing trend, were tentatively identified. These results show that, despite low expected concentration levels and high matrix effects in terrestrial species, it is possible to prioritise CECs in archived lynx samples using NTS and univariate statistical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Dürig
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Nikiforos A Alygizakis
- Environmental Institute, Okruzná 784/42, 97241 Koš, Slovak Republic; Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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12
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High-performance nontarget analysis of halogenated organic compounds in tap water, fly ash, soil and sediment using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry and scripting approaches based on Cl/Br-specific search algorithms. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1204:339618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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13
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Simonnet-Laprade C, Bayen S, McGoldrick D, McDaniel T, Hutinet S, Marchand P, Vénisseau A, Cariou R, Le Bizec B, Dervilly G. Evidence of complementarity between targeted and non-targeted analysis based on liquid and gas-phase chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for screening halogenated persistent organic pollutants in environmental matrices. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133615. [PMID: 35038446 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the complementarity between targeted (TS) and non-targeted screening (NTS) based on liquid and gas-phase chromatography coupled to (high-resolution) mass spectrometry (LC-/GC-(HR)MS) for the comprehensive characterization of organohalogen fingerprints within a set of Lake Ontario lake trout samples. The concentrations of 86 legacy, emerging and novel halogenated compounds (HCs), were determined through 4 TS approaches involving no less than 6 hyphenated systems. In parallel, an innovative NTS strategy, involving both LC and GC-Q-Orbitrap, was implemented to specifically highlight halogenated signals. Non-targeted HRMS data were processed under the HaloSeeker software based on Cl and Br isotopic ratio and mass defect to extend the screening to unsuspected and unknown HCs. A total of 195 halogenated mass spectral features were characterized in the Lake Ontario lake trout, including well known HCs (PCBs, PBDEs, PBBs, DDT and their degradation products), emerging HCs (novel brominated flame retardants, short-, medium- and long-chain chlorinated paraffins) or suggested molecular formula (mainly polychlorinated ones). Among the 122 HCs highlighted by TS, only 21 were identified by NTS. These results fueled a discussion on the potential and limitations of both approaches, and the current position of NTS within environmental and health monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Bayen
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - D McGoldrick
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - T McDaniel
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Hutinet
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - P Marchand
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - A Vénisseau
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - R Cariou
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - B Le Bizec
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - G Dervilly
- Oniris, INRAE, LABERCA, 44307, Nantes, France.
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14
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Dürig W, Alygizakis NA, Menger F, Golovko O, Wiberg K, Ahrens L. Novel prioritisation strategies for evaluation of temporal trends in archived white-tailed sea eagle muscle tissue in non-target screening. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127331. [PMID: 34879552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental monitoring studies based on target analysis capture only a small fraction of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and miss pollutants potentially harmful to wildlife. Environmental specimen banks, with their archived samples, provide opportunities to identify new CECs by temporal trend analysis and non-target screening. In this study, archived white-tailed sea eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) muscle tissue was analysed by non-targeted high-resolution mass spectrometry. Univariate statistical tests (Mann-Kendall and Spearman rank) for temporal trend analysis were applied as prioritisation methods. A workflow for non-target data was developed and validated using an artificial time series spiked at five levels with gradient concentrations of selected CECs (n = 243). Pooled eagle muscle tissues collected 1965-2017 were then investigated with an eight-point time series using the validated screening workflow. Following peak detection, peak alignment, and blank subtraction, 14 409 features were considered for statistical analysis. Prioritisation by time-trend analysis detected 207 features with increasing trends. Following unequivocal molecular formula assignment to prioritised features and further elucidation with MetFrag and EU Massbank, 13 compounds were tentatively identified, of which four were of anthropogenic origin. These results show that it is possible to prioritise new CECs in archived biological samples using univariate statistical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Dürig
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Nikiforos A Alygizakis
- Environmental Institute, Okruzná 784/42, 97241 Koš, Slovak Republic; Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
| | - Frank Menger
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Oksana Golovko
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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15
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Schöneich S, Ochoa GS, Monzón CM, Synovec RE. Minimum variance optimized Fisher ratio analysis of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography / mass spectrometry data: Study of the pacu fish metabolome. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1667:462868. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Teehan P, Schall MK, Blazer VS, Dorman FL. Targeted and non-targeted analysis of young-of-year smallmouth bass using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150378. [PMID: 34600210 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Smallmouth bass in the Susquehanna River Basin, Chesapeake Bay Watershed, USA, have been exhibiting clinical signs of disease and reproductive endocrine disruption (e.g., intersex, male plasma vitellogenin) for over fifteen years. Previous histological and targeted chemical analyses have identified infectious agents and pollutants in fish tissues including organic contaminants, mercury, and perfluorinated compounds, but a common causative link for the observed signs of disease across this widespread area has not been determined. This study examines 146 young-of-year smallmouth bass collected from 14 sampling sites in the Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania, USA with varying levels of disease prevalence. Whole fish were extracted by a recently developed modification to the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction method and analyzed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A targeted analysis was conducted to identify the presence and quantity of 127 known contaminants, including polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated diphenyl ethers, organochlorinated pesticides, and pharmaceutical and personal care products. A non-targeted analysis was conducted on the same data set to identify analytes of interest not included on routine target compound lists. Chromatographic alignment through Statistical Compare (ChromaTOF GC) was followed by Fisher ratio and principal component analysis to reduce the data set from thousands of peaks per sample to a final data set of 65 analytes of interest. Comparisons of these 65 compounds between Normal (no observed health anomalies) and Lesioned (observed health anomaly at time of collection) fish revealed increased levels of three chemical families in Lesioned fish including esters, ketones, and nitrogen containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Teehan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Megan K Schall
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Hazleton, PA, United States of America
| | - Vicki S Blazer
- U. S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Leetown Research Laboratory, Kearneysville, WV, United States of America
| | - Frank L Dorman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America.
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17
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Renaguli A, Fernando S, Holsen TM, Hopke PK, Adams DH, Balazs GH, Jones TT, Work TM, Lynch JM, Crimmins BS. Characterization of Halogenated Organic Compounds in Pelagic Sharks and Sea Turtles Using a Nontargeted Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16390-16401. [PMID: 34846854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) in marine species collected from the Atlantic Ocean [3 shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) and 1 porbeagle (Lamna nasus)], and 12 sea turtles collected from the Pacific Ocean [3 loggerhead (Caretta caretta), 3 green (Chelonia mydas), 3 olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), and 3 hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata)] were analyzed with a nontargeted analytical method using two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Sharks and sea turtles had distinct HOC profiles. Halogenated methoxyphenols (halo-MeOPs) were the most abundant compound class identified in sea turtle livers, while polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were the most abundant in shark livers. In addition to legacy contaminants and halo-MeOPs, a total of 110 nontargeted/novel HOCs (NHOCs) were observed in the shark livers. Shortfin mako collected from the northern Gulf of Mexico contained the largest number (89) and most diverse structural classes of NHOCs. Among all NHOCs, a group of compounds with the elemental composition C14H12-nCln (n = 5-8) exhibited the highest concentrations, followed by chlorocarbazoles and tris(chlorophenyl) methanes (TCPMs). Using nontargeted workflows, a variety of known and unknown HOCs were observed, which demonstrate the need to develop more complete chemical profiles in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikebaier Renaguli
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Sujan Fernando
- Center for Air and Aquatic Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Thomas M Holsen
- Center for Air and Aquatic Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air and Aquatic Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Douglas H Adams
- Cape Canaveral Scientific Inc., 220 Surf Road, Melbourne Beach, Florida 32951, United States
| | - George H Balazs
- Golden Honu Services of Oceania, Honolulu, Hawaii 96825 United States
| | - T Todd Jones
- Golden Honu Services of Oceania, Honolulu, Hawaii 96825 United States
| | - Thierry M Work
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Honolulu Field Station, Honolulu, Hawaii 96818, United States
| | - Jennifer M Lynch
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, 41-202 Kalaniana'ole Highway Ste #9, Waima̅nalo, Hawai'i 96795, United States
- Center for Marine Debris Research, Hawai'i Pacific University, 41-202 Kalaniana'ole Highway Ste #9, Waima̅nalo, Hawai'i 96795, United States
| | - Bernard S Crimmins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
- AEACS, LLC, New Kensington, Pennsylvania 15068, United States
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18
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Simonnet-Laprade C, Bayen S, Le Bizec B, Dervilly G. Data analysis strategies for the characterization of chemical contaminant mixtures. Fish as a case study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 155:106610. [PMID: 33965766 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of chemicals are potentially contaminating the environment and food resources, covering a wide spectrum of molecular structures, physico-chemical properties, sources, environmental behavior and toxic profiles. Beyond the description of the individual chemicals, characterizing contaminant mixtures in related matrices has become a major challenge in ecological and human health risk assessments. Continuous analytical developments, in the fields of targeted (TA) and non-targeted analysis (NTA), have resulted in ever larger sets of data on associated chemical profiles. More than ever, the implementation of advanced data analysis strategies is essential to elucidate profiles and extract new knowledge from these large data sets. Specifically focusing on the data analysis step, this review summarizes the recent progress in integrating data analysis tools into TA and NTA workflows to address the challenging characterization of chemical mixtures in environmental and food matrices. As fish matrices are relevant in both aquatic pollution and consumer exposure perspectives, fish was chosen as the main theme to illustrate this review, although the present document is equally relevant to other food and environmental matrices. The key features of TA and NTA data sets were reviewed to illustrate the challenges associated with their analysis. Advanced filtering strategies to mine NTA data sets are presented, with a particular focus on chemical filters and discriminant analysis. Further, the applications of supervised and unsupervised multivariate analysis methods to characterize exposure to chemical mixtures, and their associated challenges, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Simonnet-Laprade
- Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, INRAE, F-44307 Nantes, France.
| | - Stéphane Bayen
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, INRAE, F-44307 Nantes, France
| | - Gaud Dervilly
- Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Oniris, INRAE, F-44307 Nantes, France.
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19
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Non-targeted discovery of class-distinguishing metabolites in Argentinian pacu fish by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with principal component analysis. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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20
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Renaguli A, Fernando S, Hopke PK, Holsen TM, Crimmins BS. Nontargeted Screening of Halogenated Organic Compounds in Fish Fillet Tissues from the Great Lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15035-15045. [PMID: 33167618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fish have been used for decades as bioindicators for assessing toxic contaminants in the Great Lakes ecosystem. Routine environmental monitoring programs target predetermined compounds that do not reflect the complete exposure of chemicals to biota and do not provide the complete halogenated fingerprint of the biota. In the current work, a nontargeted screening method was developed using a two-dimensional gas chromatograph coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer and was applied to 149 edible fish fillets from different species in the Great Lakes to characterize a more robust set of halogenated organic compounds across species and among lakes. Lake Ontario had the largest number of novel halogenated organic compounds (NHOCs). Seven NHOCs were observed in species from all lakes, indicating that this regional signature was not species-dependent. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed identical NHOC profiles between bottom dwelling and pelagic species. The NHOCs were grouped into seven clusters with similar structures and potentially similar environmental behaviors. Seven of the 29 NHOCs likely containing methoxy or ethoxy groups on a benzene or benzene-methanol backbone were clustered into one group with similar retention times. Five NHOCs were clustered with legacy contaminants that likely have similar structures or are their degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikebaier Renaguli
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Sujan Fernando
- Center for Air and Aquatic Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air and Aquatic Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Thomas M Holsen
- Center for Air and Aquatic Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Bernard S Crimmins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
- AEACS, LLC, New Kensington, Pennsylvania 15068, United States
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21
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Fakouri Baygi S, Fernando S, Hopke PK, Holsen TM, Crimmins BS. Decadal Differences in Emerging Halogenated Contaminant Profiles in Great Lakes Top Predator Fish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14352-14360. [PMID: 33103889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Legacy halogenated contaminants have been monitored in the Great Lakes for decades, but there are many additional unknown halogenated contaminants potentially affecting the Great Lakes ecosystem. To address this concern, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were collected in 2005/2006 and 2015/2016 from each lake and screened for previously unidentified compounds. The isotopic profile deconvoluted chromatogram algorithm was used to isolate unknown halogenated components using high-resolution mass spectrometry data files generated by an atmospheric pressure gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer operated in positive and negative modes. The temporal and spatial differences in the newly detected features were used to isolate new potential contaminants. Decadal differences in the unknown halogenated compounds (or features) were compared with the total polychlorinated biphenyl concentration trends. Greater than 2000 unknown halogenated features were detected. As expected, Lake Superior contained the lowest number of unknown halogenated features, whereas Lake Ontario contained the highest. Unknown features tended to have fewer Cl and/or Br atoms compared to traditional legacy contaminant features typically monitored. Diverse patterns of unknown halogenated compounds between lakes suggested that there continues to be unidentified sources of halogenated contaminants in the Great Lakes missed by current monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadjad Fakouri Baygi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Sujan Fernando
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Thomas M Holsen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Bernard S Crimmins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
- AEACS, LLC, New Kensington, Pennsylvania 15068, United States
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22
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Dürig W, Kintzi A, Golovko O, Wiberg K, Ahrens L. New extraction method prior to screening of organic micropollutants in various biota matrices using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 2020; 219:121294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Zhang X, Robson M, Jobst K, Pena-Abaurrea M, Muscalu A, Chaudhuri S, Marvin C, Brindle ID, Reiner EJ, Helm P. Halogenated organic contaminants of concern in urban-influenced waters of Lake Ontario, Canada: Passive sampling with targeted and non-targeted screening. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114733. [PMID: 32417577 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Passive samplers are useful tools for monitoring hydrophobic, persistent, and potentially bioaccumulative contaminants in the environment. In this study, low density polyethylene passive samplers were deployed in urban-influenced and background nearshore freshwaters of northwestern Lake Ontario and analyzed for a broad range of both legacy halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs) and halogenated flame retardants (HFRs). Non-targeted analysis was conducted for screening additional halogenated substances. For most compounds, concentrations were greatest in the industrialized Hamilton Harbour and more generally at sites that have stronger influences of wastewater effluent discharges and stormwater run-off through rivers and creeks. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) remain the dominant class of HOCs in water, with dissolved-phase concentrations ranging from 10 to 4100 pg/L (ΣPCBs), followed by polybrominated diphenylethers (ΣPBDEs; 14-960 pg/L) and the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs; 22-290 pg/L). Several non-PBDE brominated flame retardants (nBFRs) and chlorinated Dechlorane-related compounds were detected, with hexabromocyclododecanes (ΣHBCDD; sum of 3 diastereoisomers) the most abundant (1.0-21 pg/L). Non-targeted screening of samples by high resolution mass spectrometry using Kendrick mass defect plots for data analysis indicated that several other halogenated compounds were present in waters at relatively high abundances compared to the flame retardants, based on semi-quantitative estimates. These included methyl-triclosan, four halogenated anisoles (2,4,6-tribromoanisole, dimethyl-trichloroanisole, pentachloroanisole, and pentachlorothioanisole), and pentachloro-aniline. Dissolved-phase methyl-triclosan was estimated to contribute up to approximately 40% of the summed target HOC concentrations. Polyethylene passive samplers provided an excellent medium for both non-targeted screening of HOCs not currently included in monitoring programs and tracking brominated and chlorinated chemicals slated for reductions in uses and emissions through international (Stockholm Convention) and binational (Great Lakes) agreements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianming Zhang
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservations and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada.
| | - Matthew Robson
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservations and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Karl Jobst
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservations and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Miren Pena-Abaurrea
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservations and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alina Muscalu
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservations and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Sri Chaudhuri
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservations and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Chris Marvin
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Ian D Brindle
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservations and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Paul Helm
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservations and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada; School for the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E8, Canada
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24
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Teehan P, Schall MK, Blazer VS, Gruber B, Dorman FL. Modified QuEChERS extraction for the analysis of young-of-year smallmouth bass using GC × GC-TOFMS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3697-3704. [PMID: 32691775 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00880j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Signs of disease, such as external lesions, have been prevalent in smallmouth bass throughout the Susquehanna River Basin, USA. Previous targeted chemical studies in this system have identified known persistent organic pollutants, but a common explanatory link across multiple affected sites remains undetermined. A fast and robust extraction method that can be applied to young-of-year fish is needed to effectively screen for target and non-target compounds that may be impacting organism health. The quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction methodology was optimized to perform both targeted and non-targeted chemical analyses from a single extraction of whole young-of-year fish. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) was used for extract analysis. Sample extraction was performed using the solvent ethyl acetate, followed by a two-step cleanup in which samples were frozen for lipid removal and subjected to dispersive solid phase extraction using Florisil. A sample of 21 young-of-year smallmouth bass collected from areas with disease and exhibiting different types of external lesions were evaluated for 233 target compounds. A total of 34 organic contaminants, including polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated diphenyl ethers, organochlorinated pesticides, and personal care products, were detected. Data from this sample set was then analyzed for non-targets. Using the Fisher ratio method and multivariate analysis, an additional 10 significant features were identified specific to either fish with visible lesions or with no visible disease characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Teehan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Khanmohammadi A, Jalili Ghazizadeh A, Hashemi P, Afkhami A, Arduini F, Bagheri H. An overview to electrochemical biosensors and sensors for the detection of environmental contaminants. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-020-01940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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26
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Tang C, Tan J, Fan Y, Peng X. Ascertaining Hydrogen-Abstraction Reaction Efficiencies of Halogenated Organic Compounds in Electron Impact Ionization Processes by Gas Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:8496-8507. [PMID: 32337410 PMCID: PMC7178364 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
H-Abstraction reactions occurring during electron impact ionization processes in electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS) are a long-standing and crucial topic in MS research. Yet, some critical relevant mechanisms are controversial and ambiguous, and information about the EI-induced H-abstraction reactions of halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) is completely in the dark. This study provides a systematic investigation of H-abstraction reactions of HOCs taking place in the EI source using 13C6-hexachlorobenzene (13C6-HCB) and 13C6-hexabromobenzene (13C6-HBB) as exemplary compounds by gas chromatography (GC)-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). The H-abstraction efficiencies were evaluated with the MS signal intensity ratios of ions with H-abstraction relative to the corresponding original ions (without H-abstraction). Ion source temperatures, EI energies, and numbers of heavy isotope atoms (37Cl or 81Br) of isotopologues were investigated in terms of their effects on the H-abstraction efficiencies. The H-abstraction efficiencies of individual isotopologues generally decreased from the first to the last isotopologues of respective ions, and those of individual ions were different from each other, with the highest values of 0.017 and 0.444 for 13C6-HCB and 13C6-HBB, respectively. The overall H-abstraction efficiencies involving all measured ions of 13C6-HCB and 13C6-HBB were 0.004 and 0.128, respectively. With increasing ion source temperatures, the H-abstraction efficiencies first increased to a summit and then began to linearly decrease. EI energies and emission currents could impact the H-abstraction efficiencies but showed no certain tendency. The H-abstraction reactions were inferred to belong to ion-molecule reactions, and the siloxanes bleeding from the GC column might be a hydrogen source. Some strategies were proposed for eliminating or alleviating the interference triggered by the H-abstraction reactions in EI-MS in identification of halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs). Our findings provide a better understanding of the EI-induced H-abstraction reactions of HOCs and may benefit the identification of HOPs in environmental analysis, especially for novel HOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiming Tang
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jianhua Tan
- Guangzhou
Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou 510110, China
| | - Yujuan Fan
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xianzhi Peng
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Jing R, Kjellerup BV. Predicting the potential for organohalide respiration in wastewater: Comparison of intestinal and wastewater microbiomes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135833. [PMID: 31818564 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) enter wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) via the sewage system. These organic contaminants partition between the aqueous and the biosolid phase, where the former is discharged as wastewater effluent. Biosolids from a WWTP provide a hydrophobic surface for adsorption and thus the presence and potential growth of organohalide respiring (OHR) bacteria. In this study, the aim was to assess the potential organohalide respiration capacity in wastewater biosolids by investigating actively organohalide respiring bacteria with a focus on organohalide respiration of PCBs and PCE. The results of the biosolids analysis showed increased amounts of products from PCB respiration. Simultaneously, experiments with organohalide respiration of PCE in biosolids samples showed significant decreases PCE concentration after 46 days (28-92%). Subsequently, it was evaluated if the OHR microbial populations in biosolids were similar to those present in intestinal human biofilms by applying a bioinformatic approach. The OHR populations of the communities were analyzed from existing American and Chinese human intestinal microbiomes. The overall groups Proteobacteria, Bacteroides, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes phyla dominated the microbiomes in all datasets. The OHR groups in biosolids and intestinal biofilms included Dehalogenimonas, Dehalobacter, Desulfitibacter, Desulfovibrio, Sulfurospirillum, Clostridium, and Comamonas. The results of this study showed that several OHR phyla were present in all samples independent of origin. Wastewater and intestinal microbiomes also contained OHR phyla. Overall, the results points towards using bacterial communities in biosolids as indicators of organohalide respiration in wastewater and intestinal microbiomes, which is related to ingestion or halogenated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Jing
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall, 4298 Campus Dr, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Birthe V Kjellerup
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, 1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall, 4298 Campus Dr, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Tian Z, Peter KT, Gipe AD, Zhao H, Hou F, Wark DA, Khangaonkar T, Kolodziej EP, James CA. Suspect and Nontarget Screening for Contaminants of Emerging Concern in an Urban Estuary. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:889-901. [PMID: 31887037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study used suspect and nontarget screening with high-resolution mass spectrometry to characterize the occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in the nearshore marine environment of Puget Sound (WA). In total, 87 non-polymeric CECs were identified; those confirmed with reference standards (45) included pharmaceuticals, herbicides, vehicle-related compounds, plasticizers, and flame retardants. Eight polyfluoroalkyl substances were detected; perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) concentrations were as high as 72-140 ng/L at one location. Low levels of methamphetamine were detected in 41% of the samples. Transformation products of pesticides were tentatively identified, including two novel transformation products of tebuthiuron. While a hydrodynamic simulation, analytical results, and dilution calculations demonstrated the prevalence of wastewater effluent to nearshore marine environments, the identity and abundance of selected CECs revealed the additional contributions from stormwater and localized urban and industrial sources. For the confirmed CECs, risk quotients were calculated based on concentrations and predicted toxicities, and eight CECs had risk quotients >1. Dilution in the marine estuarine environment lowered the risks of most wastewater-derived CECs, but dilution alone is insufficient to mitigate risks of localized inputs. These findings highlighted the necessity of suspect and nontarget screening and revealed the importance of localized contamination sources in urban marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Tian
- Center for Urban Waters , 326 East D Street , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Katherine T Peter
- Center for Urban Waters , 326 East D Street , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Alex D Gipe
- Center for Urban Waters , 326 East D Street , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Haoqi Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Fan Hou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - David A Wark
- Center for Urban Waters , 326 East D Street , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Tarang Khangaonkar
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratories , 1100 Dexter Avenue N , Seattle , Washington 98011 , United States
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Center for Urban Waters , 326 East D Street , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - C Andrew James
- Center for Urban Waters , 326 East D Street , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
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Weggler BA, Gruber B, Teehan P, Jaramillo R, Dorman FL. Inlets and sampling. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813745-1.00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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Fakouri Baygi S, Fernando S, Hopke PK, Holsen TM, Crimmins BS. Automated Isotopic Profile Deconvolution for High Resolution Mass Spectrometric Data (APGC-QToF) from Biological Matrices. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15509-15517. [PMID: 31743003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An isotopic profile matching algorithm, the isotopic profile deconvoluted chromatogram (IPDC), was developed to screen for a wide variety of organic compounds in high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) data acquired from instruments with resolution power as low as 22 000 fwhm. The algorithm initiates the screening process by generating a series of C/Br/Cl/S isotopic patterns consistent with the profiles of approximately 3 million molecular formulas for compounds with potentially persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) properties. To evaluate this algorithm, HRMS data were screened using these seed profiles to isolate relevant chlorinated and/or brominated compounds. Data reduction techniques included mass defect filtering and retention time prediction from estimated boiling points predicted using molecular formulas and reasonable elemental conformations. A machine learning classifier was also developed using spectrometric and chromatographic variables to minimize false positives. A scoring system was developed to rank candidate molecular formulas for an isotopic feature. The IPDC algorithm was applied to a Lake Michigan lake trout extract analyzed by atmospheric pressure gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight (APGC-QToF) mass spectrometry in positive and negative modes. The IPDC algorithm detected isotopic features associated with legacy contaminants and a series of unknown halogenated features. The IPDC algorithm resolved 313 and 855 halogenated features in positive and negative modes, respectively, in Lake Michigan lake trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadjad Fakouri Baygi
- Clarkson University , Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , 8 Clarkson Avenue , Potsdam , New York 13699 , United States
| | - Sujan Fernando
- Clarkson University , Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science , 8 Clarkson Avenue , Potsdam , New York 13699 , United States
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Clarkson University , Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , 8 Clarkson Avenue , Potsdam , New York 13699 , United States
| | - Thomas M Holsen
- Clarkson University , Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science , 8 Clarkson Avenue , Potsdam , New York 13699 , United States.,Clarkson University , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , 8 Clarkson Avenue , Potsdam , New York 13699 , United States
| | - Bernard S Crimmins
- Clarkson University , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , 8 Clarkson Avenue , Potsdam , New York 13699 , United States.,AEACS, LLC , New Kensington , Pennsylvania 15068 , United States
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Tang C, Tan J, Fan Y, Zheng K, Yu Z, Peng X. Quantitative and semiquantitative analyses of hexa-mix-chlorinated/brominated benzenes in fly ash, soil and air using gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry assisted with isotopologue distribution computation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113162. [PMID: 31546079 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hexa-mix-chlorinated/brominated benzenes (HXBs), a group of newly found analogues of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and hexabromobenzene (HBB), may exhibit similar environmental risks and toxicities as HCB and HBB, and therefore possess high interests in environmental and toxicological research. Yet information regarding HXBs in the environment remains scarce. In this study, we developed an isotope dilution method for quantitative and semiquantitative determination of five HXBs in fly ash, soil and air using gas chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) in multiple ion detection mode. The samples were Soxhlet-extracted and purified with multilayer composite silica gel-alumina columns, followed by GC-HRMS detection. Identification of HXBs was conducted by the comparison between theoretical and detected mass spectra using paired-samples T test and cosine similarity analysis. Two HXBs (C6BrCl5 and C6Br4Cl2) with reference standards were quantitatively determined while the rest three (C6Br2Cl4, C6Br3Cl3 and C6Br5Cl) without reference standards were semiquantitatively analyzed by sharing the calibration curves of C6BrCl5 and C6Br4Cl2 in cooperation with isotopologue distribution computation. The accuracies for C6BrCl5 and C6Br4Cl2 were 87.3-107.8% with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 2.8-5.0%. The method limits of quantification of the HXBs were 0.10 ng/g in fly ash and soil samples and 0.09 pg/m3 in ambient air samples. The recoveries ranged from 42.7% to 102.1% with RSD of 3.7-13.9%. This method has been successfully applied to the analysis of the HXBs in the environmental samples. The total concentrations of HXBs in the fly ash, soil and ambient air samples were 19.48 ng/g, 10.44 ng/g and 5.13 pg/m3, respectively, which accounted for 10.6%, 0.4% and 10.8% of the corresponding total concentrations of HCB and HBB. This study provides a reference method for quantitative and/or semiquantitative analyses of novel mix-halogenated organic compounds, and sheds light on the full picture of HXBs pollution in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jianhua Tan
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou, 510110, China
| | - Yujuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ke Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xianzhi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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32
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Non-targeted Screening in Environmental Monitoring Programs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1140:731-741. [PMID: 31347081 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Contaminant monitoring programs have been tasked with understanding the fate and transport of toxic chemicals in the environment. Mass spectrometry based methods have traditionally been developed to maximize sensitivity and accuracy of a select set of target compounds. As mass spectrometry methods have advanced, so has the breadth of questions proposed by environmental chemists. Incorporating these methods in chemical monitoring programs provides large data sets to explore the effects of complex mixtures on environmental systems.
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33
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Murphy EW, Smith ML, He JX, Wellenkamp W, Barr E, Downey PC, Miller KM, Meyer KA. Revised fish aging techniques improve fish contaminant trend analyses in the face of changing Great Lakes food webs. JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH 2018; 44:725-734. [PMID: 30319172 PMCID: PMC6178836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jglr.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of fish age into the assessment of status and trends for persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals in the Great Lakes has become an important step for the U.S. EPA's Great Lakes Fish Monitoring and Surveillance Program (GLFMSP). A slowing in the rate of decline for total PCBs in Lake Huron beginning in 2000, led the Program to complete a retrospective analysis to assess how chemical contamination may be influenced by fish age. Analytical results suggest that fish age is an important variable when assessing contaminant trends and that the Program needed to revise its compositing scheme to group fish according to age, rather than by length, prior to homogenization and chemical analysis. An Interlaboratory comparison study of multiple age structures was performed to identify the most appropriate age estimation structure for the Program. The lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) maxillae was selected, over the otolith, as the most precise, accurate, and rapidly assessed structure for the Program when compared between laboratories and against the known age from the coded wire tag (CWT). Age-normalization practices can now be implemented when assessing contaminant concentrations and trends for the GLFMSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W. Murphy
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Ji X. He
- Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Alpena Research Station, Alpena, MI, USA
| | - William Wellenkamp
- Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Alpena Research Station, Alpena, MI, USA
| | - Edward Barr
- Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Alpena Research Station, Alpena, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Kathryn A. Meyer
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow (ORISE), Appointed to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, IL, USA
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34
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Tang C, Tan J. Quasi-targeted analysis of halogenated organic pollutants in fly ash, soil, ambient air and flue gas using gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry with isotopologue distribution comparison and predicted retention time alignment. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1555:74-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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