1
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Zhao X, Song M, Zhao X, Xue C, Liu P, Ye C, He X, Mu Y, Hu B. Improvement of model simulation for summer PM 2.5 and O 3 through coupling with two new potential HONO sources in the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 950:175168. [PMID: 39094653 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
A large fraction of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) in the troposphere originates from secondary formation through photochemical processes, which remarkably contributes to the deterioration of regional air quality in China. The photochemical reactions initiated by hydroxyl radicals (OH) play vital roles in secondary PM2.5 and O3 formation. In contrast, the OH levels in polluted areas are underestimated by current chemical transport models (CTMs) because of the strongly unknown daytime sources of tropospheric nitric acid (HONO), which has been recognized as the dominant source of primary OH in polluted areas of China. In this study, the atmospheric HONO levels at two urban sites were found to be significantly underestimated by the WRF-Chem model based on available information on HONO sources. The HONO levels could be well reproduced by the WRF-Chem model after incorporating two new potential HONO sources from the photochemical reactions of NOx, as proposed in our previous study based on chamber experiment results. Comparing the simulations with available information of HONO sources, the simulated levels of atmospheric OH, secondary inorganic and organic aerosols (SIA and SOA), PM2.5 and daily maximum 8-h average (MDA8) O3 were evidently elevated or were closer to the observations over the North China Plain (NCP), with elevation percentages of 0.48-20.1 %, and a decrement percentage of -5.79 % for pNO3-. Additionally, the compensating errors in modeling PM2.5 and the gap in MDA8 O3 levels between observation and simulation in 2 + 26 cities became evidently smaller. The results of this study indicated that the empirical parameterization of two new potential HONO sources through photochemical reactions of NOx improved the model performance in modeling PM2.5 and O3 by narrowing the gap in daytime HONO levels between simulation and observation, although their detailed chemical mechanisms are still unknown and should be further investigated and explicitly parameterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Extreme Meteorology, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Urban Meteorology, Chinese Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Min Song
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Ji'nan 250101, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhao
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, Chinese Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Can Ye
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xiaowei He
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Bo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Extreme Meteorology, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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2
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Yang W, Xia Z, Zheng J, Li F, Nan X, Du T, Han C. Reactive oxygen species play key roles in the nitrite formation by the inorganic nitrate photolysis in the presence of urban water-soluble organic carbon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174203. [PMID: 38909793 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Inorganic nitrates were considered to be a potential source of atmospheric NO2-/HONO during the daytime. To better evaluate the contribution of nitrate photochemistry on NO2-/HONO formation, the photolysis of nitrates in the real atmospheric environment needs to be further explored. Here, the NO2- generation by the photolysis of inorganic nitrates in the presence of total water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) was quantified. The physicochemical properties of WSOC were measured to understand the underlying mechanism for the photolysis of inorganic nitrates with WSOC. WSOC enhanced or suppressed the photochemical conversion of nitrates to NO2-, with the quantum yield of NO2- (ΦNO2-) varying from (0.07 ± 0.02)% to (3.11 ± 0.04)% that depended on the light absorption properties of WSOC. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from WSOC, including O2-/HO2 and OH, played a dual role in the NO2- formation. Light-absorbing substances in WSOC, such as N-containing and carbonyl aromatics, produced O2-/HO2 that enhanced the secondary conversion of NO2 to NO2-. On the other hand, OH deriving from the WSOC photochemistry inhibited the nitrate photodegradation and the NO2- formation. HONO source strength by the aqueous photolysis of nitrates with WSOC was estimated to be lower than 100 ppt h-1, which may partly contribute to the atmospheric HONO source in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjin Yang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Zhifu Xia
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jianwei Zheng
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Fu Li
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xiangli Nan
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Tao Du
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Chong Han
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
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3
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Zhou L, Liang Z, Qin Y, Chan CK. Evaporation-Induced Transformations in Volatile Chemical Product-Derived Secondary Organic Aerosols: Browning Effects and Alterations in Oxidative Reactivity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11105-11117. [PMID: 38866390 PMCID: PMC11210209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Volatile chemical products (VCPs) are increasingly recognized as significant sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban atmospheres, potentially serving as key precursors for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. This study investigates the formation and physicochemical transformations of VCP-derived SOA, produced through ozonolysis of VOCs evaporated from a representative room deodorant air freshener, focusing on the effects of aerosol evaporation on its molecular composition, light absorption properties, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Following aerosol evaporation, solutes become concentrated, accelerating reactions within the aerosol matrix that lead to a 42% reduction in peroxide content and noticeable browning of the SOA. This process occurs most effectively at moderate relative humidity (∼40%), reaching a maximum solute concentration before aerosol solidification. Molecular characterization reveals that evaporating VCP-derived SOA produces highly conjugated nitrogen-containing products from interactions between existing or transformed carbonyl compounds and reduced nitrogen species, likely acting as chromophores responsible for the observed brownish coloration. Additionally, the reactivity of VCP-derived SOA was elucidated through heterogeneous oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2), which revealed enhanced photosensitized sulfate production upon drying. Direct measurements of ROS, including singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide (O2•-), and hydroxyl radicals (•OH), showed higher abundances in dried versus undried SOA samples under light exposure. Our findings underscore that drying significantly alters the physicochemical properties of VCP-derived SOA, impacting their roles in atmospheric chemistry and radiative balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Zhou
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
- School
of Energy and Environment, City University
of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhancong Liang
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yiming Qin
- School
of Energy and Environment, City University
of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chak K. Chan
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
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4
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Wang Y, Kong L, Tan J, Liu B, An Y, Xia L, Lu Y, Li Q, Wang L. Photochemistry of Imidazole-2-carbaldehyde in Droplets as a Potential Source of H 2O 2 and Its Oxidation of SO 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11096-11104. [PMID: 38865480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c11113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a crucial role as an oxidizing agent within the tropospheric environment, making a substantial contribution to sulfate formation in hydrated aerosols and cloud and fog droplets. Field observations show that high levels of H2O2 are often observed in heavy haze events and polluted air. However, the source of H2O2 remains unclear. Here, using the droplets formed in situ by the deliquescence of hygroscopic compounds under a high relative humidity (RH), the formation of H2O2 by the photochemistry of imidazole-2-carbaldehyde (2-IC) under ultraviolet irradiation was explored. The results indicate that 2-IC produces IM-C•-OH and IM-C•═O radicals via H transfer itself to its excited triplet state and generates H2O2 and organic peroxides in the presence of O2, which has an evident oxidizing effect on SO2, suggesting the potential involvement of this pathway in the formation of atmospheric sulfate. H2O2 formation is limited in acidic droplets or droplets containing ammonium ions, and no H2O2 is detected in droplets containing nitrate, whereas droplets containing citric acid have an obvious promotion effect on H2O2 formation. These findings provide valuable insights into the behaviors of atmospheric photosensitizers, the source of H2O2, and the formation of sulfate in atmospheric droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Wang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingdong Kong
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), 3663 Northern Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Tan
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixuan An
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianghai Xia
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
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5
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Gerritz L, Wei J, Fang T, Wong C, Klodt AL, Nizkorodov SA, Shiraiwa M. Reactive Oxygen Species Formation and Peroxide and Carbonyl Decomposition in Aqueous Photolysis of Secondary Organic Aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4716-4726. [PMID: 38412378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism and kinetics of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation when atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is exposed to solar radiation are poorly understood. In this study, we combined an in situ UV-vis irradiation system with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to characterize the photolytic formation of ROS in aqueous extracts of SOA formed by the oxidation of isoprene, α-pinene, α-terpineol, and toluene. We observed substantial formation of free radicals, including •OH, superoxide (HO2•), and organic radicals (R•/RO•) upon irradiation. Compared to dark conditions, the radical yield was enhanced by a factor of ∼30 for •OH and by a factor of 2-10 for superoxide radicals, and we observed the emergence of organic radicals. Total peroxide measurements showed substantial decreases of peroxide contents after photoirradiation, indicating that organic peroxides can be an important source of the observed radicals. A liquid chromatography interfaced with high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to detect a number of organic radicals in the form of adducts with a spin trap, BMPO. The types of detected radicals and aqueous photolysis of model compounds indicated that photolysis of carbonyls by Norrish type I mechanisms plays an important role in the organic radical formation. The photolytic ROS formation serves as the driving force for cloud and fog processing of SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Gerritz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Jinlai Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Ting Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, China
| | - Cynthia Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Alexandra L Klodt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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6
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Kim P, Boothby C, Grassian VH, Continetti RE. Photoinduced Reactions of Nitrate in Aqueous Microdroplets by Triplet Energy Transfer. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10677-10684. [PMID: 37988598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
In-situ Raman spectroscopy of single levitated charged aqueous microdroplets irradiated by dual-beam (266 and 532 nm) lasers demonstrates that the nitrate anion (NO3-) can be depleted in the droplet through an energy transfer mechanism following excitation of sulfanilic acid (SA), a UV-absorbing aromatic organic compound. Upon 266 nm irradiation, a fast decrease of the NO3- concentration was observed when SA is present in the droplet. This photoinduced reaction occurs without the direct photolysis of NO3-. Instead, the rate of NO3- depletion was found to depend on the initial concentration of SA and the pH of the droplet. Based on absorption-emission spectral analysis and excited-state energy calculations, triplet-triplet energy transfer between SA and NO3- is proposed as the underlying mechanism for the depletion of NO3- in aqueous microdroplets. These results suggest that energy transfer mechanisms initiated by light-absorbing organic molecules may play a significant role in NO3- photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyeongeun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093-0340, United States
| | - Christian Boothby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093-0340, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093-0340, United States
| | - Robert E Continetti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093-0340, United States
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7
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Ma L, Worland R, Tran T, Anastasio C. Evaluation of Probes to Measure Oxidizing Organic Triplet Excited States in Aerosol Liquid Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6052-6062. [PMID: 37011016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxidizing triplet excited states of organic matter (3C*) drive numerous reactions in fog/cloud drops and aerosol liquid water (ALW). Quantifying oxidizing triplet concentrations in ALW is difficult because 3C* probe loss can be inhibited by the high levels of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and copper in particle water, leading to an underestimate of triplet concentrations. In addition, illuminated ALW contains high concentrations of singlet molecular oxygen (1O2*), which can interfere with 3C* probes. Our overarching goal is to find a triplet probe that has low inhibition by DOM and Cu(II) and low sensitivity to 1O2*. To this end, we tested 12 potential probes from a variety of compound classes. Some probes are strongly inhibited by DOM, while others react rapidly with 1O2*. One of the probe candidates, (phenylthiol)acetic acid (PTA), seems well suited for ALW conditions, with mild inhibition and fast rate constants with triplets, but it also has weaknesses, including a pH-dependent reactivity. We evaluated the performance of both PTA and syringol (SYR) as triplet probes in aqueous extracts of particulate matter. While PTA is less sensitive to inhibition than SYR, it results in lower triplet concentrations, possibly because it is less reactive with weakly oxidizing triplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Ma
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Reed Worland
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Theo Tran
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Cort Anastasio
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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8
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Wang S, Zhao Y, Chan AWH, Yao M, Chen Z, Abbatt JPD. Organic Peroxides in Aerosol: Key Reactive Intermediates for Multiphase Processes in the Atmosphere. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1635-1679. [PMID: 36630720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic peroxides (POs) are organic molecules with one or more peroxide (-O-O-) functional groups. POs are commonly regarded as chemically labile termination products from gas-phase radical chemistry and therefore serve as temporary reservoirs for oxidative radicals (HOx and ROx) in the atmosphere. Owing to their ubiquity, active gas-particle partitioning behavior, and reactivity, POs are key reactive intermediates in atmospheric multiphase processes determining the life cycle (formation, growth, and aging), climate, and health impacts of aerosol. However, there remain substantial gaps in the origin, molecular diversity, and fate of POs due to their complex nature and dynamic behavior. Here, we summarize the current understanding on atmospheric POs, with a focus on their identification and quantification, state-of-the-art analytical developments, molecular-level formation mechanisms, multiphase chemical transformation pathways, as well as environmental and health impacts. We find that interactions with SO2 and transition metal ions are generally the fast PO transformation pathways in atmospheric liquid water, with lifetimes estimated to be minutes to hours, while hydrolysis is particularly important for α-substituted hydroperoxides. Meanwhile, photolysis and thermolysis are likely minor sinks for POs. These multiphase PO transformation pathways are distinctly different from their gas-phase fates, such as photolysis and reaction with OH radicals, which highlights the need to understand the multiphase partitioning of POs. By summarizing the current advances and remaining challenges for the investigation of POs, we propose future research priorities regarding their origin, fate, and impacts in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai200444, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E5, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E8, Canada
| | - Min Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Zhongming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
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9
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Aregahegn KZ, Felber T, Tilgner A, Hoffmann EH, Schaefer T, Herrmann H. Kinetics and Mechanisms of Aqueous-Phase Reactions of Triplet-State Imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde and 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde with α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8727-8740. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kifle Z. Aregahegn
- Department of Chemistry, Debre Berhan University, P.O. Box 445, 1000 Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Tamara Felber
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erik H. Hoffmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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10
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Parmentier EA, Corral Arroyo P, Gruseck R, Ban L, David G, Signorell R. Charge Effects on the Photodegradation of Single Optically Trapped Oleic Acid Aerosol Droplets. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4456-4464. [PMID: 35767023 PMCID: PMC9289876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
![]()
It has recently been
reported that reactions can occur faster in
microdroplets than in extended condensed matter. The electric charge
of droplets has also been suggested as a possible cause of this phenomenon.
Here, we investigate the influence of electric charges on the photodegradation
of single, optically trapped oleic acid aerosol droplets in the absence
of other reactive species. The temporal evolution of the chemical
composition and the size of droplets with charge states ranging from
0 to 104 elementary charges were retrieved from Raman spectra
and elastic light scattering, respectively. No influence of the droplet
charge was observed, either on the chemical composition or on the
kinetics. Based on a kinetic multilayer model, we propose a reaction
mechanism with the photoexcitation of oleic acid into an excited state,
subsequent decay into intermediates and further photoexcitation of
intermediates and their decay into nonvolatile and volatile products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne A Parmentier
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Corral Arroyo
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Richard Gruseck
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Loren Ban
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Grégory David
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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11
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Corral Arroyo P, David G, Alpert PA, Parmentier EA, Ammann M, Signorell R. Amplification of light within aerosol particles accelerates in-particle photochemistry. Science 2022; 376:293-296. [PMID: 35420964 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm7915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Optical confinement (OC) structures the optical field and amplifies light intensity inside atmospheric aerosol particles, with major consequences for sunlight-driven aerosol chemistry. Although theorized, the OC-induced spatial structuring has so far defied experimental observation. Here, x-ray spectromicroscopic imaging complemented by modeling provides direct evidence for OC-induced patterning inside photoactive particles. Single iron(III)-citrate particles were probed using the iron oxidation state as a photochemical marker. Based on these results, we predict an overall acceleration of photochemical reactions by a factor of two to three for most classes of atmospheric aerosol particles. Rotation of free aerosol particles and intraparticle molecular transport generally accelerate the photochemistry. Given the prevalence of OC effects, their influence on aerosol particle photochemistry should be considered by atmospheric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Corral Arroyo
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Grégory David
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter A Alpert
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Evelyne A Parmentier
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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12
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Martins-Costa MTC, Anglada JM, Francisco JS, Ruiz-López MF. Photosensitization mechanisms at the air-water interface of aqueous aerosols. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2624-2631. [PMID: 35340860 PMCID: PMC8890110 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06866k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosensitization reactions are believed to provide a key contribution to the overall oxidation chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere. Generally, these processes take place on the surface of aqueous aerosols, where organic surfactants accumulate and react, either directly or indirectly, with the activated photosensitizer. However, the mechanisms involved in these important interfacial phenomena are still poorly known. This work sheds light on the reaction mechanisms of the photosensitizer imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde through ab initio (QM/MM) molecular dynamics simulations and high-level ab initio calculations. The nature of the lowest excited states of the system (singlets and triplets) is described in detail for the first time in the gas phase, in bulk water, and at the air-water interface, and possible intersystem crossing mechanisms leading to the reactive triplet state are analyzed. Moreover, the reactive triplet state is shown to be unstable at the air-water surface in a pure water aerosol. The combination of this finding with the results obtained for simple surfactant-photosensitizer models, together with experimental data from the literature, suggests that photosensitization reactions assisted by imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde at the surface of aqueous droplets can only occur in the presence of surfactant species, such as fatty acids, that stabilize the photoactivated triplet at the interface. These findings should help the interpretation of field measurements and the design of new laboratory experiments to better understand atmospheric photosensitization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia T C Martins-Costa
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, CNRS BP 70239 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - Josep M Anglada
- Departament de Química Biològica IQAC-CSIC c/ Jordi Girona 18 E-08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104-631 USA
| | - Manuel F Ruiz-López
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, CNRS BP 70239 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
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13
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Pani SK, Lee CT, Griffith SM, Lin NH. Humic-like substances (HULIS) in springtime aerosols at a high-altitude background station in the western North Pacific: Source attribution, abundance, and light-absorption. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151180. [PMID: 34699812 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) are important components of biomass-burning (BB) emissions and highly associated with light-absorbing organic aerosols (often referred to as brown carbon). This study highlights the importance of BB-emitted HULIS aerosols in peninsular Southeast Asian outflow to the subtropical western North Pacific. We determined various key light-absorbing characteristics of HULIS i.e. mass absorption cross-section (MACHULIS), absorbing component of the refractive index (kHULIS), and absorption Ångström exponent (AAEHULIS) based on ground-based aerosol light absorption measurements along with HULIS concentrations in springtime aerosols at Lulin Atmospheric Background Station (LABS; 2862 m above mean sea level), which is a representative high-altitude remote site in the western North Pacific. Daily variations of HULIS (0.58-12.92 μg m-3) at LABS were mostly linked with the influence from incoming air-masses, while correlations with BB tracers and secondary aerosols indicated the attribution of primary and secondary sources. Stronger light absorption capability of HULIS was clearly evident from MACHULIS and kHULIS values at 370 nm, which were about ~1.5 times higher during BB-dominated days (1.16 ± 0.75 m2 g-1 and 0.05 ± 0.03, respectively) than that during non-BB days (0.77 ± 0.89 m2 g-1 and 0.03 ± 0.04, respectively). Estimates from a simple radiative transfer model showed that HULIS absorption can add as much as 15.13 W g-1 to atmospheric warming, and ~46% more during BB-dominated than non-BB period, highlighting that HULIS light absorption may significantly affect the Earth-atmosphere system and tropospheric photochemistry over the western North Pacific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Kumar Pani
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Te Lee
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Monitoring and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Stephen M Griffith
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Neng-Huei Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Monitoring and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan.
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14
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Zhang R, Gen M, Liang Z, Li YJ, Chan CK. Photochemical Reactions of Glyoxal during Particulate Ammonium Nitrate Photolysis: Brown Carbon Formation, Enhanced Glyoxal Decay, and Organic Phase Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1605-1614. [PMID: 35023733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxal is an important precursor of aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA). Its photooxidation to form organic acids and oligomers and reactions with reduced nitrogen compounds to form brown carbon (BrC) have been extensively investigated separately, although these two types of reactions can occur simultaneously during the daytime. Here, we examine the reactions of glyoxal during photooxidation and BrC formation in premixed NH4NO3 + Glyoxal droplets. We find that nitrate photolysis and photosensitization can enhance the decay rates of glyoxal by a factor of ∼5 and ∼6 compared to those under dark, respectively. A significantly enhanced glyoxal decay rate by a factor of ∼12 was observed in the presence of both nitrate photolysis and photosensitization. Furthermore, a new organic phase was formed in irradiated NH4NO3 + Glyoxal droplets, which had no noticeable degradation under prolonged photooxidation. It was attributed to the imidazole oxidation mediated by nitrate photolysis and/or photosensitization. The persistent organic phase suggests the potential to contribute to SOA formation in ambient fine particles. This study highlights that glyoxal photooxidation mediated by nitrate photolysis and photosensitization can significantly enhance the atmospheric sink of glyoxal, which may partially narrow the gap between model predictions and field measurements of ambient glyoxal concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Zhang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Masao Gen
- Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Zhancong Liang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yong Jie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Chak Keung Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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15
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Liu P, Ye C, Zhang C, He G, Xue C, Liu J, Liu C, Zhang Y, Song Y, Li X, Wang X, Chen J, He H, Herrmann H, Mu Y. Photochemical Aging of Atmospheric Fine Particles as a Potential Source for Gas-Phase Hydrogen Peroxide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15063-15071. [PMID: 34705458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as an important oxidant, plays a key role in atmospheric sulfate formation, affecting the global radiation budget and causing acid rain deposition. The disproportionation reactions of hydroperoxyl radicals (HO2) in both gas and aqueous phases have long been considered as dominant sources for atmospheric H2O2. However, these known sources cannot explain the significant formation of H2O2 in polluted areas under the conditions of high NO levels and low ambient relative humidity (RH). Here, we show that under relatively dry conditions during daytime, atmospheric fine particles directly produce abundant gas-phase H2O2. The formation of H2O2 is verified to be by a reaction between the particle surface -OH group and HO2 radicals formed by photooxidation of chromophoric dissolved organic matters (CDOMs), which is slightly influenced by the presence of high NO levels but remarkably accelerated by water vapor and O2. In contrast to aqueous-phase chemistry, transition metal ions (TMIs) are found to significantly suppress H2O2 formation from the atmospheric fine particles. The H2O2 formed from relatively dry particles can be directly involved in in situ SO2 oxidation, leading to sulfate formation. As CDOMs are ubiquitous in atmospheric fine particles, their daytime photochemistry is expected to play important roles in formation of H2O2 and sulfate worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Can Ye
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangzhi He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chengtang Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yifei Song
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuran Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hong He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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16
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Dalton AB, Nizkorodov SA. Photochemical Degradation of 4-Nitrocatechol and 2,4-Dinitrophenol in a Sugar-Glass Secondary Organic Aerosol Surrogate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14586-14594. [PMID: 34669384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The roles that chemical environment and viscosity play in the photochemical fate of molecules trapped in atmospheric particles are poorly understood. The goal of this work was to characterize the photolysis of 4-nitrocatechol (4NC) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (24DNP) in semisolid isomalt as a new type of surrogate for glassy organic aerosols and compare it to photolysis in liquid water, isopropanol, and octanol. UV/vis spectroscopy was used to monitor the absorbance decay to determine the rates of photochemical loss of 4NC and 24DNP. The quantum yield of 4NC photolysis was found to be smaller in an isomalt glass (2.6 × 10-6) than in liquid isopropanol (1.1 × 10-5). Both 4NC and 24NDP had much lower photolysis rates in water than in organic matrices, suggesting that they would photolyze more efficiently in organic aerosol particles than in cloud or fog droplets. Liquid chromatography in tandem with mass spectrometry was used to examine the photolysis products of 4NC. In isopropanol solution, most products appeared to result from the oxidation of 4NC, in stark contrast to photoreduction and dimerization products that were observed in solid isomalt. Therefore, the photochemical fate of 4NC, and presumably of other nitrophenols, should depend on whether they undergo photodegradation in a liquid or semisolid organic particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery B Dalton
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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17
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Li X, Hu M, Wang Y, Xu N, Fan H, Zong T, Wu Z, Guo S, Zhu W, Chen S, Dong H, Zeng L, Yu X, Tang X. Links between the optical properties and chemical compositions of brown carbon chromophores in different environments: Contributions and formation of functionalized aromatic compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147418. [PMID: 33975110 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Links between the optical properties and chemical compositions of brown carbon (BrC) are poorly understood because of the complexity of BrC chromophores. We conducted field studies simultaneously at both vehicle-influenced site and biomass burning-affected site in China in polluted winter. The chemical compositions and light absorption values of functionalized aromatic compounds, including phenyl aldehyde, phenyl acid, and nitroaromatic compounds, were measured. P-phthalic acid, nitrophenols and nitrocatechols were dominant BrC species, accounting for over 50% of the concentration of identified chromophores. Nitrophenols and nitrocatechols contributed more than 50% of the identified BrC absorbance between 300 and 400 nm. Oxidation of biomass burning-related products (e.g., pyrocatechol and methylcatechols) and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (e.g., benzene and toluene) generated similar BrC chromophores, implying that these functionalized aromatic compounds play an important role in both environments. Compared with the biomass burning-affected site (22%), functionalized aromatic compounds at vehicle-influenced site accounted for a higher percentage of BrC absorption (25%). This research improves our understanding of the links between optical properties and composition of BrC, and the difference between BrC chromophores from BB-influenced area and vehicle-affected area under polluted atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China; Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Sciences and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yujue Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Nan Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hanyun Fan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Taomou Zong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenfei Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huabin Dong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuena Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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18
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Felber T, Schaefer T, He L, Herrmann H. Aromatic Carbonyl and Nitro Compounds as Photosensitizers and Their Photophysical Properties in the Tropospheric Aqueous Phase. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:5078-5095. [PMID: 34096724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c03503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol formation in the atmospheric aqueous/particulate phase by photosensitized reactions is currently subject to uncertainties. To understand the impact of photosensitized reactions, photophysical and -chemical properties of photosensitizers, kinetic data, and reaction mechanisms of these processes are required. The photophysical properties of acetophenones, benzaldehydes, benzophenones, and naphthalenes were investigated in aqueous solution using laser flash excitation. Quantum yields of excited photosensitizers were determined giving values between 0.06-0.80 at 298 K and pH = 5. Molar absorption coefficients (εmax(3PS*) = (0.8-13) × 104 L mol-1 cm-1), decay rate constants in water (k1st = (9.4 ± 0.5) × 102 to (2.2 ± 0.1) × 105 s-1), and quenching rate constants with oxygen (kq(O2) = (1.7 ± 0.1-4.4 ± 0.4) × 109 L mol-1 s-1) of the excited triplet states were determined at 298 K and pH = 5. Photosensitized reactions of carboxylic acids and alkenes show second-order rate constants in the range of (37 ± 7.0-0.55 ± 0.1) × 104 and (27 ± 5.0-0.04 ± 0.01) × 108 L mol-1 s-1. The results show that different compound classes act differently as a photosensitizer and can be a sink for certain organic compounds in the atmospheric aqueous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Felber
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lin He
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Liang Z, Zhang R, Gen M, Chu Y, Chan CK. Nitrate Photolysis in Mixed Sucrose-Nitrate-Sulfate Particles at Different Relative Humidities. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:3739-3747. [PMID: 33899478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric particles can be viscous. The limitation in diffusion impedes the mass transfer of oxidants from the gas phase to the particle phase and hinders multiphase oxidation processes. On the other hand, nitrate photolysis has been found to be effective in producing oxidants such as OH radicals within the particles. Whether nitrate photolysis can effectively proceed in viscous particles and how it may affect the physicochemical properties of the particle have not been much explored. In this study, we investigated particulate nitrate photolysis in mixed sucrose-nitrate-sulfate particles as surrogates of atmospheric viscous particles containing organic and inorganic components as a function of relative humidity (RH) and the molar fraction of sucrose to the total solute (FSU) with an in situ micro-Raman system. Sucrose suppressed nitrate crystallization, and high photolysis rate constants (∼10-5 s-1) were found, irrespective of the RH. For FSU = 0.5 and 0.33 particles under irradiation at 30% RH, we observed morphological changes from droplets to the formation of inclusions and then likely "hollow" semisolid particles, which did not show Raman signal at central locations. Together with the phase states of inorganics indicated by the full width at half-maxima (FWHM), images with bulged surfaces, and size increase of the particles in optical microscopic imaging, we inferred that the hindered diffusion of gaseous products (i.e., NOx, NOy) from nitrate photolysis is a likely reason for the morphological changes. Atmospheric implications of these results are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhancong Liang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue 83, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruifeng Zhang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue 83, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Masao Gen
- Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yangxi Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue 83, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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20
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Photolytic radical persistence due to anoxia in viscous aerosol particles. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1769. [PMID: 33741973 PMCID: PMC7979739 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In viscous, organic-rich aerosol particles containing iron, sunlight may induce anoxic conditions that stabilize reactive oxygen species (ROS) and carbon-centered radicals (CCRs). In laboratory experiments, we show mass loss, iron oxidation and radical formation and release from photoactive organic particles containing iron. Our results reveal a range of temperature and relative humidity, including ambient conditions, that control ROS build up and CCR persistence in photochemically active, viscous organic particles. We find that radicals can attain high concentrations, altering aerosol chemistry and exacerbating health hazards of aerosol exposure. Our physicochemical kinetic model confirmed these results, implying that oxygen does not penetrate such particles due to the combined effects of fast reaction and slow diffusion near the particle surface, allowing photochemically-produced radicals to be effectively trapped in an anoxic organic matrix. Sunlight can change the composition of atmospheric aerosol particles, but the mechanisms through which this happens are not well known. Here, the authors show that fast radical reaction and slow diffusion near viscous organic particle surfaces can cause oxygen depletion, radical trapping and humidity dependent oxidation.
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21
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Felber T, Schaefer T, Herrmann H. Five-Membered Heterocycles as Potential Photosensitizers in the Tropospheric Aqueous Phase: Photophysical Properties of Imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, 2-Furaldehyde, and 2-Acetylfuran. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:10029-10039. [PMID: 33202138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitized reactions of organic compounds in the atmospheric aqueous and particle phase might be potential sources for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, addressed as aqueous SOA. However, data regarding the photophysical properties of photosensitizers, their kinetics, as well as reaction mechanisms of such processes in the aqueous/particle phase are scarce. The present study investigates the determination of the photophysical properties of imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, 2-furaldehyde, and 2-acetylfuran as potential photosensitizers using laser flash excitation in aqueous solution. Quantum yields of the formation of the excited photosensitizers were obtained by a scavenging method with thiocyanate, resulting in values between 0.86 and 0.96 at 298 K and pH = 5. The time-resolved absorbance spectra of the excited photosensitizers were measured, and their molar attenuation coefficients were determined ranging between (0.30 and 1.4) × 104 L mol-1 cm-1 at their absorbance maxima (λmax = 335-440 nm). Additionally, the excited photosensitizers are quenched by water and molecular oxygen, resulting in quenching rate constants of k1st = (1.0 ± 0.2-1.8 ± 0.2) × 105 s-1 and kq(O2) = (2.1 ± 0.2-2.7 ± 0.2) × 109 L mol-1 s-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Felber
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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22
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Xia H, Huang D, Bao F, Li M, Zhang Y, Chen C, Zhao J. Photochemical aging of Beijing urban PM 2.5: Production of oxygenated volatile organic compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140751. [PMID: 32673920 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 has become the dominant atmospheric pollutant in many countries. Many components of PM2.5 are highly photoactive. However, the photochemical aging of PM2.5 remains poorly understood. In this study, the photoaging of real PM2.5 samples collected from 2017 to 2018 in Beijing under simulated solar radiation (λ ~ 340-850 nm) was investigated. Our study showed that large amounts of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs), such as acetaldehyde, formic acid, acetone and acetic acid, were released during the photochemical aging of PM2.5. Furthermore, although a positive correlation between the OVOCs yield and the organic matter (OM) in PM2.5 was observed, the product distribution from the photoaging of PM2.5 was different from that in the direct photolysis of artificially synthesized SOA. Because of the release of OVOCs, the PM2.5 mass loss was evaluated to be ~1.80% per day under typical atmospheric conditions. The OVOCs released during the photoaging of PM2.5 may contribute substantially to the OVOCs sources omitted from troposphere chemistry models and may have a significant effect on the OVOCs distribution and oxidation capacity of the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Xia
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Di Huang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Fengxia Bao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Chuncheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Jincai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
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23
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Fankhauser AM, Bourque M, Almazan J, Marin D, Fernandez L, Hutheesing R, Ferdousi N, Tsui WG, McNeill VF. Impact of Environmental Conditions on Secondary Organic Aerosol Production from Photosensitized Humic Acid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5385-5390. [PMID: 32243755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown the potential of the photosensitizer chemistry of humic acid, as a proxy for humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols, to contribute to secondary organic aerosol mass. The mechanism requires particle-phase humic acid to absorb solar radiation and become photoexcited, then directly or indirectly oxidize a volatile organic compound (VOC), resulting in a lower volatility product in the particle phase. We performed experiments in a photochemical chamber, with aerosol-phase humic acid as the photosensitizer and limonene as the VOC. In the presence of 26 ppb limonene and under atmospherically relevant UV-visible irradiation levels, there is no significant change in particle diameter. Calculations show that SOA production via this pathway is highly sensitive to VOC precursor concentrations. Under the assumption that HULIS is equally or less reactive than the humic acid used in these experiments, the results suggest that the photosensitizer chemistry of HULIS in ambient atmospheric aerosols is unlikely to be a significant source of secondary organic aerosol mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Fankhauser
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Mary Bourque
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - John Almazan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Daniela Marin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Lydia Fernandez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Remy Hutheesing
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Nahin Ferdousi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - William G Tsui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - V Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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24
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Alpert PA, Corral Arroyo P, Dou J, Krieger UK, Steimer SS, Förster JD, Ditas F, Pöhlker C, Rossignol S, Passananti M, Perrier S, George C, Shiraiwa M, Berkemeier T, Watts B, Ammann M. Visualizing reaction and diffusion in xanthan gum aerosol particles exposed to ozone. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:20613-20627. [PMID: 31528972 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03731d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol particles with a high viscosity may become inhomogeneously mixed during chemical processing. Models have predicted gradients in condensed phase reactant concentration throughout particles as the result of diffusion and chemical reaction limitations, termed chemical gradients. However, these have never been directly observed for atmospherically relevant particle diameters. We investigated the reaction between ozone and aerosol particles composed of xanthan gum and FeCl2 and observed the in situ chemical reaction that oxidized Fe2+ to Fe3+ using X-ray spectromicroscopy. Iron oxidation state of particles as small as 0.2 μm in diameter were imaged over time with a spatial resolution of tens of nanometers. We found that the loss off Fe2+ accelerated with increasing ozone concentration and relative humidity, RH. Concentric 2-D column integrated profiles of the Fe2+ fraction, α, out of the total iron were derived and demonstrated that particle surfaces became oxidized while particle cores remained unreacted at RH = 0-20%. At higher RH, chemical gradients evolved over time, extended deeper from the particle surface, and Fe2+ became more homogeneously distributed. We used the kinetic multi-layer model for aerosol surface and bulk chemistry (KM-SUB) to simulate ozone reaction constrained with our observations and inferred key parameters as a function of RH including Henry's Law constant for ozone, HO3, and diffusion coefficients for ozone and iron, DO3 and DFe, respectively. We found that HO3 is higher in our xanthan gum/FeCl2 particles than for water and increases when RH decreased from about 80% to dry conditions. This coincided with a decrease in both DO3 and DFe. In order to reproduce observed chemical gradients, our model predicted that ozone could not be present further than a few nanometers from a particle surface indicating near surface reactions were driving changes in iron oxidation state. However, the observed chemical gradients in α observed over hundreds of nanometers must have been the result of iron transport from the particle interior to the surface where ozone oxidation occurred. In the context of our results, we examine the applicability of the reacto-diffusive framework and discuss diffusion limitations for other reactive gas-aerosol systems of atmospheric importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Alpert
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
| | - Pablo Corral Arroyo
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland. and Institute for Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jing Dou
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich K Krieger
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah S Steimer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Jan-David Förster
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian Ditas
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christopher Pöhlker
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stéphanie Rossignol
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France and Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE UMR 7376, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Monica Passananti
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France and Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00710, Helsinki, Finland and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Sebastien Perrier
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christian George
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
| | - Thomas Berkemeier
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany and School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Benjamin Watts
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation-Condensed Matter, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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25
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Felber T, Schaefer T, Herrmann H. OH-Initiated Oxidation of Imidazoles in Tropospheric Aqueous-Phase Chemistry. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:1505-1513. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b11636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Felber
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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