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Kumar D, Hegde P, Arun BS, Gogoi MM, Babu SS. Anthropogenic sources and liquid water drive secondary organic aerosol formation over the eastern Himalaya. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:175072. [PMID: 39084378 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols have a serious impact on altering the radiation balance of the vulnerable Himalayan atmosphere. Organic aerosol (OA), one of the least resolved aerosol fractions in the Himalayas, constrain our competence to assess their climate impacts on the region. Here we investigate water-soluble OA molecules in PM10 samples collected from March to May 2019 at Lachung (27.4°N and 88.4°E), a high-altitude location (2700 m a.s.l.) in the eastern Himalaya, to elucidate their origin and formation process. The dominance of oxalic acid (C2) reveals that water-soluble OA in the eastern Himalaya are atmospherically processed. Backward air mass trajectories and mass concentration ratios of organic tracers as well as relationships with inorganic species (K+, SO42-, NH4+) suggest an anthropogenic origin of water-soluble OA with significant atmospheric processing during long-range transport to the eastern Himalayan region. We used the thermodynamic prediction of aerosol liquid water (ALW) to examine the formation mechanism of secondary OA (SOA) such as oxalic acid. Correlations of ALW with SO42- and water-soluble organic matter show that ALW is sensitive to both anthropogenic sulfate and water-soluble organic compounds in Himalayan aerosols. A strong positive relationship of C2 acid with predicted ALW provides evidence of extensive SOA formation from precursors via aqueous phase photochemical processes. This inference is supported by positive correlations of C2 acid relative abundance with diagnostic mass concentration ratios of C2 acid to precursor molecules. Our findings underscore the importance of anthropogenic sources and ALW in SOA formation through aqueous phase processes in the eastern Himalaya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Kumar
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India
| | - Prashant Hegde
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India.
| | - B S Arun
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India; Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Mukunda M Gogoi
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India
| | - S Suresh Babu
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India
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2
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Chen W, Cheng Y, Zhang H, Farooq U, Ni J, Chen H, Si Y, Qi Z. Molecular insight into biomass-burning smoke water-soluble organic matter binding with Cd(II): Comprehensive analysis from fluorescence EEM-PARAFAC, FT-ICR-MS and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 479:135754. [PMID: 39243541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
The deposition of biomass-burning smoke water-soluble organic matter (BBS-WSOM) significantly affects the environmental behavior of heavy metals in aqueous environments. However, the interactions between BBS-WSOM and heavy metals at the molecular level remain unknown. This study combined FT-ICR-MS, fluorescence spectrum, FTIR, and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy to anatomize the molecular characteristics of BBS-WSOM binding with Cd(II). The results show that CHO and CHOP compounds were responsible for the fluorescence response of BBS-WSOM at Ex: 225 nm and 275 nm/Em: 325 nm, and abundant proteins or CHON compounds were responsible for the fluorescence response of BBS-WSOM at Ex: 225-250 nm/Em: 350-450 nm and Ex: 300-350 nm/Em: 350-450 nm, which was very different from the fluorescence molecules in natural organic matters. Fluorescence change after Cd(II) addition indicated that CHOP and CHOS compounds enhanced BBS-WSOM binding with Cd(II). Differently, the CHON compounds could weaken the binding of other compounds with Cd(II). Different compounds binding with Cd(II) generally followed the order: CHON/CHOS compounds>CHOP compounds>CHO compounds, and the chemical groups binding with Cd(II) generally followed the prioritization: -COO-> -NH/SO>P = O/P-O>aromatic ring>CO>C-OH of phenol/alcohol>C-O-C. This study provides a profound insight into the interaction between BBS-WSOM and Cd(II) at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Chen
- Institute of Geography, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Institute of Geography, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Huiying Zhang
- Institute of Geography, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Usman Farooq
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jinzhi Ni
- Institute of Geography, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Institute of Geography, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China.
| | - Youtao Si
- Institute of Geography, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Process, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
| | - Zhichong Qi
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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Wang T, Li K, Bell DM, Zhang J, Cui T, Surdu M, Baltensperger U, Slowik JG, Lamkaddam H, El Haddad I, Prevot ASH. Large contribution of in-cloud production of secondary organic aerosol from biomass burning emissions. NPJ CLIMATE AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE 2024; 7:149. [PMID: 38938472 PMCID: PMC11199137 DOI: 10.1038/s41612-024-00682-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Organic compounds released from wildfires and residential biomass burning play a crucial role in shaping the composition of the atmosphere. The solubility and subsequent reactions of these compounds in the aqueous phase of clouds and fog remain poorly understood. Nevertheless, these compounds have the potential to become an important source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In this study, we simulated the aqueous SOA (aqSOA) from residential wood burning emissions under atmospherically relevant conditions of gas-liquid phase partitioning, using a wetted-wall flow reactor (WFR). We analyzed and quantified the specific compounds present in these emissions at a molecular level and determined their solubility in clouds. Our findings reveal that while 1% of organic compounds are fully water-soluble, 19% exhibit moderate solubility and can partition into the aqueous phase in a thick cloud. Furthermore, it is found that the aqSOA generated in our laboratory experiments has a substantial fraction being attributed to the formation of oligomers in the aqueous phase. We also determined an aqSOA yield of 20% from residential wood combustion, which surpasses current estimates based on gas-phase oxidation. These results indicate that in-cloud chemistry of organic gases emitted from wood burning can serve as an efficient pathway to produce organic aerosols, thus potentially influencing climate and air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wang
- PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Kun Li
- PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Present Address: Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - David M. Bell
- PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jun Zhang
- PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Tianqu Cui
- PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Mihnea Surdu
- PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jay G. Slowik
- PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Houssni Lamkaddam
- PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Andre S. H. Prevot
- PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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Khan F, Chen Y, Hartwell HJ, Yan J, Lin YH, Freedman A, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Lambe AT, Turpin BJ, Gold A, Ault AP, Szmigielski R, Fry RC, Surratt JD. Heterogeneous Oxidation Products of Fine Particulate Isoprene Epoxydiol-Derived Methyltetrol Sulfates Increase Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Gene Responses in Human Lung Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1814-1825. [PMID: 37906555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyl radical (·OH)-initiated oxidation of isoprene, the most abundant nonmethane hydrocarbon in the atmosphere, is responsible for substantial amounts of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) within ambient fine particles. Fine particulate 2-methyltetrol sulfate diastereoisomers (2-MTSs) are abundant SOA products formed via acid-catalyzed multiphase chemistry of isoprene-derived epoxydiols with inorganic sulfate aerosols under low-nitric oxide conditions. We recently demonstrated that heterogeneous ·OH oxidation of particulate 2-MTSs leads to the particle-phase formation of multifunctional organosulfates (OSs). However, it remains uncertain if atmospheric chemical aging of particulate 2-MTSs induces toxic effects within human lung cells. We show that inhibitory concentration-50 (IC50) values decreased from exposure to fine particulate 2-MTSs that were heterogeneously aged for 0 to 22 days by ·OH, indicating increased particulate toxicity in BEAS-2B lung cells. Lung cells further exhibited concentration-dependent modulation of oxidative stress- and inflammatory-related gene expression. Principal component analysis was carried out on the chemical mixtures and revealed positive correlations between exposure to aged multifunctional OSs and altered expression of targeted genes. Exposure to particulate 2-MTSs alone was associated with an altered expression of antireactive oxygen species (ROS)-related genes (NQO-1, SOD-2, and CAT) indicative of a response to ROS in the cells. Increased aging of particulate 2-MTSs by ·OH exposure was associated with an increased expression of glutathione pathway-related genes (GCLM and GCLC) and an anti-inflammatory gene (IL-10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Faria Khan
- Institute of Physical Chemistry,Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Hadley J Hartwell
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jin Yan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ying-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Anastasia Freedman
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station Texas 77843, United States
| | - Andrew T Lambe
- Aerodyne Research Inc, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Barbara J Turpin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rafal Szmigielski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry,Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rebecca C Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Li J, Link MF, Pandit S, Webb MH, Mayer KJ, Garofalo LA, Rediger KL, Poppendieck DG, Zimmerman SM, Vance ME, Grassian VH, Morrison GC, Turpin BJ, Farmer DK. The persistence of smoke VOCs indoors: Partitioning, surface cleaning, and air cleaning in a smoke-contaminated house. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh8263. [PMID: 37831770 PMCID: PMC10575580 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh8263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires are increasing in frequency, raising concerns that smoke can permeate indoor environments and expose people to chemical air contaminants. To study smoke transformations in indoor environments and evaluate mitigation strategies, we added smoke to a test house. Many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) persisted days following the smoke injection, providing a longer-term exposure pathway for humans. Two time scales control smoke VOC partitioning: a faster one (1.0 to 5.2 hours) that describes the time to reach equilibrium between adsorption and desorption processes and a slower one (4.8 to 21.2 hours) that describes the time for indoor ventilation to overtake adsorption-desorption equilibria in controlling the air concentration. These rates imply that vapor pressure controls partitioning behavior and that house ventilation plays a minor role in removing smoke VOCs. However, surface cleaning activities (vacuuming, mopping, and dusting) physically removed surface reservoirs and thus reduced indoor smoke VOC concentrations more effectively than portable air cleaners and more persistently than window opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jienan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Michael F. Link
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Shubhrangshu Pandit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Marc H. Webb
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kathryn J. Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Lauren A. Garofalo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Katelyn L. Rediger
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | | | - Marina E. Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Glenn C. Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Barbara J. Turpin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Delphine K. Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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6
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El-Sayed MMH, Hennigan CJ. Aqueous processing of water-soluble organic compounds in the eastern United States during winter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:241-253. [PMID: 35838080 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00115b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous multi-phase processes are significant contributors to organic aerosol (OA) mass in the atmosphere. This study characterizes the formation of water-soluble organic matter during the winter in the eastern United States through simultaneous measurements of water-soluble organic carbon in the gas and particle phases (WSOCg and WSOCp, respectively). The formation of secondary WSOCp occurred primarily through two pathways: (1) absorptive partitioning of oxygenated organics to the bulk OA and (2) aqueous phase processes. WSOCp formation through the former pathway was evident through the relationship between the fraction of total WSOC in the particle phase (Fp) and the total OA concentration. Conversely, evidence for nighttime aqueous WSOCp formation was based upon the strong enhancement in Fp with increasing relative humidity, indicating the uptake of WSOCg to aerosol liquid water (ALW). The Fp-RH relationship was only observed for temperatures between 0-10 °C, suggesting conditions for aqueous multi-phase processes were enhanced during these times. Temperature exhibited an inverse relationship with ALW and a proportional relationship with aerosol potassium. ALW and biomass burning precursors were both abundant in the 0-10 °C temperature range, facilitating aqueous WSOCp formation. To assess the impact of particle drying on the WSOCp concentrations, the particle measurements alternated between ambient and dried channels. No change was observed in the concentration of particles before and after drying, indicating that the WSOCp formed through the uptake of WSOCg into OA and ALW remained in the condensed phase upon particle drying at all temperature ranges. This work contributes to our understanding of sources, pathways, and factors affecting aqueous aerosol formation in the winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M H El-Sayed
- Department of Civil Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, USA.
| | - Christopher J Hennigan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Ahmad M, Chen J, Yu Q, Tariq Khan M, Weqas Ali S, Nawab A, Phairuang W, Panyametheekul S. Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals (EPFRs) of PM 2.5 in Lahore, Pakistan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2384. [PMID: 36767750 PMCID: PMC9915328 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are an emerging pollutant and source of oxidative stress. Samples of PM2.5 were collected at the urban sites of Lahore in both winter and summertime of 2019. The chemical composition of PM2.5, EPRF concentration, OH radical generation, and risk assessment of EPFRs in PM2.5 were evaluated. The average concentration of PM2.5 in wintertime and summertime in Lahore is 15 and 4.6 times higher than the national environmental quality standards (NEQS) of Pakistan and WHO. The dominant components of PM2.5 are carbonaceous species. The concentration of EPFRs and reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as OH radicals, is higher in the winter than in the summertime. The secondary inorganic ions do not contribute to the generation of OH radicals, although the contribution of SO42+, NO3-, and NH4+ to the mass concentration of PM2.5 is greater in summertime. The atmospheric EPFRs are used to evaluate the exposure risk. The EPFRs in PM2.5 and cigarette smoke have shown similar toxicity to humans. In winter and summer, the residents of Lahore inhaled the amount of EPFRs equivalent to 4.0 and 0.6 cigarettes per person per day, respectively. Compared to Joaquin County, USA, the residents of Lahore are 1.8 to 14.5 times more exposed to EPFRs in summer and wintertime. The correlation analysis of atmospheric EPFRs (spin/m3) and carbonaceous species of PM2.5 indicates that coal combustion, biomass burning, and vehicle emissions are the possible sources of EPFRs in the winter and summertime. In both winter and summertime, metallic and carbonaceous species correlated well with OH radical generation, suggesting that vehicular emissions, coal combustion, and industrial emissions contributed to the OH radical generation. The study's findings provide valuable information and data for evaluating the potential health effects of EPFRs in South Asia and implementing effective air pollution control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushtaq Ahmad
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qing Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Muhammad Tariq Khan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Taipo, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Syed Weqas Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Asim Nawab
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Worradorn Phairuang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Sirima Panyametheekul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Thailand Network Centre on Air Quality Management: TAQM, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Research Unit: HAUS IAQ, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Rana MS, Guzman MI. Oxidation of Phenolic Aldehydes by Ozone and Hydroxyl Radicals at the Air-Solid Interface. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2022; 6:2900-2909. [PMID: 36561198 PMCID: PMC9762487 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning emissions contain abundant phenolic aldehydes (e.g., syringaldehyde, vanillin, and 4-hydroxybenaldehyde) that are oxidized during atmospheric transport, altering the physicochemical properties of particulates. Herein, the oxidative processing of thin films made of syringaldehyde, vanillin, and 4-hydroxybenaldehyde is studied at the air-solid interface under a variable O3(g) molar ratio (410 ppbv-800 ppmv) and relative humidity (0-90%). Experiments monitored the absorption changes of C=C, C=O, and -COOH vibration changes during the oxidation of thin films by transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Selected spectroscopic features of aromatic ring cleavage by O3(g) revealed the production of carboxylic acids. Instead, monitoring O-H stretching provided a comparison of a hydroxylation channel from in situ produced hydroxyl radical. The overall oxidation reactivity trend syringaldehyde > vanillin > 4-hydroxybenzladehyde can be explained based on the additional electron density from methoxide substituents to the ring. The reactive uptake coefficient of O3(g) increases for higher relative humidity, e.g., for syringaldehyde by 18 and 215 times at 74% and 90% relative humidity (RH), respectively, as compared to dry conditions. A Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism fits well the kinetics of oxidation under a variable O3(g) molar ratio at 74% RH, providing useful information that should be included in atmospheric chemistry models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sohel Rana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky40506, United States
| | - Marcelo I. Guzman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky40506, United States
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Lee JY, Peterson PK, Vear LR, Cook RD, Sullivan AP, Smith E, Hawkins LN, Olson NE, Hems R, Snyder PK, Pratt KA. Wildfire Smoke Influence on Cloud Water Chemical Composition at Whiteface Mountain, New York. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2022JD037177. [PMID: 36590830 PMCID: PMC9787799 DOI: 10.1029/2022jd037177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires significantly impact air quality and climate, including through the production of aerosols that can nucleate cloud droplets and participate in aqueous-phase reactions. Cloud water was collected during the summer months (June-September) of 2010-2017 at Whiteface Mountain, New York and examined for biomass burning influence. Cloud water samples were classified by their smoke influence based on backward air mass trajectories and satellite-detected smoke. A total of 1,338 cloud water samples collected over 485 days were classified by their probability of smoke influence, with 49% of these days categorized as having moderate to high probability of smoke influence. Carbon monoxide and ozone levels were enhanced during smoke influenced days at the summit of Whiteface Mountain. Smoke-influenced cloud water samples were characterized by enhanced concentrations of potassium, sulfate, ammonium, and total organic carbon, compared to samples lacking identified influence. Five cloud water samples were examined further for the presence of dissolved organic compounds, insoluble particles, and light-absorbing components. The five selected cloud water samples contained the biomass burning tracer levoglucosan at 0.02-0.09 μM. Samples influenced by air masses that remained aloft, above the boundary layer during transport, had lower insoluble particle concentrations, larger insoluble particle diameters, and larger oxalate:sulfate ratios, suggesting cloud processing had occurred. These findings highlight the influence that local and long-range transported smoke have on cloud water composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamy Y. Lee
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Peter K. Peterson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Now at Department of ChemistryWhittier CollegeWhittierCAUSA
| | - Logan R. Vear
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Ryan D. Cook
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Amy P. Sullivan
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Ellie Smith
- Department of ChemistryHarvey Mudd CollegeClaremontCAUSA
| | | | | | - Rachel Hems
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | | | - Kerri A. Pratt
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
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10
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Rana MS, Guzman MI. Surface Oxidation of Phenolic Aldehydes: Fragmentation, Functionalization, and Coupling Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6502-6516. [PMID: 36070234 PMCID: PMC9512012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Substantial amounts of phenolic aldehydes, represented by the structures of syringaldehyde, vanillin, and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, are emitted to the atmosphere during biomass burning. The oxidative transformation of phenolic aldehydes during atmospheric transport has the potential to modify the physicochemical properties of particulates, which play a vital role in Earth's climate and human health. Herein, thin solid films made of syringaldehyde, vanillin, and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde are oxidized in contact with O3(g) under a relative humidity of 74% representative of average global conditions. New physical insights into the surface reactions are achieved by analyzing isopropanol-extracted films before and during oxidation by multiple techniques. Changes in electronic transitions at 220, 310, and 350-400 nm registered by UV-vis spectroscopy show that the oxidized films have enhanced mass absorption coefficients at λ > 300 nm. Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) and ion chromatography with conductivity and MS detection of extracted oxidized films confirm aromatic ring cleavage of syringaldehyde and vanillin by O3(g) with the production of carboxylic acids. Carboxylic acids were observed as anions ([M - H]-) at m/z 45 (formic acid), 73 (glyoxylic acid), 75 (glycolic acid), 89 (oxalic acid), 115 (maleic acid), 117 (mesoxalic acid), 119 (tartronic acid), and 129 (maleic acid monomethyl ester), while other polyfunctional products were registered by ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography with UV-vis and MS detection. In situ production of hydroxyl radicals is confirmed by demethoxylation products and ipso attack at the C1 ring position holding the -C(H)═O group. The order of reactivity increased with the number of methoxy substituents that donate electron density to the aromatic ring. Combined oxidation mechanisms for the three compounds are proposed based on all of the experimental observations and explain the contribution of aged biomass burning material to secondary organic aerosol formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sohel Rana
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Marcelo I. Guzman
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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11
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An Application of Artificial Neural Network to Evaluate the Influence of Weather Conditions on the Variation of PM2.5-Bound Carbonaceous Compositions and Water-Soluble Ionic Species. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13071042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have determined biomass burning as a major source of air pollutants in the ambient air in Thailand. To analyse the impacts of meteorological parameters on the variation of carbonaceous aerosols and water-soluble ionic species (WSIS), numerous statistical models, including a source apportionment analysis with the assistance of principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and artificial neural networks (ANNs), were employed in this study. A total of 191 sets of PM2.5 samples were collected from the three monitoring stations in Chiang-Mai, Bangkok, and Phuket from July 2020 to June 2021. Hotspot numbers and other meteorological parameters were obtained using NOAA-20 weather satellites coupled with the Global Land Data Assimilation System. Although PCA revealed that crop residue burning and wildfires are the two main sources of PM2.5, ANNs highlighted the importance of wet deposition as the main depletion mechanism of particulate WSIS and carbonaceous aerosols. Additionally, Mg2+ and Ca2+ were deeply connected with albedo, plausibly owing to their strong hygroscopicity as the CCNs responsible for cloud formation.
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12
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Heft-Neal S, Driscoll A, Yang W, Shaw G, Burke M. Associations between wildfire smoke exposure during pregnancy and risk of preterm birth in California. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111872. [PMID: 34403668 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
There is limited population-scale evidence on the burden of exposure to wildfire smoke during pregnancy and its impacts on birth outcomes. In order to investigate this relationship, data on every singleton birth in California 2006-2012 were combined with satellite-based estimates of wildfire smoke plume boundaries and high-resolution gridded estimates of surface PM2.5 concentrations and a regression model was used to estimate associations with preterm birth risk. Results suggest that each additional day of exposure to any wildfire smoke during pregnancy was associated with an 0.49 % (95 % CI: 0.41-0.59 %) increase in risk of preterm birth (<37 weeks). At sample median smoke exposure (7 days) this translated to a 3.4 % increase in risk, relative to an unexposed mother. Estimates by trimester suggest stronger associations with exposure later in pregnancy and estimates by smoke intensity indicate that observed associations were driven by higher intensity smoke-days. Exposure to low intensity smoke-days had no association with preterm birth while an additional medium (smoke PM2.5 5-10 μg/m3) or high (smoke PM2.5 > 10 μg/m3) intensity smoke-day was associated with an 0.95 % (95 % CI: 0.47-1.42 %) and 0.82 % (95 % CI: 0.41-1.24 %) increase in preterm risk, respectively. In contrast to previous findings for other pollution types, neither exposure to smoke nor the relative impact of smoke on preterm birth differed by race/ethnicity or income in our sample. However, impacts differed greatly by baseline smoke exposure, with mothers in regions with infrequent smoke exposure experiencing substantially larger impacts from an additional smoke-day than mothers in regions where smoke is more common. We estimate 6,974 (95 % CI: 5,513-8,437) excess preterm births attributable to wildfire smoke exposure 2007-2012, accounting for 3.7 % of observed preterm births during this period. Our findings have important implications for understanding the costs of growing wildfire smoke exposure, and for understanding the benefits of smoke mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Heft-Neal
- Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Anne Driscoll
- Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gary Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marshall Burke
- Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
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13
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Tassew D, Fort S, Mebratu Y, McDonald J, Chu HW, Petersen H, Tesfaigzi Y. Effects of Wood Smoke Constituents on Mucin Gene Expression in Mice and Human Airway Epithelial Cells and on Nasal Epithelia of Subjects with a Susceptibility Gene Variant in Tp53. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:17010. [PMID: 35072516 PMCID: PMC8785869 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to wood smoke (WS) increases the risk for chronic bronchitis more than exposure to cigarette smoke (CS), but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. OBJECTIVE The effect of WS and CS on mucous cell hyperplasia in mice and in human primary airway epithelial cells (AECs) was compared with replicate the findings in human cohorts. Responsible WS constituents were identified to better delineate the pathway involved, and the role of a tumor protein p53 (Tp53) gene polymorphism was investigated. METHODS Mice and primary human AECs were exposed to WS or CS and the signaling receptor and pathway were identified using short hairpin structures, small molecule inhibitors, and Western analyses. Mass spectrometric analysis was used to identify active WS constituents. The role of a gene variant in Tp53 that modifies proline to arginine was examined using nasal brushings from study participants in the Lovelace Smokers Cohort, primary human AECs, and mice with a modified Tp53 gene. RESULTS WS at 25-fold lower concentration than CS increased mucin expression more efficiently in mice and in human AECs in a p53 pathway-dependent manner. Study participants who were homozygous for p53 arginine compared with the proline variant showed higher mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) mRNA levels in nasal brushings if they reported WS exposure. The WS constituent, oxalate, increased MUC5AC levels similar to the whole WS extract, especially in primary human AECs homozygous for p53 arginine, and in mice with a modified Tp53 gene. Further, the anion exchange protein, SLC26A9, when reduced, enhanced WS- and oxalate-induced mucin expression. DISCUSSION The potency of WS compared with CS in inducing mucin expression may explain the increased risk for chronic bronchitis in participants exposed to WS. Identification of the responsible compounds could help estimate the risk of pollutants in causing chronic bronchitis in susceptible individuals and provide strategies to improve management of lung diseases. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9446.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Tassew
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susan Fort
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Program, Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Yohannes Mebratu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacob McDonald
- Applied Sciences, Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Hong Wei Chu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Hans Petersen
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Program, Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Yohannes Tesfaigzi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Burke M, Driscoll A, Heft-Neal S, Xue J, Burney J, Wara M. The changing risk and burden of wildfire in the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2011048118. [PMID: 33431571 PMCID: PMC7812759 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011048118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent dramatic and deadly increases in global wildfire activity have increased attention on the causes of wildfires, their consequences, and how risk from wildfire might be mitigated. Here we bring together data on the changing risk and societal burden of wildfire in the United States. We estimate that nearly 50 million homes are currently in the wildland-urban interface in the United States, a number increasing by 1 million houses every 3 y. To illustrate how changes in wildfire activity might affect air pollution and related health outcomes, and how these linkages might guide future science and policy, we develop a statistical model that relates satellite-based fire and smoke data to information from pollution monitoring stations. Using the model, we estimate that wildfires have accounted for up to 25% of PM2.5 (particulate matter with diameter <2.5 μm) in recent years across the United States, and up to half in some Western regions, with spatial patterns in ambient smoke exposure that do not follow traditional socioeconomic pollution exposure gradients. We combine the model with stylized scenarios to show that fuel management interventions could have large health benefits and that future health impacts from climate-change-induced wildfire smoke could approach projected overall increases in temperature-related mortality from climate change-but that both estimates remain uncertain. We use model results to highlight important areas for future research and to draw lessons for policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall Burke
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Anne Driscoll
- Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Sam Heft-Neal
- Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jiani Xue
- Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jennifer Burney
- School of Global Policy and Strategy, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Michael Wara
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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15
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Schnitzler EG, Liu T, Hems RF, Abbatt JPD. Emerging investigator series: heterogeneous OH oxidation of primary brown carbon aerosol: effects of relative humidity and volatility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:2162-2171. [PMID: 33020783 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00311e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The climate forcing of light-absorbing organic aerosol, or brown carbon (BrC), emitted from biomass burning may be significant but is currently poorly constrained, in part due to evolution during its residence time in the atmosphere. Here, the effects of ambient relative humidity (RH) and particle volatility on the heterogeneous OH oxidation of primary BrC were investigated in laboratory experiments. Particles were generated from smoldering pine wood, isolated from gaseous emissions, conditioned at 200 °C in a thermal denuder to remove the most volatile particulate organics, and injected into a smog chamber, where they were conditioned at either 15 or 60% RH and exposed to gas phase OH radicals. Changes in composition were monitored using an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), and changes in absorption at 405 nm were monitored using a photoacoustic spectrometer. Heterogeneous OH oxidation of nascent BrC at 60% RH resulted in steady increases in the AMS fraction of CO2+ (associated with carboxylic acids), the O : C ratio, and the carbon oxidation state, consistent with extensive functionalization. These composition changes corresponded first to very rapid absorption enhancement and then bleaching. Net bleaching was observed after the equivalent of 10 h residence time in the atmosphere. The evolution did not depend strongly on RH, consistent with homogeneously well-mixed primary BrC even at 15% RH at room temperature. In contrast, the evolution did depend strongly on the pre-treatment of the particles, such that only bleaching occurred for particles treated at 200 °C. This suggests that lower volatility constituents of ambient primary BrC have less capacity for absorption enhancement in the atmosphere upon heterogeneous oxidation, potentially as they are already more functionalized and/or oligomeric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah G Schnitzler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
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16
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Rana MS, Guzman MI. Oxidation of Phenolic Aldehydes by Ozone and Hydroxyl Radicals at the Air–Water Interface. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:8822-8833. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c05944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sohel Rana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Marcelo I. Guzman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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17
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Shemesh D, Luo M, Grassian VH, Gerber RB. Absorption spectra of pyruvic acid in water: insights from calculations for small hydrates and comparison to experiment. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:12658-12670. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01810d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study shows that small hydrate models including the roles of both neutral and deprotonated speciated forms provide a good quantitative description and a microscopic interpretation of the experimental spectrum of pyruvic acid in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Shemesh
- Institute of Chemistry
- Fritz Haber Research Center
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Jerusalem 91904
- Israel
| | - Man Luo
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- San Diego
- USA
| | | | - R. Benny Gerber
- Institute of Chemistry
- Fritz Haber Research Center
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Jerusalem 91904
- Israel
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18
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Buysse CE, Kaulfus A, Nair U, Jaffe DA. Relationships between Particulate Matter, Ozone, and Nitrogen Oxides during Urban Smoke Events in the Western US. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:12519-12528. [PMID: 31597429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Urban ozone (O3) pollution is influenced by the transport of wildfire smoke but observed impacts are highly variable. We investigate O3 impacts from smoke in 18 western US cities during July-September, 2013-2017, with ground-based monitoring data from air quality system sites, using satellite-based hazard mapping system (HMS) fire and smoke product to identify overhead smoke. We present four key findings. First, O3 and PM2.5 (particulate matter <2.5 μm in diameter) are elevated at nearly all sites on days influenced by smoke, with the greatest mean enhancement occurring during multiday smoke events; nitrogen oxides (NOx) are not consistently elevated across all sites. Second, PM2.5 and O3 exhibit a nonlinear relationship such that O3 increases with PM2.5 at low to moderate 24 h PM2.5, peaks around 30-50 μg m-3, and declines at higher PM2.5. Third, the rate of increase of morning O3 is higher and NO/NO2 ratios are lower on smoke-influenced days, which could result from additional atmospheric oxidants in smoke. Fourth, while the HMS product is a useful tool for identifying smoke, O3 and PM2.5 are elevated on days before and after HMS-identified smoke events implying that a significant fraction of smoke events is not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Buysse
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Aaron Kaulfus
- Department of Atmospheric Science , University of Alabama in Huntsville , Huntsville , Alabama 35899 , United States
| | - Udaysankar Nair
- Department of Atmospheric Science , University of Alabama in Huntsville , Huntsville , Alabama 35899 , United States
| | - Daniel A Jaffe
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
- School of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics , University of Washington-Bothell , Bothell , Washington 98011 , United States
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19
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He L, Schaefer T, Otto T, Kroflič A, Herrmann H. Kinetic and Theoretical Study of the Atmospheric Aqueous-Phase Reactions of OH Radicals with Methoxyphenolic Compounds. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7828-7838. [PMID: 31397571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Methoxyphenols, which are emitted through biomass burning, are an important species in atmospheric chemistry. In the present study, temperature-dependent aqueous-phase OH radical reactions of six methoxyphenols and two related phenols have been investigated through laser flash photolysis and the density functional theory. The rate constants obtained were in a range of (1.1-1.9) × 1010 L mol-1 s-1 with k(3-MC) > k(Cre) ≈ k(Syr) ≈ k(MEP) > k(Res) > k(3-MP) > k(2-EP) ≈ k(2-MP). We derived the parameters of these reactions from the obtained T-dependent rate constants and found a mean Arrhenius activation energy of 16.9 kJ mol-1. The diffusion rate constants were calculated for each case and compared to the measured ones. Generally, the rate constants are found to be close to fully diffusion-controlled (kdiff = (1.4-1.5) × 1010 L mol-1 s-1 for all reactions). A structure-function relationship was established through the measurement result, which could be used for predicting unknown rate constants of other phenolic compounds. All of these findings are expected to enhance the predictive capabilities of models, such as the chemical aqueous-phase radical mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin He
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD) , Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD) , Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Tobias Otto
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD) , Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Ana Kroflič
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD) , Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany.,Department of Analytical Chemistry , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD) , Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany.,School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Shandong University , Binhai Road 72 , 266237 Qingdao , China
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20
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Leslie MD, Ridoli M, Murphy JG, Borduas-Dedekind N. Isocyanic acid (HNCO) and its fate in the atmosphere: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:793-808. [PMID: 30968101 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00003h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Isocyanic acid (HNCO) has recently been identified in ambient air at potentially concerning concentrations for human health. Since its first atmospheric detection, significant progress has been made in understanding its sources and sinks. The chemistry of HNCO is governed by its partitioning between the gas and liquid phases, its weak acidity, its high solubility at pH above 5, and its electrophilic chemical behaviour. The online measurement of HNCO in ambient air is possible due to recent advances in mass spectrometry techniques, including chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the detection of weak acids. To date, HNCO has been measured in North America, Europe and South Asia as well as outdoors and indoors, with mixing ratios up to 10s of ppbv. The sources of HNCO include: (1) fossil fuel combustion such as coal, gasoline and diesel, (2) biomass burning such as wildfires and crop residue burning, (3) secondary photochemical production from amines and amides, (4) cigarette smoke, and (5) combustion of materials in the built environment. Then, three losses processes can occur: (1) gas phase photochemistry, (2) heterogenous uptake and hydrolysis, and (3) dry deposition. HNCO lifetimes with respect to photolysis and OH radical oxidation are on the order of months to decades. Consequently, the removal of HNCO from the atmosphere is thought to occur predominantly by dry deposition and by heterogeneous uptake followed by hydrolysis to NH3 and CO2. A back of the envelope calculation reveals that HNCO is an insignificant global source of NH3, contributing only around 1%, but could be important for local environments. Furthermore, HNCO can react due to its electrophilic behaviour with various nucleophilic functionalities, including those present in the human body through a reaction called protein carbamoylation. This protein modification can lead to toxicity, and thus exposure to high concentrations of HNCO can lead to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, as well as cataracts. In this critical review, we outline our current understanding of the atmospheric fate of HNCO and its potential impacts on outdoor and indoor air quality. We also call attention to the need for toxicology studies linking HNCO exposure to health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael David Leslie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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