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Wang J, Liu Y, Yan Y, Wang A, Jiang Y, Wen Z, Qiao K, Li H, Hu T, Ma Y, Zhou S, Gui W, Li S. miR-29b-triggered epigenetic regulation of cardiotoxicity following exposure to deltamethrin in zebrafish. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:135213. [PMID: 39018602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Deltamethrin is a classical pyrethroid insecticide that is frequently detected in aquatic environments and organisms. Furthermore, deltamethrin has been detected in samples related to human health and is a potential risk to public health. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of cardiotoxicity induced by deltamethrin. Zebrafish were exposed to 0.005, 0.05, or 0.5 μg/L deltamethrin for 28 days. The results showed a significant reduction in male reproduction compared to female reproduction. Additionally, the heart rate decreased by 15.75 % in F1 after parental exposure to 0.5 μg/L deltamethrin. To evaluate cardiotoxicity, deltamethrin was administered to the zebrafish embryos. By using miRNA-Seq and bioinformatics analysis, it was discovered that miR-29b functions as a toxic regulator by targeting dnmts. The overexpression of miR-29b and inhibition of dnmts resulted in cardiac abnormalities, such as pericardial edema, bradycardia, and abnormal expression of genes related to the heart. Similar changes in the levels of miR-29b and dnmts were also detected in the gonads of F0 males and F1 embryos, confirming their effects. Overall, the results suggest that deltamethrin may have adverse effects on heart development in early-stage zebrafish and on reproduction in adult zebrafish. Furthermore, epigenetic modifications may threaten the cardiac function of offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yujia Yan
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Aoxue Wang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yuyao Jiang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Zexin Wen
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Kun Qiao
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, PR China; Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty Biological Sciences, Goethe University 10 Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Hanqing Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Tiantian Hu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yongfang Ma
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Shengli Zhou
- Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, PR China.
| | - Wenjun Gui
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Shuying Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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Davis B, Eskenazi B, Bornman R, Obida M, Chevrier J. Association between prenatal exposure to indoor residual spraying insecticides and infection rates among South African children participating in the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and their Environment (VHEMBE). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170483. [PMID: 38301784 PMCID: PMC11112551 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
In 2021, 53 countries conducted indoor residual spraying (IRS), the application of insecticides such as dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) or pyrethroids to the walls of homes to control malaria. Animal studies show that these insecticides can increase susceptibility to infections but only one human study was conducted in a population from an area where IRS is applied. The aim of the present study was thus to investigate whether maternal exposure to DDT, its breakdown product dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene (DDE) or pyrethroid insecticides is associated with symptoms of infection among children living in a region of South Africa were IRS is conducted annually. As part of the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and their Environment (VHEMBE) we measured maternal serum concentrations of DDT and DDE, and urinary concentrations of four pyrethroid metabolites in peripartum samples. Poisson regression models with robust variance estimates were used to investigate associations with the rates of infection symptoms between ages 3.5-5 years among 629 children as assessed based on caregiver interviews. Multiple pyrethroid metabolites were associated with infection symptoms. For instance, cis-DBCA was associated with increased rates of ear infection (Incidence Rate Ratio for a 10-fold increase (IRR10) = 1.4; 95 % Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.0, 2.1) and persistent diarrhea (IRR10 = 2.1; 95 % CI = 1.2, 3.9), trans-DCCA was associated with increased rates of colds in children (IRR10 = 1.3; 95 % CI = 1.0, 1.6) and persistent fever (IRS10 = 1.4; 95 % CI = 1.0, 2.0), and 3-PBA was associated with increased rates of persistent fever (IRR10 = 1.8; 95 % CI = 1.0, 3.0). We found limited evidence of association between maternal DDE and DDT serum concentrations and infection symptoms. Results suggest that prenatal exposure to pyrethroid insecticides may be associated with infections among children from an area where IRS is conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooklyn Davis
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Riana Bornman
- University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Muvhulawa Obida
- University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Chevrier
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Koyratty N, Olson JR, Kawyn M, Curl CL, Kordas K. Dietary Predictors of Urinary Biomarkers of Pyrethroids in the General Population - A Scoping Review. J Nutr 2024; 154:325-340. [PMID: 38043623 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrethroid pesticides are ubiquitous environmental contaminants, contributing to chronic and potentially harmful exposure among the general population. Although studies have measured pesticide residues on agricultural products, the link between food intake and concentrations of pyrethroid biomarkers in urine remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This scoping review aims to analyze peer-reviewed publications investigating dietary predictors of pyrethroid exposure through urinary biomarkers. We assess existing evidence, identify research gaps, and highlight current limitations. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search using PubMed and Google Scholar. Eligible studies examined associations between diets, food items or dietary components, and measured urinary pyrethroid biomarkers. No geographical restriction was applied to our search. Results were summarized in themes referring to study characteristics, relevant outcomes, biomarker measurement, dietary assessment and statistical analyses. RESULTS We identified 20 relevant articles. Most studies presented evidence on associations between the consumption of organic diets or food items and reduced concentrations of 3-phenobenzoic acid metabolites in urine. There was less evidence for diet affecting other pyrethroid-specific biomarkers. Dietary assessment methodologies and recall periods varied, as did the number and timing of urine collections. Many studies did not control for potential alternative pyrethroid sources, exposure to other pesticides, or demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. CONCLUSION Researchers should consider standardized dietary assessment, chemical analyses of foods consumed, adequate recall time, and food preparation methods. Consistency in biomarker measurement, including urine collection time and corrections for specific gravity or creatinine, is needed. Ensuring the validity of such studies also requires larger samples and appropriate control for confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Koyratty
- International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - James R Olson
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, NY, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Marissa Kawyn
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Cynthia L Curl
- School of Public and Population Health, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
| | - Katarzyna Kordas
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, NY, United States
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4
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Elsiwi B, Eskenazi B, Bornman R, Obida M, Kim J, Moodie EE, Mann KK, Chevrier J. Maternal exposure to pyrethroid insecticides during pregnancy and respiratory allergy symptoms among children participating in the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and their Environment (VHEMBE). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 242:117604. [PMID: 38000632 PMCID: PMC10962214 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrethroid insecticides use for indoor residual spraying (IRS) in malaria-endemic areas results in high levels of exposure to local populations. Pyrethroids may cause asthma and respiratory allergies but no prior study has investigated this question in an IRS area. METHODS We measured maternal urinary concentrations of pyrethroid metabolites (cis-DBCA, cis-DCCA, trans-DCCA, 3-PBA) in samples collected at delivery from 751 mothers participating in the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies, and their Environment (VHEMBE), a birth cohort study based in Limpopo, South Africa. At 3.5-year and 5-year follow-up visits, caregivers of 647 and 620 children, respectively, were queried about children's respiratory allergy symptoms based on validated instruments. We applied marginal structural models for repeated outcomes to estimate associations between biomarker concentrations and asthma diagnosis as well as respiratory allergy symptoms at ages 3.5 and 5 years. RESULTS We found that a10-fold increase in maternal urinary cis-DCCA, trans-DCCA and 3-PBA concentrations were associated with more than a doubling in the risk of doctor-diagnosed asthma (cis-DCCA: RR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.3, 3.3; trans-DCCA: RR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.1, 3.9; 3-PBA: RR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.0, 5.8) and an about 80% increase in the risk of wheezing or whistling in the chest (cis-DCCA: RR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.1, 3.0; trans-DCCA: RR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.1, 2.6; 3-PBA: RR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.0, 3.3) and suspected asthma (cis-DCCA: RR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.1, 3.1; trans-DCCA: RR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.1, 2.8). We also observed that higher concentrations of cis-DBCA and 3-PBA were related to increases in the risks of dry cough at night (RR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.3, 9.5) and seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis (RR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.1, 3.9), respectively. CONCLUSION Maternal exposure to pyrethroids may increase the risk of asthma and other respiratory allergy symptoms among preschool children from an IRS area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basant Elsiwi
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Riana Bornman
- University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Muvhulawa Obida
- University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Joanne Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Erica Em Moodie
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Koren K Mann
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan Chevrier
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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DeLay K, Lin EZ, Koelmel JP, Bornman R, Obida M, Chevrier J, Godri Pollitt KJ. Personal air pollutant exposure monitoring in South African children in the VHEMBE birth cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107524. [PMID: 36260950 PMCID: PMC9982749 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The burden of disease associated with environmental exposures disproportionately impacts residents of low- and middle-income countries. Children living in rural regions of these countries may experience higher exposure to insecticides from indoor residual spraying used for malaria control and household air pollution. This study evaluated environmental exposures of children living in a rural region of South Africa. Quantifying exposure levels and identifying characteristics that are associated with exposure in this geographic region has been challenging due to limitations with available monitoring techniques. Wearable passive samplers have recently been shown to be a convenient and reliable tool for assessing personal exposures. In this study, a passive sampler wristband, known as Fresh Air wristband, was worn by 49 children (five-years of age) residing in the Limpopo province of South Africa. The study leveraged ongoing research within the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies, and their Environment (VHEMBE) birth cohort. A wide range of chemicals (35 in total) were detected using the wristbands, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides, phthalates, and organophosphate esters (OPEs) flame retardants. Higher concentrations of PAHs were observed among children from households that fell below the food poverty threshold, did not have access to electric cookstoves/burners, or reported longer times of cooking or burning materials during the sampling period. Concentrations of p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDT were also found to be elevated for children from households falling below the food poverty threshold as well as for children whose households were sprayed for malaria control within the previous 1.5 years. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using passive sampler wristbands as a non-invasive method for personal exposure assessment of children in rural regions of South Africa to complex mixtures environmental contaminants derived from a combination of sources. Future studies are needed to further identify and understand the effects of airborne environmental contaminants on childhood development and strategies to mitigate exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayley DeLay
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Elizabeth Z Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jeremy P Koelmel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Riana Bornman
- University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control and School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Muvhulawa Obida
- University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control and School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Chevrier
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Bornman R, Acerini CL, Chevrier J, Rauch S, Crause M, Obida M, Eskenazi B. Maternal exposure to DDT, DDE, and pyrethroid insecticides for malaria vector control and hypospadias in the VHEMBE birth cohort study, Limpopo, South Africa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157084. [PMID: 35798100 PMCID: PMC10565726 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hypospadias is the ectopic opening of the urethra on the penis or scrotum. Exposure to estrogenic and/or anti-androgenic chemicals in utero may play an etiologic role. DDT and the pyrethroids cypermethrin and deltamethrin, are used to control malaria. DDT is estrogenic and its breakdown product DDE is anti-androgenic; cypermethrin and deltamethrin can also disrupt androgen pathways. We examined the relationship between maternal exposure to these insecticides during pregnancy and hypospadias among boys participating in the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and their Environment (VHEMBE) in Limpopo Province, South Africa. We measured peripartum levels of p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE in maternal serum and urinary pyrethroid metabolites. We conducted urogenital examination on 359 one-year-old boys. A total of 291 (81.0 %) had phimosis, which prevented full urogenital examination, leaving a final sample of 68 boys for determination of the presence of hypospadias. Diagnosis was based on concordance of two independent physicians. We identified hypospadias in 23 of the 68 boys (34 %). Maternal urinary concentrations of cis-DCCA and trans-DCCA metabolites of cypermethrin and other pyrethroids, were associated with an increased risk for hypospadias, but the other metabolite 3-PBA was not (adjusted relative risk per 10-fold increase = 1.58, 95 % CI 1.07-2.34; 1.61, 95 % CI 1.09-2.36; and 1.48, 95 % CI 0.78-2.78, respectively). No associations were found between p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, 3-PBA or cis-DBCA and hypospadias. We observed a high prevalence of hypospadias among boys without phymosis. Boys with higher prenatal exposure to pyrethroid insecticides were at higher risk of hypospadias. Our findings may have global implications given that pyrethroid insecticides are widely used for malaria control, in agriculture and for home use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riana Bornman
- School of Health Systems and Public Health and the University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control (UP ISMC), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Carlo L Acerini
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Chevrier
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stephen Rauch
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Madelein Crause
- School of Health Systems and Public Health and the University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control (UP ISMC), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Muvhulawa Obida
- School of Health Systems and Public Health and the University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control (UP ISMC), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA
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7
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Kim J, Yang S, Moodie EEM, Obida M, Bornman R, Eskenazi B, Chevrier J. Prenatal Exposure to Insecticides and Weight Trajectories Among South African Children in the VHEMBE Birth Cohort. Epidemiology 2022; 33:505-513. [PMID: 35394964 PMCID: PMC9156531 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) or pyrethroid insecticides are sprayed inside dwellings for malaria vector control, resulting in high exposure to millions of people, including pregnant women. These chemicals disrupt endocrine function and may affect child growth. To our knowledge, few studies have investigated the potential impact of prenatal exposure to DDT or pyrethroids on growth trajectories. METHODS We investigated associations between gestational insecticide exposure and child growth trajectories in the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and their Environment, a birth cohort of 751 children born between 2012 and 2013 in South Africa. Based on child weight measured at follow-up and abstracted from medical records, we modeled weight trajectories from birth to 5 years using SuperImposition, Translation and Rotation, which estimated two child-specific parameters: size (average weight) and tempo (age at peak weight velocity). We estimated associations between peripartum maternal concentrations of serum DDT, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, or urinary pyrethroid metabolites and SuperImposition, Translation and Rotation parameters using marginal structural models. RESULTS We observed that a 10-fold increase in maternal concentrations of the pyrethroid metabolite trans-3-(2,2,-dicholorvinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane carboxylic acid was associated with a 21g (95% confidence interval = -40, -1.6) smaller size among boys but found no association among girls (Pinteraction = 0.07). Estimates suggested that pyrethroids may be associated with earlier tempo but were imprecise. We observed no association with serum DDT or dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene. CONCLUSIONS Inverse associations between pyrethroids and weight trajectory parameters among boys are consistent with hypothesized disruption of androgen pathways and with our previous research in this population, and support the endocrine-disrupting potential of pyrethroids in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Seungmi Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Erica E. M. Moodie
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Muvhulawa Obida
- University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Riana Bornman
- University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Chevrier
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Li Y, Wang X, Feary McKenzie J, 't Mannetje A, Cheng S, He C, Leathem J, Pearce N, Sunyer J, Eskenazi B, Yeh R, Aylward LL, Donovan G, Mueller JF, Douwes J. Pesticide exposure in New Zealand school-aged children: Urinary concentrations of biomarkers and assessment of determinants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 163:107206. [PMID: 35395578 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess pesticide exposure and its determinants in children aged 5-14 years. Urine samples (n = 953) were collected from 501 participating children living in urban areas (participant n = 300), rural areas but not on a farm (n = 76), and living on a farm (n = 125). The majority provided two samples, one in the high and one in the low spraying season. Information on diet, lifestyle, and demographic factors was collected by questionnaire. Urine was analysed for 20 pesticide biomarkers by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. Nine analytes were detected in > 80% of samples, including six organophosphate insecticide metabolites (DMP, DMTP, DEP, DETP, TCPy, PNP), two pyrethroid insecticide metabolites (3-PBA, trans-DCCA), and one herbicide (2,4-D). The highest concentration was measured for TCPy (median 13 μg/g creatinine), a metabolite of chlorpyrifos and triclopyr, followed by DMP (11 μg/g) and DMTP (3.7 μg/g). Urine metabolite levels were generally similar or low compared to those reported for other countries, while relatively high for TCPy and pyrethroid metabolites. Living on a farm was associated with higher TCPy levels during the high spray season. Living in rural areas, dog ownership and in-home pest control were associated with higher levels of pyrethroid metabolites. Urinary concentrations of several pesticide metabolites were higher during the low spraying season, possibly due to consumption of imported fruits and vegetables. Organic fruit consumption was not associated with lower urine concentrations, but consumption of organic food other than fruit or vegetables was associated with lower concentrations of TCPy in the high spray season. In conclusion, compared to other countries such as the U.S., New Zealand children had relatively high exposures to chlorpyrifos/triclopyr and pyrethroids. Factors associated with exposure included age, season, area of residence, diet, in-home pest control, and pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Xianyu Wang
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Jean Feary McKenzie
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University. PO Box 756, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Andrea 't Mannetje
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University. PO Box 756, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Soo Cheng
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University. PO Box 756, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Chang He
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Janet Leathem
- School of Psychology, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Neil Pearce
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California,1995 University Ave, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Ruby Yeh
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Lesa L Aylward
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; Summit Toxicology, LLP, 22044, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Geoffrey Donovan
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University. PO Box 756, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; USDA Forest Service, PNW Research Station, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jeroen Douwes
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University. PO Box 756, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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9
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Prenatal exposure to insecticides and child cardiometabolic risk factors in the VHEMBE birth cohort. Environ Epidemiol 2022; 6:e196. [PMID: 35434465 PMCID: PMC9005249 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of malaria control programs, many countries spray dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) or pyrethroid insecticides inside dwellings in a practice called indoor residual spraying that results in high levels of exposure to local populations. Gestational exposure to these endocrine- and metabolism-disrupting chemicals may influence child cardiometabolic health.
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10
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Rodzaj W, Wileńska M, Klimowska A, Dziewirska E, Jurewicz J, Walczak-Jędrzejowska R, Słowikowska-Hilczer J, Hanke W, Wielgomas B. Concentrations of urinary biomarkers and predictors of exposure to pyrethroid insecticides in young, Polish, urban-dwelling men. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145666. [PMID: 33596511 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides are a class of pesticides with multiple agricultural and residential applications. However, widespread use of these chemicals may pose a threat to human health. Biomarkers of pyrethroid exposure are frequently detected in populations around the world, but some groups may be underrepresented. Moreover, there is an ongoing debate on factors contributing to pyrethroid burden in humans. To address these problems, we measured urinary biomarkers of pyrethroid exposure in urine samples from 306 young men living in urban area of Łódź, Poland, and gathered questionnaire data to identify predictors of exposure. Limit of detection (LOD) of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was 0.1 ng/mL for all quantified pyrethroid metabolites, namely cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (cis-DCCA), trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (trans-DCCA), cis-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (cis-DBCA), and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA). Detection rate ranged from 32% (cis-DBCA) to 76% (trans-DCCA). Concentrations of urinary biomarkers in studied sample were in lower range of these observed in similar studies, with unadjusted geometric means (GMs) of most prevalent biomarkers, trans-DCCA and 3-PBA, equal to 0.268 and 0.228 ng/mL, respectively. As for questionnaire data, the statistical analysis revealed that non-dietary factors, especially dog ownership and pesticide use on household pets, contribute significantly to urinary trans-DCCA and 3-PBA concentrations (p ≤ 0.009). Moreover, a few dietary sources of exposure were identified, such as seeds and nuts consumption for 3-PBA (p < 0.001) and vegetable juice intake for trans-DCCA (p = 0.015). Multivariate analyses further highlighted the importance of non-dietary factors in pyrethroid exposure. Compared to other works, our results confirm widespread exposure to pyrethroids observed in other studies and stress the role of residential pyrethroid use in pyrethroid burden in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Rodzaj
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 107 Hallera Street, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Malwina Wileńska
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 107 Hallera Street, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Klimowska
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 107 Hallera Street, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Emila Dziewirska
- Departament of Chemical Safety, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Street, 91-348 Łódź, Poland
| | - Joanna Jurewicz
- Departament of Chemical Safety, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Street, 91-348 Łódź, Poland
| | - Renata Walczak-Jędrzejowska
- Department of Andrology and Reproductive Endocrinology, Medical University of Łódź, 251 Pomorska Street, 92-213 Łódź, Poland
| | - Jolanta Słowikowska-Hilczer
- Department of Andrology and Reproductive Endocrinology, Medical University of Łódź, 251 Pomorska Street, 92-213 Łódź, Poland
| | - Wojciech Hanke
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Street, 91-348 Łódź, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wielgomas
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 107 Hallera Street, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
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11
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Lehmler HJ, Simonsen D, Liu B, Bao W. Environmental exposure to pyrethroid pesticides in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults and children: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2012. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115489. [PMID: 33254662 PMCID: PMC7708675 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are an important class of insecticides, and thousands of tons of these compounds are used in the United States every year. This study characterized exposures to pyrethroids and assessed demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors that modulate pyrethroid exposure using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2012, a nationally representative survey of the non-institutionalized population of the United States. Urinary levels of commonly used biomarkers of pyrethroid exposure, including 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (F-PBA), and cis-dibromovinyl-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (DBCA), were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The detection rate of 3-PBA, a nonspecific metabolite of several pyrethroids, was 78.1% in adults (N = 5233) and 79.3% in children (N = 2295). The detection rates of all other pyrethroid metabolites were <10%. The median urinary level of 3-PBA in adults was 0.47 μg/L (interquartile range, 0.14-1.22 μg/L). For children, the median urinary level was 0.49 μg/L (interquartile range, 0.17-1.29 μg/L). Age, gender, family income-to-poverty ratio (PIR), levels of physical activity, alcohol intake, and body mass index were associated with 3-PBA levels in adults. In children, age, gender, race/ethnicity, and PIR were associated with 3-PBA levels. 3-PBA levels also differed significantly across NHANES cycles, with higher levels observed in NHANES 2011-2012. Geometric mean 3-PBA levels in U.S. adults were 0.41 μg/L in NHANES 2007-2008, 0.41 μg/L in NHANES 2009-2010, and 0.66 μg/L in NHANES 2011-2012. In U.S. children, geometric mean 3-PBA levels were 0.40 μg/L in NHANES 2007-2008, 0.46 μg/L in NHANES 2009-2010, and 0.70 μg/L in NHANES 2011-2012. These results demonstrate that pyrethroid exposures remain a current environmental health concern and lay the foundation for further preclinical and epidemiological studies assessing human health risks associated with pyrethroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
| | - Derek Simonsen
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Buyun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Wei Bao
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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12
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Di Lenardo TZ, Ward BJ, Pillet S, Mann K, Bornman R, Obida M, Chevrier J. Exposure to lead and vaccine-specific IgG titers in South African children participating in the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and their Environment (VHEMBE): A longitudinal study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 180:108794. [PMID: 31655331 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While successes have been achieved in reducing global exposure to lead, few studies have investigated the potential health effects of low-level exposure (e.g. blood lead levels [BLLs] below the CDC reference level of 5 μg/dL), particularly among children from low- and middle-income countries. In addition, lead is immunotoxic in animals but human data on immune response to vaccines is limited. Our aim was to determine whether low-level exposure to lead is associated with humoral response to vaccines among rural South African children. METHODS We used data from the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and their Environment (VHEMBE), a birth cohort study conducted in Limpopo, South Africa. BLLs were measured in whole blood collected at age 1 year and IgG titers for measles, tetanus and Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) were determined at age 3.5 years among 425 fully-vaccinated children. RESULTS BLLs were low (median = 1.90 μg/dL) and 94% of children had a BLL below 5 μg/dL. Overall, BLLs were associated with higher risks of having IgG titers below the protective limit for tetanus (RR = 1.88 per 10-fold increase; 95%CI = 1.08, 3.24) but not measles (RR = 1.02; 95%CI = 0.26, 3.95) or Hib (RR = 0.96; 95%CI = 0.54, 1.71). BLLs were also associated with low Hib IgG titers among children exposed to HIV in utero and with low measles IgG titers among females. In contrast, the association with measles IgG titers was positive among males. CONCLUSION Low-level exposure to lead may compromise the humoral response to vaccines. Children exposed to HIV in utero and females may be particularly susceptible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Z Di Lenardo
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brian J Ward
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Pillet
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Koren Mann
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Riana Bornman
- University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control and School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Muvhulawa Obida
- University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control and School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Chevrier
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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13
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Chevrier J, Rauch S, Obida M, Crause M, Bornman R, Eskenazi B. Sex and poverty modify associations between maternal peripartum concentrations of DDT/E and pyrethroid metabolites and thyroid hormone levels in neonates participating in the VHEMBE study, South Africa. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:104958. [PMID: 31284115 PMCID: PMC6728182 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS), the application of insecticides on the inside walls of dwellings, is used by 84 countries for malaria control. Although effective in preventing malaria, this practice results in elevated insecticide exposure to >100 million people, most of whom are Africans. Pyrethroid insecticides and dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) are currently used for IRS. Animal and in vitro studies suggest that pyrethroids and DDT interfere with thyroid hormone homeostasis but human studies are inconsistent and no prior study has investigated this question in a population residing in an area where IRS is conducted. Our objective was thus to evaluate whether prenatal exposure to pyrethroids, DDT or DDT's breakdown product dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene (DDE) is associated with altered thyroid hormone levels among neonates from Limpopo, South Africa, where pyrethroids and DDT are used annually to control malaria. We measured serum DDT/E and urinary pyrethroid metabolite concentrations in maternal peripartum samples from 717 women participating in the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and their Environment (VHEMBE), a birth cohort study conducted in Limpopo's Vhembe district. We measured total thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in dried blood spots collected via heel stick. We found that all pyrethroid metabolites were positively associated with TSH; trans-DCCA and 3-PBA showed the strongest associations with a 12.3% (95%CI = 3.0, 22.3) and 14.0% (95%CI = 0.5, 30.2) change for each 10-fold increase in biomarker concentration, respectively. These associations were substantially stronger among children from households below the South African food poverty line. DDT and DDE were associated with lower total T4 among boys only (β = -0.27 μg/dL per 10-fold increase; 95%CI = -0.47, -0.04). Results suggest that prenatal exposure to DDT, DDE and pyrethroid insecticides is associated with changes in neonatal thyroid hormones consistent with hypothyroidism/hypothyroxinemia and that sex and poverty modify associations. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and examine whether they have implications for child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Chevrier
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Stephen Rauch
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Muvhulawa Obida
- University of Pretoria School of Health Systems and Public Health, and Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Madelein Crause
- University of Pretoria School of Health Systems and Public Health, and Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Riana Bornman
- University of Pretoria School of Health Systems and Public Health, and Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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14
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Joubert BR, Berhane K, Chevrier J, Collman G, Eskenazi B, Fobil J, Hoyo C, John CC, Kumie A, Nicol M, Ramsay M, Smith J, Steyn A, Tshala-Katumbay D, McAllister K. Integrating environmental health and genomics research in Africa: challenges and opportunities identified during a Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3Africa) Consortium workshop. AAS Open Res 2019; 2:159. [PMID: 32382703 PMCID: PMC7194141 DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.12983.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with African ancestry have extensive genomic diversity but have been underrepresented in genomic research. There is also extensive global diversity in the exposome (the totality of human environmental exposures from conception onwards) which should be considered for integrative genomic and environmental health research in Africa. To address current research gaps, we organized a workshop on environmental health research in Africa in conjunction with the H3Africa Consortium and the African Society of Human Genetics meetings in Kigali, Rwanda. The workshop was open to all researchers with an interest in environmental health in Africa and involved presentations from experts within and outside of the Consortium. This workshop highlighted innovative research occurring on the African continent related to environmental health and the interplay between the environment and the human genome. Stories of success, challenges, and collaborative opportunities were discussed through presentations, breakout sessions, poster presentations, and a panel discussion. The workshop informed participants about environmental risk factors that can be incorporated into current or future epidemiology studies and addressed research design considerations, biospecimen collection and storage, biomarkers for measuring chemical exposures, laboratory strategies, and statistical methodologies. Inclusion of environmental exposure measurements with genomic data, including but not limited to H3Africa projects, can offer a strong platform for building gene-environment (G x E) research in Africa. Opportunities to leverage existing resources and add environmental exposure data for ongoing and planned studies were discussed. Future directions include expanding the measurement of both genomic and exposomic risk factors and incorporating sophisticated statistical approaches for analyzing high dimensional G x E data. A better understanding of how environmental and genomic factors interact with nutrition and infection is also needed. Considering that the environment represents many modifiable risk factors, these research findings can inform intervention and prevention efforts towards improving global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie R Joubert
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kiros Berhane
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Gwen Collman
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Chandy C John
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Abera Kumie
- Addis Abada University, Addis Abada, Ethiopia
| | - Mark Nicol
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Adrie Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Kimberly McAllister
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
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15
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A community-based education programme to reduce insecticide exposure from indoor residual spraying in Limpopo, South Africa. Malar J 2019; 18:199. [PMID: 31200704 PMCID: PMC6570908 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2828-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Indoor residual spraying (IRS), the coating of interior walls of houses with insecticides, is common in malaria-endemic areas. While important in malaria control, IRS potentially exposes residents to harmful insecticides. The World Health Organization recommends steps to minimize exposure; however, no programme has focused on educating populations. Methods A dramatic presentation and song were developed by study personnel and performed by lay performers in order to spread awareness of the importance of IRS and to minimize insecticide exposure. Performances were staged at 16 sprayed villages in the Vhembe District of Limpopo, South Africa, at which 592 attendees completed short questionnaires before and after the performance about behaviors that might limit insecticide exposure. Overall indices of the attendees’ change in knowledge of precautions to take prior to and after spraying to prevent insecticide exposure were analyzed using hierarchical mixed models to assess the effect of the performance on change in participants’ knowledge. Results Approximately half of attendees lived in homes that had been sprayed for malaria and 62% were female. Over 90% thought it better to allow IRS prior to the presentation, but knowledge of proper precautions to prevent exposure was low. The proportion answering correctly about proper distance from home during spraying increased from 49.4% pre-performance to 62.0% post-performance (RR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.13, 1.41), and the proportion reporting correctly about home re-entry interval after spraying increased from 58.5 to 91.1% (RR = 1.54, 95% CI 1.35, 1.77). Attendees improved in their knowledge about precautions to take prior to and after spraying from mean of 57.9% correct to a mean of 69.7% (β = 12.1%, 95% CI 10.9, 13.4). Specifically, increased knowledge in closing cupboards, removing food and bedding from the home, covering immoveable items with plastic, and leading animals away from the home prior to spraying were observed, as was increased knowledge in sweeping the floors, proper disposal of dead insects, and discarding dirty washrags after spraying. Conclusions A dramatic presentation and song were able to increase the attendees’ knowledge of precautions to take prior to and after spraying in order to limit their insecticide exposure resulting from IRS. This approach to community education is promising and deserves additional study.
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