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Peng Z, Xi Y, Zhang Z, Su Z, Xu W, Zhang C, Li X. Removal of ciprofloxacin by biosulfurized nano zero-valent iron (BP-S-nZVI) activated peroxomonosulfate: Influencing factors and degradation mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142557. [PMID: 38852632 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Agglomeration and passivation restrict the using zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI). Enhancing the reactivity of nZVI is often accomplished by sulfurization. In this work, nZVI was sulfurized using SRB to produce biosulfurized nano zero-valent iron (BP-S-nZVI), which was then utilized as a catalyst to investigating its performance in an advanced oxidation process based on activated peroxomonosulfate (PMS). When the S/Fe was 0.05, 0.4 g/L of catalyst and 0.5 mM PMS were added to a 20 mg/L ciprofloxacin solution. In 120 min, a 90.4% clearance rate was reached. When the initial pH of the solution was within the range of 3-11, all exhibited acceptable degradation performance and were minimally affected by co-existing anions. In this activation system, hydroxyl, superoxide and sulfate radicals (•OH, O2•- and SO4•-, respectively) have been proven to be the main active species. Seven intermediates in the degradation process of CIP were identified by LC-MS analysis and two possible degradation pathways were proposed. In addition, the degradation rate of CIP was still able to reach 87.0% after five cycles, and the removal rate remained unchanged in the CIP solution with actual water samples as background. This study demonstrated that BP-S-nZVI as a catalyst for the activation of PMS for CIP degradation can still show good reactivity, which provides more possibilities for the practical application of BP-S-nZVI in the degradation of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Peng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, ChangSha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yanni Xi
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control Technology, Hunan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Changsha 410014, China
| | - Zhuang Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, ChangSha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhu Su
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, ChangSha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Weihua Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, ChangSha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, ChangSha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, ChangSha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China.
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2
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Wang Y, Tang Y, Jiang W, Qin Q, Lu R, Xu Y. Weak static magnetic fields facilitated highly efficient 2,4,6-trichlorophenol removal by sulfurized nanoscale zero-valent iron supported on biochar (BC-SNZVI) at neutral pH. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 366:121805. [PMID: 39018859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Sulfurized nanoscale zero-valent iron supported on biochar (BC-SNZVI) has been successfully synthesized for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) removal, while was only effectively under acidic conditions. To obtain highly efficient removal of 2,4,6-TCP within a broader pH range, weak static magnetic fields (WMF) was applied in BC-SNZVI/2,4,6-TCP aqueous systems. Results showed 30 mT WMF supported the most extensive 2,4,6-TCP removal, and 87.4% of 2,4,6-TCP (initial concentration of 30 mg/L) was removed by 0.5 g/L BC-SNZVI at neutral pH (pH = 6.8) within 180 min, which was increased by 54.4% compared to that without WMF. The observed rate constant (Kobs) under 30 mT WMF was 2.1-fold greater than that without WMF. Although three typical anions (NO3- (0.5-10.0 mM), H2PO4- (0.05-0.5 mM), and HCO3- (0.5-5.0 mM)) still inhibited 2,4,6-TCP removal, WMF could efficiently alleviate the inhibitory effects. Moreover, 73.1% of 2,4,6-TCP was successfully removed by BC-SNZVI under WMF in natural water. WMF remarkably boosted the dechlorination of 2,4,6-TCP, increasing the 2,4,6-TCP dechlorination efficiency from 45.2% (in the absence of WMF) to 83.8% (in the presence of WMF) by the end of 300 min. And the complete dechlorination product phenol appeared within 10 min. Force analysis confirmed the magnetic field gradient force (FB) moved paramagnetic Fe2+ at the SNZVI surface along the direction perpendicular to the external applied field, promoting the mass-transfer controlled SNZVI corrosion. Corrosion resistance analysis revealed WMF promoted the electron-transfer controlled SNZVI corrosion by decreasing its self-corrosion potential (Ecorr). With the introduction of sulfur, the magnitude of FB doubled and the Ecorr decreased comparing with NZVI. Our findings provide a facile and viable strategy for treating chlorinated phenols at neutral pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China.
| | - Yanqiang Tang
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China.
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China.
| | - Qingdong Qin
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China.
| | - Rongsheng Lu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China.
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China.
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Zhang Z, Li J, Ren Z, Li H, Zhang X. Carbothermal synthesis of sulfurized nano zero-valent iron from sulfate-reducing bacteria biomass for mercury removal: The first application of biomass sulfur source. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172846. [PMID: 38703858 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The development of low-cost, highly efficient adsorbent materials is of significant importance for environmental remediation. In this study, a novel material, sulfurized nano zero-valent iron loaded biomass carbon (S-nZVI/BC), was successfully synthesized by a simple manufacturing process. The preparation of S-nZVI/BC does not require the use of expensive and hazardous chemicals. Instead, residual sludge, a solid waste product, is used as feedstock. The sludge is rich in Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria (SRB), which can provide carbon and sulfur sources for the synthesis of S-nZVI/BC. It was observed that S-nZVI particles formed in situ were dispersed within BC and covered by it. Additionally, S-nZVI/BC inherited the large specific surface area and porosity of BC. The adsorption capacity of S-nZVI/BC can reach 857.55 mg g-1 Hg (II) during the remediation of mercury-polluted water. This research offers new perspectives for developing composites in terms of the low cost and harmlessness of raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ji Li
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhaoyong Ren
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hanliang Li
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
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4
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Sun Y, Zheng K, Du X, Qin H, Guan X. Insights into the contrasting effects of sulfidation on dechlorination of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons by zero-valent iron. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 255:121494. [PMID: 38552485 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
Contrasting effects of sulfidation on contaminants reduction by zero-valent iron (ZVI) has been reported in literature but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, under well-controlled conditions, we compared the performance of ZVI and sulfidated ZVI (S-ZVI) toward a series of chlorinated compounds. Results revealed that, although S-ZVI was more reactive than ZVI toward hexachloroethane, pentachloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, and trichloroethene, sulfidation hindered the dechlorination of the other ten tested chlorinated aliphatics by a factor of 1.5-125. Moreover, S-ZVI may lead to an accumulation of toxic partially-dechlorinated products. Analogous to its effects on ZVI reactivity, sulfidation also exerted positive, negligible, or negative effects on the electron efficiency of ZVI. Solvent kinetic isotope effect analysis suggested that direct electron transfer rather than reaction with atomic hydrogen was the dominant reduction mechanism in S-ZVI system. Hence, the sulfidation enhancing effects could be expected only when direct electron transfer is the preferred reduction route for target contaminants. Furthermore, linear free energy relationships analysis indicated one-electron reduction potential could be used to predict the transformation of chlorinated ethanes by S-ZVI, whereas for chlorinated ethenes, their adsorption properties on S-ZVI determined the dechlorination process. All these findings may offer guidance for the decision-making regarding the application of S-ZVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuankui Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Kaiwei Zheng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xueying Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hejie Qin
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiaohong Guan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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5
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Chen B, Xu J, Zhu L. Controllable chemical redox reactions to couple microbial degradation for organic contaminated sites remediation: A review. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 139:428-445. [PMID: 38105066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Global environmental concern over organic contaminated sites has been progressively conspicuous during the process of urbanization and industrial restructuring. While traditional physical or chemical remediation technologies may significantly destroy the soil structure and function, coupling moderate chemical degradation with microbial remediation becomes a potential way for the green, economic, and efficient remediation of contaminated sites. Hence, this work systematically elucidates why and how to couple chemical technology with microbial remediation, mainly focused on the controllable redox reactions of organic contaminants. The rational design of materials structure, selective generation of reactive oxygen species, and estimation of degradation pathway are described for chemical oxidation. Meanwhile, current progress on efficient and selective reductions of organic contaminants (i.e., dechlorination, defluorination, -NO2 reduction) is introduced. Combined with the microbial remediation of contaminated sites, several consideration factors of how to couple chemical and microbial remediation are proposed based on both fundamental and practical points of view. This review will advance the understanding and development of chemical-microbial coupled remediation for organic contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Agriculture & Forest University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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6
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Brumovský M, Tunega D. Reductive Dechlorination of Chlorinated Ethenes at the Sulfidated Zero-Valent Iron Surface: A Mechanistic DFT Study. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:4180-4191. [PMID: 38505149 PMCID: PMC10945477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Sulfidated nano- and microscale zero-valent iron (S-(n)ZVI) has shown enhanced selectivity and reactive lifetime in the degradation of chlorinated ethenes (CEs) compared to pristine (n)ZVI. However, varying effects of sulfidation on the dechlorination rates of structurally similar CEs have been reported, with the underlying mechanisms remaining poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the β-dichloroelimination reactions of tetrachloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE), cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cis-DCE), and trans-1,2-dichloroethene (trans-DCE) at the S and Fe sites of several S-(n)ZVI surface models by using density functional theory. Dechlorination reactions were both kinetically and thermodynamically more favorable at Fe sites compared to S sites, indicating that maintaining the accessibility of reactive Fe sites is crucial for achieving high S-(n)ZVI reactivity with contaminants. At Fe sites adjacent to S atoms, the reactivity for CE dechlorination followed the order trans-DCE ≈ TCE > cis-DCE > PCE. PCE degradation was hindered at these sites due to the steric effects of S atoms. At the S sites, the energy barriers correlated with the CEs' energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital in the order PCE < TCE < DCE isomers. Our findings reveal that the experimentally observed selectivity of S-(n)ZVI materials for individual CEs can be explained by an interplay of the varying reactivities of Fe and S sites in CE dechlorination reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Brumovský
- University of Natural Resources
and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Tunega
- University of Natural Resources
and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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7
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Li R, Wang X, Sun X, Li J, Shen J. Sulfide-modified nanozerovalent iron for rapid decontamination of Cu(Ⅱ) complexes in high-salinity wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 338:122710. [PMID: 37832776 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal complexes receive less attention, but they are more difficult to remove than the free heavy metals. Moreover, the high-salinity wastewaters from various industries hinder the removal of heavy metal complexes. Removal of the metal complexes is a top priority but a challenging task. Herein, a new strategy for removing Cu-EDTA from high-salinity wastewater with sulfide-modified nanozerovalent iron (S-NZVI) was proposed. The S-NZVI exhibited a considerable adsorption capacity for Cu-EDTA (∼83 mg Cu/g) at a high salt concentration (25 g/L NaCl). Similarly, the S-NZVI maintained excellent adsorption performance (∼83 mg Cu/g) in the presence of CaCl2, MgCl2, Na2SO4, and NaNO3 (25 g/L). The S-NZVI showed extremely high efficiency for Cu-EDTA removal; 50 mg/L of Cu-EDTA was almost completely removed in 1 min, and the kobs was approximately 1.5 g/(mg min). The S-NZVI showed an extensive pH working range, and within the pH range of 2-9, the Cu-EDTA was removed completely within 5 min. The excellent removal performance of the S-NZVI was due to the high reactivity and high affinity of NZVI for Cu, as well as the special substitution of Fe2+ and the interfacial reactions between S-NZVI and the copper complexes. Compared with other studies of Cu complex removal, removal with S-NZVI was a simpler process with higher efficiency. In brief, S-NZVI efficiently removed Cu complexes from harsh water environments and was reused many times. The process was simple and efficient and has broad application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China.
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China.
| | - Xiuyun Sun
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Jinyou Shen
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
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8
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Qian L, Li H, Wei Z, Liang C, Dong X, Lin D, Chen M. Enhanced removal of cis-1,2-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride in groundwater using ball-milled sulfur- and biochar-modified zero-valent iron: From the laboratory to the field. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122424. [PMID: 37604391 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Sulfidated zero-valent iron (ZVI) and biochar-supported ZVI have received increasing attention for their potential to dechlorinate trichloroethylene. However, minimal data are available regarding the combined effect of sulfur and biochar ZVI on trichloroethylene byproducts. The primary aim of the current study is to determine whether sulfur- and biochar-modified ZVI (ZVI-BC-S) enhances the removal of cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cDCE) and vinyl chloride (VC) from groundwater. Results show that biochar and sulfur facilitated the milling of ZVI-BC-S into micro- and nanoscale particles and increased FeS formation. Moreover, the rates of cDCE and VC removal by ZVI-S increased by 30.1% and 30.2%, respectively, compared to those obtained with ZVI, owing to enhanced dechlorination via β-elimination by sulfur. Meanwhile, treatment with ZVI-BC-S harnessed the benefits of biochar and sulfur to enhance the cDCE and VC removal rates by 62.0% and 67.7%, respectively. Mechanistically, biochar enhanced the corrosion of ZVI-S to increase FeS production and enhance the electron transfer, β-elimination, and hydrogenolysis involved in cDCE and VC dechlorination. The effectiveness of ZVI-BC-S was confirmed in a field demonstration, during which cDCE and VC concentrations significantly decreased within 10 days following injection. The findings of this study can help inform the rational design of ZVI for in-situ remediation of chlorinated hydrocarbons in groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbo Qian
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hangyu Li
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zifei Wei
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China; Xinan Technology University, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Cong Liang
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinzhu Dong
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Daohui Lin
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mengfang Chen
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Xue W, Li J, Chen X, Liu H, Wen S, Shi X, Guo J, Gao Y, Xu J, Xu Y. Recent advances in sulfidized nanoscale zero-valent iron materials for environmental remediation and challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:101933-101962. [PMID: 37659023 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, sulfidized nanoscale zero-valent iron (S-nZVI) has been developed as a promising tool for the remediation of contaminated soil, sediment, and water. Although most studies have focused on applying S-nZVI for clean-up purposes, there is still a lack of systematic summary and discussion from its synthesis, application, to toxicity assessment. This review firstly summarized and compared the properties of S-nZVI synthesized from one-step and two-step synthesis methods, and the modification protocols for obtaining better stability and reactivity. In the context of environmental remediation, this review outlined an update on the latest development of S-nZVI for removal of heavy metals, organic pollutants, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and also discussed the underlying removal mechanisms. Environmental factors affecting the remediation performance of S-nZVI (e.g., humic acid, coexisting ions, S/Fe molar ratio, pH, and oxygen condition) were highlighted. Besides, the application potential of S-nZVI in advanced oxidation processes (AOP), especially in activating persulfate, was also evaluated. The toxicity impacts of S-nZVI on the environmental microorganism were described. Finally, the future challenges and remaining restrains to be resolved for better applicability of S-nZVI are also proposed. This review could provide guidance for the environmental remediation with S-nZVI-based technology from theoretical basis and practical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xue
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hongdou Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Siqi Wen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jiaming Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Jian Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yiqun Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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10
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Chen A, Huang Y, Liu H. Fabrication of Chitin microspheres supported sulfidated nano zerovalent iron and their performance in Cr (VI) removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139609. [PMID: 37482322 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Sulfidated nanoscale zerovalent iron (S-nZVI) has been extensively studied for the reductive removal of Cr(VI), but its applicability is limited by agglomeration and unexpected efficiency reduction. In this study, chitin microsphere supported sulfidated nanoscale zero-valent iron (S-nZVI@Chi-M) was prepared by in-situ one-step reduction method and used to remove Cr(VI) from water. Compared to chitin and chitosan powder, Chi-M with nanofibrous structure and large surface area performed best in stabilizing S-nZVI with a Fe0 loading content of 3.01 wt%. The S-nZVI particles were homogeneously distributed on the surface of Chi-M, effectively avoiding agglomeration. Compared with bare nanoparticles and supported nZVI, S-nZVI@Chi-M showed significantly enhanced Cr(VI) removal capacity (924.5 mg Cr(VI) for per gram of effective Fe0). The influences of sulfidation degree, dosages, initial Cr(VI) concentration, pH, DO, humic acid and typical ions on Cr(VI) removal kinetics were further studied. S-nZVI@Chi-M could be recycled for at least 4 times with acceptable reactivity. The mechanism investigation results indicated that the Cr(VI) removal was a complex process of reduction, adsorption and co-precipitation under the synergistic effect of Chi-M and S-nZVI. This work provides new ideas for the continuous fabrication of highly reactive nanoparticles, hopefully expanding the application scope of biomass resources in pollution remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikui Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China.
| | - Yao Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China.
| | - Hui Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
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11
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Gao F, Zhang M, Ahmad S, Guo J, Shi Y, Yang X, Tang J. Tetrabromobisphenol A transformation by biochar supported post-sulfidated nanoscale zero-valent iron: Mechanistic insights from shell control and solvent kinetic isotope effects. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:132028. [PMID: 37459757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Post-sulfidated nanoscale zero-valent iron with a controlled FeSX shell thickness deposited on biochar (S-nZVI/BC) was synthesized to degrade tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Detailed characterizations revealed that the increasing sulfidation degree altered shell thickness/morphology, S content/speciation/distribution, hydrophobicity, and electron transfer capacity. Meanwhile, the BC improved electron transfer capacity and hydrophobicity and inhibited the surface oxidation of S-nZVI. These properties endowed S-nZVI/BC with highly reactive (∼8.9-13.2 times) and selective (∼58.4-228.9 times) over nZVI/BC in TBBPA transformation. BC modification improved the reactivity and selectivity of S-nZVI by 1.77 and 1.96 times, respectively. The difference of S-nZVI/BC in reactivity was related to hydrophobicity and electron transfer, particularly FeSX shell thickness and morphology. Optimal shell thickness of ∼32 nm allowed the maximum association between Fe0 core and exterior FeSX, resulting in superior reactivity. A thicker shell with abundant networks increased the roughness but decreased the surface area and electron transfer. The higher [S/Fe]surface and [S/Fe]particle were conducive to the selectivity, and [S/Fe]particle was more influential than [S/Fe]surface on selectivity upon similar hydrophobicity. The solvent kinetic isotope effects (SKIEs) exhibited that increasing [S/Fe]dose tuned the relative contributions of atomic H and electron in TBBPA debromination but failed to alter the dominant debromination pathway (i.e., direct electron transfer) in (S)-nZVI/BC systems. Mechanism of electron transfer rather than atomic H contributed to higher selectivity. This work demonstrated that S-nZVI/BC was a prospective material for the remediation of TBBPA-contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Mingyi Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jiaming Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yinghao Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xinzuo Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jingchun Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, China.
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12
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Cai S, Cao Z, Yang L, Wang H, He F, Wang Z, Xing B. Cations facilitate sulfidation of zero-valent iron by elemental sulfur: Mechanism and dechlorination application. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120262. [PMID: 37390653 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The solid-solid reaction of microscale zero-valent iron (mZVI) with elemental sulfur (S0) in water can form sulfidated mZVI (S-mZVI) with high reactivity and selectivity. However, the inherent passivation layer of mZVI hinders the sulfidation. In this study, we demonstrate that ionic solutions of Me-chloride (Me: Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, Na+ and Fe2+) can accelerate the sulfidation of mZVI by S0. The S0 with S/Fe molar ratio of 0.1 was fully reacted with mZVI in all solutions to form unevenly distributed FeS species on S-mZVIs as confirmed by SEM-EDX and XANES characterization. The cations depassivated the mZVI surface by driving the proton release from the surface site (FeOH) and resulting in localized acidification. The probe reaction test (tetrachloride dechlorination) and open circuit potential (EOCP) measurement demonstrated that Mg2+ was most efficient in depassivating the mZVI and therefore promoting sulfidation. The decrease of surface proton for hydrogenolysis on the S-mZVI synthesized in MgCl2 solution also inhibited the formation of cis-1,2-dichloroethylene by 14-79% compared to other S-mZVIs during trichloroethylene dechlorination. In addition, the synthesized S-mZVIs exhibited the highest reduction capacity reported so far. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the facile on-site sulfidation of mZVI by S0 with cation-rich natural waters for sustainable remediation of contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Cai
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhenyu Cao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Liwei Yang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Huaqing Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Feng He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
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13
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Gong L, Chen J, Hu Y, He K, Bylaska EJ, Tratnyek PG, He F. Degradation of Chloroform by Zerovalent Iron: Effects of Mechanochemical Sulfidation and Nitridation on the Kinetics and Mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37339398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Chloroform (CF) is a widely used chemical reagent and disinfectant and a probable human carcinogen. The extensive literature on halocarbon reduction with zerovalent iron (ZVI) shows that transformation of CF is slow, even with nano, bimetallic, sulfidated, and other modified forms of ZVI. In this study, an alternative method of ZVI modification─involving simultaneous sulfidation and nitridation through mechanochemical ball milling─was developed and shown to give improved degradation of CF (i.e., higher degradation rate and inhibited H2 evolution reaction). The composite material (denoted as S-N(C)-ZVI) gave synergistic effects of nitridation and sulfidation on CF degradation. A complete chemical reaction network (CRN) analysis of CF degradation suggests that O-nucleophile-mediated transformation pathways may be the main route for the formation of the terminal nonchlorinated products (formate, CO, and glycolic polymers) that have been used to explain the undetected products needed for mass balance. Material characterizations of the ZVI recovered after batch experiments showed that sulfidation and nitridation promoted the formation of Fe3O4 on the S-N(C)-ZVI particles, and the effect of aging on CF degradation rates was minor for S-N(C)-ZVI. The synergistic benefits of sulfidation and nitridation on CF degradation were also observed in experiments performed with groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingting Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yao Hu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Kai He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Eric J Bylaska
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99354, United States
| | - Paul G Tratnyek
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Feng He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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14
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Yoon SY, Kim MJ, Kim HW, Lim SH, Choong CE, Oh SE, Kim JR, Yoon Y, Choi JY, Choi EH, Jang M. Hydrophilic sulfurized nanoscale zero-valent iron for enhancing in situ biocatalytic denitrification: Mechanisms and long-term column studies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131197. [PMID: 36989782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hydrophilic sulfur-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron (S-nZVI) as a biocatalyst for denitrification. We found that the denitrifying bacteria Cupriavidus necator (C. necator) promoted Fe corrosion during biocatalytic denitrification, reducing surface passivation and sulfur species leaching from S-nZVI. As a result, S-nZVI exhibited a higher synergistic factor (fsyn = 2.43) for biocatalytic NO3- removal than nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI, fsyn = 0.65) at an initial nitrate concentration of 25 mg L-1-N. Based on kinetic profiles, SO42- was the preferred electron acceptor over NO3- when using C. necator and S-nZVI for biocatalytic denitrification. Up-flow column experiments demonstrated that biocatalytic denitrification using S-nZVI achieved a total nitrogen removal capacity of up to 2004 mg L-1 for 127 d. Notably, microbiome taxonomic profiling showed that the addition of S-nZVI to the groundwater promoted the growth of Geobacter, Desulfosporosinus, Streptomyces, and Simplicispira spp in the column experiments. Most of those microbes can reduce sulfate, promote denitrification, and match the batch kinetic profile obtained using C. necator. Our results not only discover the great potential of S-nZVI as a biocatalyst for enhancing denitrification via microbial activation but also provide a deep understanding of the complicated abiotic-biotic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeon Yoon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea; Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Dasanjae 101, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Won Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Hwa Lim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Choe Earn Choong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea; Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Dasanjae 101, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Eun Oh
- Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, 192-1 Hyoja-dong, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon-si 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Rae Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-Gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeomin Yoon
- Department of Civil Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, 300 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Choi
- Center for Environment, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Dasanjae 101, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea; Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Dasanjae 101, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Liu Y, Qiao J, Sun Y. Enhanced immobilization of lead, cadmium, and arsenic in smelter-contaminated soil by sulfidated zero-valent iron. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 447:130783. [PMID: 36696773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soils contaminated with multiple heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) are of great concern in many countries. In this study, taking three lead-zinc smelter soils, the performance of sulfidated zero-valent iron (S-ZVI) toward Pb, Cd, and As immobilization was systemically investigated. Results showed that more than 88% of water-extractable Pb and Cd could be immobilized and transformed into reducible, oxidizable, and/or reducible forms by S-ZVI within 3 h, whereas only 3-56% of them could be immobilized by unsulfidated ZVI even after 72 h. Meanwhile, the phytoavailability of the tested HMs could be effectively reduced by 79% after S-ZVI amendment. More importantly, anoxic/oxic incubation tests revealed that the dissolved concentrations of HMs were much lower in S-ZVI-treated soils than in the untreated or unmodified ZVI-treated soils. Speciation analysis further suggested that unmodified ZVI seemed to reduce the long-term soil stability by changing the residual HMs species to mild-acid soluble and/or reducible ones. In contrast, S-ZVI could effectively alleviate the remobilization of HMs under the changeover of soil redox environments. All these findings indicate that S-ZVI may be a promising amendment for the immobilization of Pb, Cd, and As in smelter-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Junlian Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yuankui Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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16
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Wu S, Cai S, Qin F, He F, Liu T, Yan X, Wang Z. Reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes by ball milled and mechanochemically sulfidated microscale zero valent iron: A comparative study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 446:130730. [PMID: 36630876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ball milling is an effective technique to not only activate and reduce the size of commercial microscale zero valent iron (mZVI) but also to mechanochemically sulfidate mZVI. Yet, little is known about the difference between how chlorinated ethenes (CEs) interact with ball milled mZVI (mZVIbm) and mechanochemically sulfidated mZVI (S-mZVIbm). We show that simple ball milling exposed the active Fe0 sites, while mechanochemical sulfidation diminished Fe0 sites and meanwhile increased S2- sites. Mechanochemical sulfidation with [S/Fe]dosed increased from 0 to 0.20 promoted the particle reactivity most for TCE dechlorination (∼14-fold), followed by PCE and 1,1-DCE while it diminished the reactivity for trans-DCE (∼0.4-fold), cis-DCE (∼0.02-fold) and VC (∼0.002-fold) compared to simple ball milling. Sulfidation also improved the electron efficiency of CE dechlorination, except for cis-DCE and VC. The kSA of cis-DCE, VC and trans-DCE dechlorination positively correlated with surface Fe0 content, suggesting their dechlorination was mainly mediated by Fe0 site or reactive atomic hydrogen. The kSA of TCE dechlorination positively correlated with surface S2- content and the dechlorination mainly occurred on S2- sites via direct electron transfer. Increased sulfidation favored direct electron transfer mechanism. The kSA of PCE and 1,1-DCE was not dependent on either parameter and their dechlorination was equally achieved through either mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Wu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; College of Geomatics and Municipal Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shichao Cai
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Fengyang Qin
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Feng He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Tianxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, International Joint Research Laboratory for Nano Energy Composites, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiuping Yan
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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17
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Gao F, Zhang M, Zhang W, Ahmad S, Wang L, Tang J. Synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose stabilized sulfidated nanoscale zero-valent iron (CMC-S-nZVI) for enhanced reduction of nitrobenzene. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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18
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Wang M, Chen Y, Su W, Zhao K, Feng X. Sodium alginate encapsulated nano zero valent iron loaded in aminated magnesium hydroxide for effective removal of chromium. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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19
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Fan B, Li X, Zhu F, Wang J, Gong Z, Shao S, Wang X, Zhu C, Zhou D, Gao S. Anti-passivation ability of sulfidated microscale zero valent iron and its application for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane degradation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130194. [PMID: 36270192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The performance of sulfidated zero valent iron (ZVI) for the degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons under aerobic conditions remains unclear. In this study, sulfidated microscale ZVI (S-mZVI) was prepared for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TeCA) degradation under aerobic conditions. Compared with mZVI, S-mZVI showed excellent passivation resistance during the degradation of TeCA and its hydrolysis/reduction products. This was probably because the existence of FeSx shell (FeS/FeS2/FeSn) protected the internal ZVI core from passivation. Though the outer layer of FeSx shell could be oxidized to FeSn and Fe2(SO4)3 as the reaction proceeded, the inner layer remained stable, which maintained the fast electron transfer capability of S-mZVI. The high temperature could enhance the degradation of TeCA, without compromising the anti-passivation and reusability of S-mZVI. Even after the fifth cycle, S-mZVI could still efficiently degrade 90% of TeCA within 24 h. Furthermore, it was found that the degradation of TeCA and its reduction products (e.g., dichloroethylene (DCE)) by S-mZVI relied on direct electron transfer and hydrogen radical (H•), respectively, which might explain the lower levels of toxic DCE in the S-mZVI system. This study provides valuable information for the practical application of S-mZVI in the treatment of wastewater containing halogenated hydrocarbons under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fengxiao Zhu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhimin Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Changyin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Chen Z, Cao W, Bai H, Zhang R, Liu Y, Li Y, Song J, Liu J, Ren G. Review on the degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by persulfate activated with zero-valent iron-based materials. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 87:761-782. [PMID: 36789716 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) are often used in industrial processes, and they have been found in groundwater with increasing frequency in recent years. Several typical CHCs, including trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), carbon tetrachloride (CT), etc., have strong cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity, posing a serious threat to human health and ecological environment. Advanced persulfate (PS) oxidation technology based on nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) has become a research hotspot for CHCs degradation in recent years. However, nZVI is easily oxidized to form the surface passivation layer and prone to aggregation in practical application, which significantly reduces the activation efficiency of PS. In order to solve this problem, various nZVI modification solutions have been proposed. This review systematically summarizes four commonly used modification methods of nZVI, and the theoretical mechanisms of PS activated by primitive and modified nZVI. Besides, the influencing factors in the engineering application process are discussed. In addition, the controversial views on which of the two (SO4·- and ·OH) is dominant in the nZVI/PS system are summarized. Generally, SO4·- predominates in acidic conditions while ·OH prefers neutral and alkaline environments. Finally, challenges and prospects for practical application of CHCs removal by nZVI-based materials activating PS are also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Huakan Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Wenqing Cao
- Tianjin Huakan Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - He Bai
- Tianjin Huakan Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Huakan Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Yiyun Liu
- Tianjin Huakan Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Yan Li
- Tianjin Huakan Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Jingpeng Song
- Tianjin Huakan Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Juncheng Liu
- Tianjin Huakan Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Gengbo Ren
- School of Energy and Environment Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
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21
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Zhang S, Wang T, Guo X, Chen S, Wang L. Adsorption and reduction of trichloroethylene by sulfidated nanoscale zerovalent iron (S-nZVI) supported by Mg(OH) 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:14240-14252. [PMID: 36149563 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23195-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sulfidated nanoscale zerovalent iron (S-nZVI) supported on a flower spherical Mg(OH)2 with different Mg/Fe ration were successfully synthesized. The synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that S-nZVI particles were well dispersed on the petals of the flower spherical Mg(OH)2. The influence of factors, including the initial solution pH, Mg/Fe, S/Fe were studied. The trichloroethylene (TCE) adsorption data on Mg(OH)2 and S-nZVI @Mg(OH)2 fit well to a Langmuir isotherm model, and the maximum adsorption of S-nZVI @Mg(OH)2 was 253.55 mg/g, which was 2.6-fold of S-nZVI. Meanwhile, the S-nZVI @Mg(OH)2 composite expanded the pH selection range of S-nZVI from 2 to 11. Cycling experiments showed that removal rate was 58.3% for the 5th cycle. TCE removal was due to synergistic action of reduction coupled with adsorption. During this process, 65.43% of total remove TCE from ion chromatography data was reduced and 34.57% of total remove TCE was adsorbed finally. At the same time, adsorption favors reduction. These observations indicated that the S-nZVI @Mg(OH)2 can be considered as potential adsorbents to remove TCE for environment remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubin Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University (SSPU), Shanghai, 201209, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianxiao Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University (SSPU), Shanghai, 201209, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University (SSPU), Shanghai, 201209, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengwen Chen
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University (SSPU), Shanghai, 201209, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lijun Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University (SSPU), Shanghai, 201209, People's Republic of China
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22
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Brumovský M, Micić V, Oborná J, Filip J, Hofmann T, Tunega D. Iron nitride nanoparticles for rapid dechlorination of mixed chlorinated ethene contamination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 442:129988. [PMID: 36155299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sulfidation and, more recently, nitriding have been recognized as promising modifications to enhance the selectivity of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) particles for trichloroethene (TCE). Herein, we investigated the performance of iron nitride (FexN) nanoparticles in the removal of a broader range of chlorinated ethenes (CEs), including tetrachloroethene (PCE), cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cis-DCE), and their mixture with TCE, and compared it to the performance of sulfidated nZVI (S-nZVI) prepared from the same precursor nZVI. Two distinct types of iron nitride (FexN) nanoparticles, containing γ'-Fe4N and ε-Fe2-3N phases, exhibited substantially higher PCE and cis-DCE dechlorination rates compared to S-nZVI. A similar effect was observed with a CE mixture, which was completely dechlorinated by both types of FexN nanoparticles within 10 days, whereas S-nZVI was able to remove only about half of the amount, most of which being TCE. Density functional theory calculations further revealed that the cleavage of the first C-Cl bond was the rate-limiting step for all CEs dechlorinated on the γ'-Fe4N(001) surface, with the reaction barriers of PCE and cis-DCE being 29.9, and 40.8 kJ mol-1, respectively. FexN nanoparticles proved to be highly effective in the remediation of PCE, cis-DCE, and mixed CE contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Brumovský
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Forest, and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria; Department of Environmental Geosciences (EDGE), Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, UZA II, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Vesna Micić
- Department of Environmental Geosciences (EDGE), Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, UZA II, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jana Oborná
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Filip
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Thilo Hofmann
- Department of Environmental Geosciences (EDGE), Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, UZA II, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Tunega
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Forest, and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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23
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Yin Z, Cagnetta G, Huang J. Mechanochemically sulfidated zero-valent iron as persulfate activation catalyst in permeable reactive barriers for groundwater remediation - A feasibility study. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137081. [PMID: 36334758 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The technology of permeable reactive barriers is reliable and economically effective to prevent the spread of pollutants in groundwaters. Yet, it is efficacious only with easily reducible chemicals such as heavy metals and halogenated organics. In the present study, sulfidated zero-valent iron solventless synthesized by ball-milling is proposed as a possible barrier filling for activation of persulfate to achieve sound removal of reduction-resistant organic pollutants (the herbicide atrazine was used as a model pollutant). Preliminary batch experiments demonstrated rapid degradation of atrazine. Continuous experiments executed in columns proved the superior efficiency of sulfidated iron as a persulfate activator, compared to zero-valent iron, in terms of removal of both atrazine and byproducts. Optimal atrazine removal in the column was achieved with 10% sulfidated iron packing, and 9 mM persulfate at a hydraulic residence time of 6.02 h. Under such conditions, the estimated bed length of the reactive barrier for 99% atrazine removal was 8.69 cm. The morphology and surface-active species in the column demonstrated that activation of persulfate mainly occurred at the inlet of the column until the complete usage of the active species. Batch experiments with coexisting ions suggested that they have a minor influence on atrazine removal percentage, while Mg2+, Ca2+, CO2- and HCO- had a significant impact on the kinetics of the process. However, analogous column experiments demonstrated that the coexisting ions have a negative influence on both atrazine and its byproducts. The results obtained in this study corroborate the potential application of persulfate-enhanced permeable reactive barriers for in situ removal of atrazine from underground water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Yin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies (BLEFT), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Giovanni Cagnetta
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies (BLEFT), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies (BLEFT), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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24
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Jianle W, Gongchang Z, Hong D, Xueming L, Dongye Z. Microwave-enhanced simultaneous immobilization of lead and arsenic in a field soil using ferrous sulfate. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136388. [PMID: 36088963 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Remediation of soil contaminated by mixed heavy metals and metalloids has been a major challenge in the global environmental field. To address this critical issue, we tested a new technology for simultaneous immobilization of lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) in a field contaminated soil using a microwave-assisted FeSO4·7H2O treatment process. The process was able to rapidly reduce the TCLP-based leachability of Pb from 12.74 to 0.1 mg L-1 and As from 2.704 to 0.002 mg L-1 (MW power = 800 W, Irradiation time = 20 min, and FeSO4·7H2O = 4 wt%). The effects of FeSO4·7H2O dosage, microwave power, and irradiation time were determined and optimized. After 365 days of curing under atmospheric conditions, the TCLP-leached concentration of Pb and As in the treated soil remained below the regulatory limits of 0.1 and 0.002 mg L-1, respectively. The microwave irradiation promoted the formation of insoluble PbSO4(s) and Fe3(AsO4)2·8H2O(s), resulting in the long-term stability of Pb and As in the soil. The technology offers an effective alternative for remediation of Pb- and/or As-contaminated soil and groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Jianle
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Resource Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zeng Gongchang
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Resource Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Deng Hong
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Resource Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Nanomaterials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Liu Xueming
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Resource Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Nanomaterials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zhao Dongye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA; Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
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25
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Hui C, Liu B, Du L, Xu L, Zhao Y, Shen D, Long Y. Transformation of sulfidized nanoscale zero-valent iron particles and its effects on microbial communities in soil ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119363. [PMID: 35489535 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sulfidized nanoscale zero-valent iron (S-nZVI) is a promising material for in situ soil remediation. However, its transformation (i.e., aging) and effects on the microbial community in soil ecosystems are largely unknown. In this study, S-nZVI having low (S-nZVI (L)) and high sulfur-doping (S-nZVI (H)) were incubated in soil microcosms and bare nZVI was used as a control. Their aged products were characterized using microspectroscopic analyses and the changes in the corresponding soil microbial community were determined using high-throughput sequencing analyses. The results indicate that severe corrosion of both bare and S-nZVI occurred over 56 days of aging with significant morphological and mineral changes. Magnetite, lepidocrocite, and goethite were detected as the main aged products. In addition, sulfate ions, pyrite, and iron polysulfide were formed in the aged products of S-nZVI. Cr(VI) removal test results indicated that S-nZVI(L) achieved the best results after aging, likely because of the optimal FeS arrangement on its nanoparticle surfaces. The presence of nZVI and S-nZVI increased the abundance of some magnetotactic microorganisms and altered bacterial and fungal community structures and compositions. Moreover, the addition of S-nZVI enriched some bacterial and fungal genera related to sulfur cycling because of the presence of sulfide-bearing material. The findings reveal the transformation of S-nZVI during aging and its effects on microbial communities in soil ecosystems, thereby helping to the evaluation of S-nZVI application in soil remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Hui
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Instrumental Analysis Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Bing Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Linna Du
- Department of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Ligen Xu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuhua Zhao
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dongsheng Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Instrumental Analysis Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Yuyang Long
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Instrumental Analysis Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
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26
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Han P, Xie J, Qin X, Yang X, Zhao Y. Experimental study on in situ remediation of Cr(VI) contaminated groundwater by sulfidated micron zero valent iron stabilized with xanthan gum. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 828:154422. [PMID: 35276162 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Micron zero valent iron (mZVI) was an underground remediation material, which had great application potential to replace nano zero valent iron (nZVI) from the perspective of economic and health benefits. However, mZVI was highly prone to gravitational settling, which limited its wide application for in situ remediation of contaminated groundwater. This paper was devoted to develop an efficient and economical groundwater remediation material based on mZVI, which should possess excellent stability, reactivity, and transportability. Thereby xanthan gum (XG) stabilized and Na2S2O4 sulfidated mZVI (XG-S-mZVI) was synthesized and characterized with SEM, XRD, XPS, and FTIR techniques. In terms of stability, the adsorbed XG and the dispersed XG worked together to resist the sedimentation of S-mZVI. In terms of reactivity, sulfidation enhanced the electron transfer rate and electron selectivity of XG-S-mZVI, thereby improved the reactivity of XG-S-mZVI. The hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) removal rate constant by XG-S-mZVI was determined to be 832.4 times than bare mZVI. In terms of transportability, the transportability of XG-S-mZVI was greatly improved (~80 cm in coarse sand and ~50 cm in medium sand). Straining was the main mechanism of XG-S-mZVI retention in porous media. XG-S-mZVI in situ reactive zone (XG-S-mZVI-IRZ) was only suitable to the media with a grain size larger than 0.25 mm. This study could provide theoretical support and guidance for the implementation of IRZ technology based on mZVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiling Han
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jiayin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xueming Qin
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xinru Yang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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27
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Mangayayam MC, Perez JPH, Alonso-de-Linaje V, Dideriksen K, Benning LG, Tobler DJ. Sulfidation extent of nanoscale zerovalent iron controls selectivity and reactivity with mixed chlorinated hydrocarbons in natural groundwater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128534. [PMID: 35259697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sulfidated nanoscale zerovalent iron (S-nZVI) exhibits low anoxic oxidation and high reactivity towards many chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs). However, nothing is known about S-nZVI reactivity once exposed to complex CHC mixtures, a common feature of CHC plumes in the environment. Here, three S-nZVI materials with varying iron sulfide (mackinawite, FeSm) shell thickness and crystallinity were exposed to groundwater containing a complex mixture of chlorinated ethenes, ethanes, and methanes. CHC removal trends yielded pseudo-first order rate constants (kobs) that decreased in the order: trichloroethene > trans-dicloroethene > 1,1-dichlorethene > trichloromethane > tetrachloroethene > cis-dichloroethene > 1,1,2-trichloroethane, for all S-nZVI materials. These kobs trends showed no correlation with CHC reduction potentials based on their lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies (ELUMO) but absolute values were affected by the FeSm shell thickness and crystallinity. In comparison, nZVI reacted with the same CHCs groundwater, yielded kobs that linearly correlated with CHC ELUMO values (R2 = 0.94) and that were lower than S-nZVI kobs. The CHC selectivity induced by sulfidation treatment is explained by FeSm surface sites having specific binding affinities towards some CHCs, while others require access to the metallic iron core. These new insights help advance S-nZVI synthesis strategies to fit specific CHC treatment scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco C Mangayayam
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey Paulo H Perez
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany; Department of Earth Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 12249 Berlin, Germany
| | - Virginia Alonso-de-Linaje
- AECOM Environment Madrid, Spain; GIR-QUESCAT, Departamento de Quimica Inorgánica, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Knud Dideriksen
- Geological Survey of Denmark & Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Liane G Benning
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany; Department of Earth Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 12249 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominique J Tobler
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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28
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Ultrathin FeS nanosheets with high chemodynamic activity for sensitive colorimetric detection of H2O2 and glutathione. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Lang Y, Yu Y, Zou H, Ye J, Zhang S. Performance and Mechanisms of Sulfidated Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron Materials for Toxic TCE Removal from the Groundwater. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106299. [PMID: 35627834 PMCID: PMC9142031 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is one of the most widely distributed pollutants in groundwater and poses serious risks to the environment and human health. In this study, sulfidated nanoscale zero-valent iron (S-nZVI) materials with different Fe/S molar ratios were synthesized by one-step methods. These materials degraded TCE in groundwater and followed a pathway that did not involve the production of toxic byproducts such as dichloroethenes (DCEs) and vinyl chloride (VC). The effects of sulfur content on TCE dechlorination by S-nZVI were thoroughly investigated in terms of TCE-removal efficiency, H2 evolution, and reaction rate. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) characterizations confirmed Fe(0) levels in S-nZVI were larger than for zero-valent iron (nZVI). An Fe/S molar ratio of 10 provided the highest TCE-removal efficiencies. Compared with nZVI, the 24-h TCE removal efficiencies of S-nZVI (Fe/S = 10) increased from 30.2% to 92.6%, and the Fe(0) consumed during a side-reaction of H2 evolution dropped from 77.0% to 12.8%. This indicated the incorporation of sulfur effectively inhibited H2 evolution and allowed more Fe(0) to react with TCE. Moreover, the pseudo-first-order kinetic rate constants of S-nZVI materials increased by up to 485% compared to nZVI. In addition, a TCE degradation was proposed based on the variation of detected degradation products. Noting that acetylene, ethylene, and ethane were detected rather than DCEs and VC confirmed that TCE degradation followed β-elimination with acetylene as the intermediate. These results demonstrated that sulfide modification significantly enhanced nZVI performance for TCE degradation, minimized toxic-byproduct formation, and mitigated health risks. This work provides some insight into the remediation of chlorinated-organic-compound-contaminated groundwater and protection from secondary pollution during remediation by adjusting the degradation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lang
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China;
| | - Yanan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (Y.Y.); (J.Y.); (S.Z.)
| | - Hongtao Zou
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jiexu Ye
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (Y.Y.); (J.Y.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shihan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (Y.Y.); (J.Y.); (S.Z.)
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30
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Mo Y, Xu J, Zhu L. Molecular Structure and Sulfur Content Affect Reductive Dechlorination of Chlorinated Ethenes by Sulfidized Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5808-5819. [PMID: 35442653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sulfidized nanoscale zerovalent iron (SNZVI) with desirable properties and reactivity has recently emerged as a promising groundwater remediation agent. However, little information is available on how the molecular structure of chlorinated ethenes (CEs) affects their dechlorination by SNZVI or whether the sulfur content of SNZVI can alter their dechlorination pathway and reactivity. Here, we show that the reactivity (up to 30-fold) and selectivity (up to 70-fold) improvements of SNZVI (compared to NZVI) toward CEs depended on the chlorine number, chlorine position, and sulfur content. Low CEs (i.e., vinyl chloride and cis-1,2-dichloroethene) and high CEs (perchloroethene) tended to be dechlorinated by SNZVI primarily via atomic H and direct electron transfer, respectively, while SNZVI could efficiently and selectively dechlorinate trichloroethene and trans-1,2-dichloroethene via both pathways. Increasing the sulfidation degree of SNZVI suppressed its ability to produce atomic H but promoted electron transfer and thus altered the relative contributions of atomic H and electron transfer to the CE dechlorination, resulting in different reactivities and selectivities. These were indicated by the correlations of CE dechlorination rates and improvements with CE molecular descriptors, H2 evolution rates, and electron transfer indicators of SNZVI. These mechanistic insights indicate the importance of determining the structure-specific properties and reactivity of both SNZVI materials and their target contaminants and can lead to a more rational design of SNZVI for in situ groundwater remediation of various CEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Mo
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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31
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Ma X, Li Q, Li R, Zhang W, Sun X, Li J, Shen J, Han W. Efficient removal of Sb(Ⅴ) from water using sulphidated ferrihydrite via tripuhyite (FeSbO 4) precipitation and complexation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 309:114675. [PMID: 35180437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of antimony (Sb) in the ecological environment have received considerable attention due to the harmful consequence involved. This study synthesized sulphidated ferrihydrite with different S:Fe molar ratios to efficiently remove Sb(V) from water. As the S:Fe molar ratio ranged from 0.00 to 1.48, the removal efficiency of Sb(V) by sulphidated ferrihydrite first decreased before increasing considerably. Sulphidated ferrihydrite with an S:Fe molar ratio of 0.74 exhibited a strong affinity towards Sb(V) with an optimal removal capacity of 963.74 mg Sb/g, which was 3.2-fold higher than that of ferrihydrite. In the kinetic experiments, the removal behavior of Sb(V) was well described by the pseudo-second-order model, suggesting that the removal process was controlled via chemisorption. Moreover, Sb(V) was efficiently removed over a wide pH range of 3.00-11.00, and coexisting anions (NO3-, Cl-, SO42-, SiO32-, CO32- and PO43-) exhibited marginal impact on the Sb(V) removal by sulphidated ferrihydrite (S:Fe ≥ 0.44). The characterization results of XRD, SEM, TEM mapping and etched XPS revealed goethite to be the dominant phase of sulphidated ferrihydrite with an S:Fe molar ratio of 0.15, while a mixed constitution of mixed-valent iron (hydro)oxides and iron sulphide was formed when the S:Fe molar ratio exceeded 0.44. Moreover, sulphidated ferrihydrite acted as a donor for Fe and S for the effective retention of Sb(V) by two main pathways: precipitation (tripuhyite, FeSbO4) and complexation (≡S-H and ≡Fe-OH). Therefore, sulphidated ferrihydrite is a promising material for eliminating Sb(V) contamination from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, China; School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, China; School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Rui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, China; School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, China; School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Xiuyun Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, China; School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, China; School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Jinyou Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, China; School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Weiqing Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, China; School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
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Song Y, Tang H, Yan Y, Guo Y, Wang H, Bian Z. Combining electrokinetic treatment with modified zero-valent iron nanoparticles for rapid and thorough dechlorination of trichloroethene. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 292:133443. [PMID: 34973257 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In situ injection of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) slurry is a promising method to treat chlorinated solvents represented by trichloroethylene (TCE) in groundwater. In this study, the effects of sulfidation and emulsification treatment on the performance of nZVI reductive dechlorination of TCE under enhancement by an external electric field were evaluated. The hydrophobic oil film on the surface of sulfidized and emulsified zero-valent iron (S-EZVI) can sequestrate more than one-fifth of the unreacted TCE in the early stage of the experiment (at 5 min). The FeS layer formed on the surface of S-EZVI can facilitate the electron-transfer process and reduce the degree of corrosion of Fe0 with water by 94.0%. Electric-field-enhanced S-EZVI technology can remove more than 93.1% of TCE in the pH range 6.0-9.0, and the performances in overly acid and overly alkali environments both improved. Under the optimal conditions, the TCE removal rate and reaction constant of the applied electric field group reached 96.7% and 1.6 × 10-2 L g-1 min-1, respectively, which were much higher than those of the group without an electric field (53.2% and 3.3 × 10-3 L g-1 min-1) owing to rapid concurrent hydrogenolysis of dichloroethenes and vinyl chloride, or another transformation pathway, such as direct oxidation by the anode. Thereby, this method avoids accumulation of chlorinated intermediates, especially toxic vinyl chloride. This work shows that combination technology has many characteristics that are favorable for field application, and it is expected to provide a new reference and have application value for development of in situ efficient and thorough treatment of TCE-contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Hanyu Tang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Yanjun Yan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Yajie Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Zhaoyong Bian
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China.
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Li T, Gao C, Wang W, Teng Y, Li X, Wang H. Strong influence of degree of substitution on carboxymethyl cellulose stabilized sulfidated nanoscale zero-valent iron. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:128057. [PMID: 34910998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) has been widely adopted as stabilizer to enhance the subsurface mobility of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI). However, CMC surface modification also cause severe decrease of the longevity and electron utilization efficiency (εe) of nZVI, which is still not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate the negative influence of CMC on the properties of sulfidated nZVI (S-nZVI) could be reversed by increasing the degree of substitution (D.S.) of CMC. Consistent with previous study, the sample CMC-S-nZVI prepared with commercial CMC with degree of substitution (D.S.) of 0.75 exhibited a considerable low longevity of 33 days with εe of 4.5%, much lower than that of sulfidated nZVI (S-nZVI, 113 days and 13%). In sharp contrast, the sample HCMC-S-nZVI synthesized with CMC with super high D.S. of 1.76 demonstrated significantly enhanced longevity of 139 days and εe of 20%. The enhancement was attributed to compatible molecular structure of CMC with super high D.S. Moreover, the HCMC-S-nZVI also exhibited higher mobility in porous media than CMC-S-nZVI. Our work provides a feasible way to prepare S-nZVI with desired properties including high subsurface transportability, high longevity and high εe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tielong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350 China.
| | - Chaolin Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Wei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Yaxin Teng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Xiao Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350 China.
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34
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Li F, Zhang Y, Tian B, Zhou Z, Ye L, Carozza JC, Yan W, Han H, Xu C. Phase evolution of the surface iron (hydr)oxides to the iron sulfide through anion exchange during sulfidation of zero valent iron. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127486. [PMID: 34736181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The naturally-formed iron (hydr)oxides on the surface of zero valent iron (ZVI) have long been considered as passivation layer and inert phases which significantly reduce the reaction activities when they are employed in environmental remediation. Although it seems there are no direct benefits to keep these passivation layers, here, we show that such phases are necessary intermediates for the transformation to iron sulfides through an anion exchange pathway during sulfidation of ZVI. The pre-formed (hydr)oxides undergo a phase evolution upon aging and specific phases can be effectively trapped, which can be confirmed by a combination of different characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. Interestingly, after sulfidation, the resultant samples originated from different (hydr)oxides demonstrate different activities in the Cr(VI) sequestration. The XANES investigation of Fe K edge and Fe L2,3 edge indicates Fe remains the same after sulfidation, suggesting a non-redox, anion exchange reaction pathway for the production of iron sulfides, where O2- anions are directly replaced with S2-. Consequently, the structural characteristics of the parent (hydr)oxides are inherited by the as-formed iron sulfides, which make them behave differently because of their different structural natures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmin Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Boyang Tian
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- The School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Li Ye
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jesse C Carozza
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Wensheng Yan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Haixiang Han
- The School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China.
| | - Chunhua Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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35
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He F, Yu Y, Wan W, Liang L. Enhanced dechlorination of trichloroethene by sulfidated microscale zero-valent iron under low-frequency AC electromagnetic field. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127020. [PMID: 34481402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study an electromagnetic heating strategy is proposed for remediation of trichloroethene (TCE) by ball milled, sulfidated microscale zero valent iron (S-mZVIbm) particles. S-mZVIbm is ferromagnetic, which generates heat under the application of a low-frequency alternating current electromagnetic field (AC EMF). We found that the temperature reached up to ~120 ℃ during 30-min electromagnetic induction heating of 10 g/L S-mZVIbm (with S/Fe molar ratio of 0.1), compared with ~55 ℃ and ~80 ℃ for ZVI and ball milled mZVIbm, respectively. The application of AC EMF accelerated the TCE degradation rate (kTCE = 5.5 × 10-1 h-1) by up to 4-fold without compromising or even enhancing electron efficiency of S-mZVIbm compared to no-heating. Furthermore, this process halved the generation of chlorinated intermediate, cis-DCE. In contrast, water-bath heating only increased the dechlorination rate 2-fold with unchanged cis-DCE generation and lowered electron efficiency. This is attributed to both rising temperature by induction heating and accelerated ZVI corrosion and surface Fe0 exposure caused by AC EMF. In real groundwater, the AC EMF maintained the same promoting effects for TCE dechlorination by S-mZVIbm. This study shows that combination of filed-scale available AC EMF with S-mZVIbm provides a promising approach for remediation of chlorinated hydrocarbons in contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Ye Yu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Wubo Wan
- Marine Food Engineering Technology Research Center of, Hainan Province, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
| | - Liyuan Liang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of, Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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36
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Ling C, Wu S, Dong T, Dong H, Wang Z, Pan Y, Han J. Sulfadiazine removal by peroxymonosulfate activation with sulfide-modified microscale zero-valent iron: Major radicals, the role of sulfur species, and particle size effect. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127082. [PMID: 34488104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sulfide-modified zero-valent iron (S-Fe0) is regarded as a promising method to enhance the catalytic activity of Fe0 for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. However, the roles of sulfidation and the application of the sulfidation treatment method are worth to further investigation. In our study, the effects of the S/Fe ratio, Fe0 dosage, and initial pH on sulfadiazine (SDZ) removal were investigated. The characterization of S-Fe0 with SEM, XPS, contact angle and Tafel analysis confirmed that the formation of sulfur species on the Fe0 surface could enhance the catalytic performance of Fe0. S2- played the major role and SO32- played the minor role in accelerating the conversion of Fe3+ to Fe2+. EPR tests, radical quenching and quantitative determination experiments identified •OH as playing the major role and SO4•- also playing an important role in SDZ removal in S-Fe0/PMS system. Sulfidation produced no notable change in the role of •OH and SO4•-. A possible degradation pathway of SDZ was proposed. Effect of sulfidation on various sizes of Fe0 was also studied which demonstrated that the smaller sizes of Fe0 (< 8 µm) were more effective in the sulfidation method treatment. S-Fe0/PMS system also showed a good performance in removing antibiotics in natural fresh water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ling
- School of the biological and environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Shuai Wu
- School of the biological and environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Tailu Dong
- School of the biological and environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Haifan Dong
- School of the biological and environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Zhengxiao Wang
- School of the biological and environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Yuwei Pan
- School of the biological and environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
| | - Jiangang Han
- School of the biological and environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China; Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, PR China; National Positioning Observation Station of Hung-tse Lake Wetland Ecosystem in Jiangsu Province, Hongze, Jiangsu 223100, PR China.
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37
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Yang S, Liu A, Liu J, Liu Z, Zhang W. Advance of Sulfidated Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron: Synthesis, Properties and Environmental Application. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22080345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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38
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Gong L, Qiu X, Cheng D, Hu Y, Zhang Z, Yuan Q, Yang D, Liu C, Liang L, He F. Coincorporation of N and S into Zero-Valent Iron to Enhance TCE Dechlorination: Kinetics, Electron Efficiency, and Dechlorination Capacity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16088-16098. [PMID: 34787396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sulfidated zero-valent iron (S-ZVI) enhances the degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbon (CHC) in contaminated groundwater. Despite numerous studies of S-ZVI, a versatile strategy to improve its dechlorination kinetics, electron efficiency (εe), and dechlorination capacity is still needed. Here, we used heteroatom incorporation of N(C) and S by ball-milling of microscale ZVI with melamine and sulfur via nitridation and sulfidation to synthesize S-N(C)-mZVIbm particles that contain reactive Fe-NX(C) and FeS species. Sulfidation and nitridation synergistically increased the trichloroethene (TCE) dechlorination rate, with reaction constants kSA of 2.98 × 10-2 L·h-1·m-2 by S-N(C)-mZVIbm, compared to 1.77 × 10-3 and 8.15 × 10-5 L·h-1·m-2 by S-mZVIbm and N(C)-mZVIbm, respectively. Data show that sulfidation suppressed the reductive dissociation of N(C) from S-N(C)-mZVIbm, which stabilized the reactive Fe-NX(C) and reserved electrons for TCE dechlorination. In addition to lowering H2 production, S-N(C)-mZVIbm dechlorinated TCE to less reduced products (e.g., acetylene), contributing to the material's higher εe and dechlorination capacity. This synergistic effect on TCE degradation can be extended to other recalcitrant CHCs (e.g., chloroform) in both deionized and groundwater. This multiheteroatom incorporation approach to optimize ZVI for groundwater remediation provides a basis for further advances in reactive material synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiaojiang Qiu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Dong Cheng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yao Hu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zaizhi Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Qunsen Yuan
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Dezhi Yang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Chengshuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Liyuan Liang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Feng He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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Reischer M, Christensen AG, Weber K, Tobler DJ, Dideriksen K. A novel, direct-push approach for detecting sulfidated nanoparticulate zero valent iron (S-nZVI) in sediments using reactive and non-reactive fluorophores. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2021; 243:103896. [PMID: 34695716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Injection of microparticulate and nanoparticulate zero valent iron has become a regularly used method for groundwater remediation. Because of subsurface inhomogeneities, however, it is complicated to predict the ZVI transport in the subsurface, meaning that tools capable of determining its distribution after injection are highly useful. Here, we have developed a new direct-push based technique, which combines fluorescent and visible imaging, for detection of sulfidized nanoparticulate zero valent iron (S-nZVI) in the subsurface. Laboratory experiments show that the redox sensitive fluorophore riboflavin is rapidly reduced by S-nZVI within 200 s. Because the reduced riboflavin losses its green fluorescence, it can be used as S-nZVI sensitive indicator. Secondly, S-nZVI is black and tints light coloured sediment to a degree that allows detection in images. For quartz sand, 70 mg/kg of S-nZVI can be detected by visible imaging. Based on these results, a new direct-push probe (Dye-OIP) was designed based on Geoprobe's Optical Image Profiler (OIP), which was equipped with a fluorophore injection port below the OIP-unit. The injectant consisted of the redox active riboflavin mixed with the redox inactive fluorophore rhodamine WT, which fluoresces red and was used to verify that the mixture was indeed injected and detectable. Small scale experiments show that the fluorescence of this mixture in S-nZVI amended sand changes within 150 s from green with a hue of ~50 to red with a hue of ~30 when imaged with Dye-OIP. Tests of the Dye-OIP after a S-nZVI injection in a 1 m3 sized tank show that the tool could detect S-nZVI via fluorescence and visible imaging, when S-nZVI concentration was >0.2 mg per g dry sediment. Thus, these novel methods should be able to detect S-nZVI in the subsurface, without relying on infrastructure such as wells. Based on our results, the Dye-OIP could be further improved to make it suitable for regular use in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Reischer
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; NIRAS A/S, Sortemosevej 19, 3450 Allerød, Denmark.
| | | | - Klaus Weber
- NIRAS A/S, Sortemosevej 19, 3450 Allerød, Denmark.
| | - Dominique J Tobler
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Knud Dideriksen
- Geological Survey of Denmark & Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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40
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Kong X, Xuan L, Fu Y, Yuan F, Qin C. Effect of the modification sequence on the reactivity, electron selectivity, and mobility of sulfidated and CMC-stabilized nanoscale zerovalent iron. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148487. [PMID: 34166902 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dual modification in which carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) stabilization and sulfidation are coupled is an effective strategy to solve the insufficient electron selectivity, reactivity, and mobility of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI). We compared the sulfur content, suspension composition, viscosity, zeta potential, and sedimentation of dual-modified nZVI suspensions synthesized in different modification sequences to analyze the interaction among CMC, the sulfidation reagent, and nZVI. The results show that the dissolved CMC does not take up S2-, and the CMC coating on the surface does not block S2- during sulfidation. However, CMC can peel off the FeS shell, resulting in a low sulfur content in nZVI. The Na+ of the sulfidation reagent and the Fe2+ dissolved from the FeS precipitates reduce the CMC viscosity, causing accelerated sedimentation and reduced mobility of nZVI. The peeled off FeS shell increases the free Fe2+ concentration, thereby enhancing nitrobenzene reduction. Additionally, CMC promotes nitrobenzene reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions due to the increased nZVI dispersibility. These findings explain why postsulfidated and one-pot nZVI has higher reactivity and electron selectivity, while presulfidated nZVI has higher mobility. This study highlights the importance of the modification sequence for the dual-modified nZVI properties and provides support for the synthesis method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lishuang Xuan
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yufeng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chuanyu Qin
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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41
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Li R, Li Q, Zhang W, Sun X, Li J, Shen J, Han W. Low dose of sulfur-modified zero-valent iron for decontamination of trace Cd(II)-complexes in high-salinity wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148579. [PMID: 34182442 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Achieving Cd removal standards is a difficult task due to the strict Cd discharge standards for industrial wastewater. Moreover, the low concentration of Cd remaining in industrial wastewater after pretreatment often exists in a complex state, and the wastewater has a high salinity. Hereupon, we propose to use a small amount of sulfur-modified zero-valent iron (S-NZVI) to remove residual low-concentration Cd complexes in high-salinity wastewater. EDTA-Cd (2000 μg/L) was completely removed when the dose of S-NZVI was only 0.05 g/L. Moreover, the removal process was almost unaffected by salinity. Even when the salinity was 5%, the adsorption capacity still reached 39.5 mg/g, and the concentration of residual Cd was less than 50 μg/L, which meets the China Environmental Protection Administration emission standards (less than 0.1 mg/L). In addition, S-NZVI can almost completely remove EDTA-Cd in the pH range of 2-7. It shows good removal performance for the other four Cd carboxyl complexes (DTPA, citrate, glycine, and tartrate). Furthermore, S-NZVI also shows good performance in the case of high concentrations of coexisting ions (CaCl2, MgCl2, Na2SO4, NaNO3) and organics (Na2EDTA, imidazole, thiourea, acetone). However, the performance of S-NZVI is certainly inhibited by the presence of complexing substances or reducing substances. The mechanism EDTA-Cd removal by S-NZVI is that S-NZVI leaches Fe3+ into the solution, and the Fe3+ completes the replacement of EDTA-Cd. The LMCT produced by EDTA-Fe under natural light promotes the replacement process, and finally, the released Cd2+ is captured by S-NZVI and removed as CdS and Fe-O-Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xiuyun Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jinyou Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Weiqing Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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Qu M, Chen H, Wang Y, Wang X, Tong X, Li S, Xu H. Improved performance and applicability of copper-iron bimetal by sulfidation for Cr(VI) removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130820. [PMID: 34015648 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of zero-valent iron (ZVI) for the Cr(VI) removal in groundwater is mainly limited by the formation of a passivation layer during its application in permeable reactive barrier (PRB). A kind of sulfidated copper-iron bimetal (S-ZVICu) with high reactivity for Cr(VI) removal was prepared by depositing FeSx onto copper modified ZVI via a one-pot method. The surface characteristic, reactivity and Cr(VI) removal performance of S-ZVICu were investigated. It was found that S-ZVICu had a Cr(VI) removal capacity as high as 67.5 mg/g and little risk of secondary contaminant of Cu(II). The optimal Cu/Fe mass ratio and S/Fe molar ratio were 0.0125 and 0.084, respectively. The S-ZVICu exhibited great superiority of Cr(VI) removal compared with ZVI, sulfidated ZVI (SZVI) and coper-iron bimetal (ZVICu). Mineralogy and morphology analysis showed that S-ZVICu had a hierarchical structure of Fe0/Cu0/FeSx, which could effectively reduce the risk of secondary contaminant of copper ions. The mechanism analysis suggested that the copper and FeSx successively plated on the surface of ZVI played a dual role in promoting the corrosion of zero-valent iron, and was facilitated to electron transfer between Fe0, Cu0, FeSx and Cr(VI). In addition, the loose FeSx layer had a positive effect on alleviating the oxidation of ZVI in air, which was helpful in maintaining the reactivity of S-ZVICu in the air. S-ZVICu is an environmentally friendly material for sustainable and effective removal of Cr(VI) in groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Huixia Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Yuan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xingrun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xuejiao Tong
- Yuhuan Environmental Technology Co. LTD., Shijiazhuang, 050091, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shupeng Li
- Beijing Construction Engineering Group Environmental Remediation Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Hongbin Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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Wang J, Liu X, Zhu Z, Yuan L, Zhao D, Deng H, Lin Z. Microwave-enhanced reductive immobilization of high concentrations of chromium in a field soil using iron polysulfide. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126293. [PMID: 34118547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of Cr(VI) are often detected in contaminated soil. Yet, cost-effective remediation technologies have been lacking. In this study, we prepared a type of FeSx based on commercial FeSO4.7H2O and CaSx and tested a microwave-assisted technology based on FeSx for reductive immobilization of high concentrations of Cr(VI) in a field contaminated soil. The as-prepared FeSx particles appeared as a honeycomb-like and highly porous structure. The microwave-assisted FeSx reduction process was able to rapidly reduce the TCLP-based reachability of Cr(VI) from 391.8 to 2.6 mg·L-1. The dosage of FeSx, S/Fe molar ratio, initial moisture content, microwave power, and irradiation time can all affect the treatment effectiveness. After 500 days curing under atmospheric conditions, the TCLP-leached concentration of Cr remained below the regulatory limit of 5 mg·L-1, while other treatments failed to meet the goal. Sx2- or S2- served as the primary electron donors, whereas Fe facilitated the microwave absorption and the formation of the stable final product of FeCr2O4. S and Fe are mostly precipitated in soil. The microwave-assisted FeSx reduction was shown to be an effective approach to rapidly reduce the leachability of Cr(VI) in contaminated soil, especially in heavily contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianle Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Resource Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xueming Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Resource Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhihua Zhu
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Resource Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Le Yuan
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Resource Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dongye Zhao
- Auburn University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Hong Deng
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Resource Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhang Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Resource Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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Li X, Zeng L, Wen N, Deng D. Critical roles of sulfidation solvent in controlling surface properties and the dechlorination reactivity of S-nZVI. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:126014. [PMID: 34229377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sulfidation of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has been frequently applied to enhance its reactivity, selectivity, and electron utilization efficiency. However, sulfidation of nZVI is generally carried out in aqueous solution, and formation of passivated iron (hydro)oxide species on the surface of S-nZVI due to the reaction between nZVI and water is inevitable. To mitigate this issue, sulfidation of nZVI with hydrogen sulfide dissolved in absolute ethanol was developed. The properties of the resultant S-nZVI, denoted as S-nZVI-H2S-Ethanol, were compared with S-nZVIs prepared through sulfidation of nZVI with aqueous hydrogen sulfide (S-nZVI-H2S-Water) and aqueous sodium sulfide (S-nZVI-Na2S-Water). S-nZVI-H2S-Ethanol shows increased BET specific surface, reduced susceptibility to incidental oxidation, increased reduction potential, decreased electron-transfer resistance, and improved reactivity toward the reduction of trichloroethylene, compared with S-nZVI-Na2S-Water and S-nZVI-H2S-Water. The results highlight the critical roles of sulfidation solvent in controlling the structure, the physicochemical and electrochemical properties, and the dechlorination reactivity of S-nZVI. In addition, these findings offer fundamental mechanistic insights into the sulfidation processes of nZVI by sulfides, suggesting that solvent-iron (hydro)oxide and sulfide-iron (hydro)oxide interactions at the solvent/nZVI interface play key roles in regulating the sulfidation of nZVI and the properties of S-nZVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Li
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Lili Zeng
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Nihong Wen
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Dayi Deng
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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Umpierrez-Failache M, Rahim AA, Betancor L, Ghoshal S. Oryza sativa as a tool for assessing arsenic efficacy of arsenic remediation of agricultural soils by sulfidated zerovalent iron nanoparticles. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2021; 21:157-165. [PMID: 34398760 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2021.3105281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is highly toxic in its inorganic form. It is naturally presented at elevated levels in the groundwater of a number of countries and contaminates drinking water sources, generating numerous health and environmental problems. Current methodologies for its remediation have deficiencies which fuel the constant exploration of new alternatives. Therefore, the development of robust methodologies for the evaluation of potential remediation technologies are not only timely but also highly needed. In this study we have investigated the use of a rice plant species as a means to evaluate the efficacy of As remediation using sulfidated zerovalent iron nanoparticles (S-nZVI). The obtained results show that addition of S-nZVI to soils had a beneficial impact to plant growth in the presence of As(V) and As(III) concentrations between 10 and 50 ppm. Positive effects were also found for plant biomass and chlorophyll content in the plants. Moreover, evaluation of As uptake by plants showed that the application of S-nZVI reduced the amount of both As(V) and As(III) in shoots and increased the amount of As in the roots. Studies on the Fe and P content in shoot and root after exposure to As with and without the nanoparticles demonstrated that nanoparticles remain mainly in the roots and that P uptake by plants was not significantly affected, suggesting that S-nZVI treatment is safe for plants at the assayed doses. These results overall confirm the method as robust and reliable for demonstrating the reduction of the bioavailability of As in soil by S-nZVI sequestration.
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Zhang Y, Ozcer P, Ghoshal S. A comprehensive assessment of the degradation of C1 and C2 chlorinated hydrocarbons by sulfidated nanoscale zerovalent iron. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 201:117328. [PMID: 34171646 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sulfidated nanoscale zerovalent iron (S-nZVI) is a promising reductant for trichloroethylene in groundwater, yet a comprehensive understanding of its degradation efficiency for other chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) is lacking. In this study, we assessed the benefits of using S-nZVI for the degradation of two chlorinated methanes, three chlorinated ethanes, and four chlorinated ethenes compared to unamended nZVI, by analyzing the degradation rate constants, the maximum degradation quantity, and the degradation pathways and products under both stoichiometrically electron excess and limited conditions. The improvement in rate constants induced by sulfidation was compound specific and was more significant for chlorinated ethenes (57-707 folds) than for the other CHCs (1.0-17 folds). This is likely because of the different reduction mechanisms of each CHC and sulfidation may favor specific mechanisms associated with the reduction of chlorinated ethenes more than the others. Sulfidation of nZVI enabled either higher (3.1-24.4 folds) or comparable (0.78-0.91) maximum degradation quantity, assessed under electron limited conditions, for all the CHCs investigated, indicating the promise of S-nZVI for remediation of groundwater contaminated by CHC mixtures. Furthermore, we proposed the degradation pathways of various CHCs based on the observed degradation intermediates and products and found that sulfidation suppressed the generation of partially dechlorinated products, particularly for chlorinated methanes and ethanes, and favor degradation pathways leading to the non-chlorinated benign products. This is the first comprehensive study on the efficacy of sulfidation in improving the degradation of a suite of CHCs and the results provide valuable insight to the assessment of applicability and benefits of S-nZVI for CHC remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Pinar Ozcer
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Subhasis Ghoshal
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada.
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Garcia AN, Zhang Y, Ghoshal S, He F, O'Carroll DM. Recent Advances in Sulfidated Zerovalent Iron for Contaminant Transformation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8464-8483. [PMID: 34170112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
2021 marks 10 years since controlled abiotic synthesis of sulfidated nanoscale zerovalent iron (S-nZVI) for use in site remediation and water treatment emerged as an area of active research. It was then expanded to sulfidated microscale ZVI (S-mZVI) and together with S-nZVI, they are collectively referred to as S-(n)ZVI. Heightened interest in S-(n)ZVI stemmed from its significantly higher reactivity to chlorinated solvents and heavy metals. The extremely promising research outcomes during the initial period (2011-2017) led to renewed interest in (n)ZVI-based technologies for water treatment, with an explosion in new research in the last four years (2018-2021) that is building an understanding of the novel and complex role of iron sulfides in enhancing reactivity of (n)ZVI. Numerous studies have focused on exploring different S-(n)ZVI synthesis approaches, and its colloidal, surface, and reactivity (electrochemistry, contaminant selectivity, and corrosion) properties. This review provides a critical overview of the recent milestones in S-(n)ZVI technology development: (i) clear insights into the role of iron sulfides in contaminant transformation and long-term aging, (ii) impact of sulfidation methods and particle characteristics on reactivity, (iii) broader range of treatable contaminants, (iv) synthesis for complete decontamination, (v) ecotoxicity, and (vi) field implementation. In addition, this review discusses major knowledge gaps and future avenues for research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Nunez Garcia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, 1151 Richmond Rd., London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province China
| | - Subhasis Ghoshal
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Feng He
- Institute of Environmental Chemistry and Pollution Control College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology 18 Chaowang Rd, Hangzhou, China 310014
| | - Denis M O'Carroll
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Li D, Zhong Y, Wang H, Huang W, Peng P. Remarkable promotion in particle dispersion and electron transfer capacity of sulfidated nano zerovalent iron by coating alginate polymer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 759:143481. [PMID: 33221003 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Alginate has been widely employed to increase the performance of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI)-based materials for site remediation. Yet, the effects of alginate on reactivity of sulfidated nZVI (an efficient reductant material) towards contaminants have been understood poorly. In this study, we have developed a one-step synthesis of alginate-coated sulfidated nZVI (S-nZVI@alginate) under air atmosphere and evaluated the reactivity of S-nZVI@alginate towards tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) debromination. Surface analysis shows that S-nZVI has been successfully coated by alginate through the interaction of OH and COO- groups of alginate with Fe species. The coating of alginate increases particle stability and dispersion under various conditions and facilitates FeS precipitation on the particle surface. Reactivity experiments show that the coating of alginate significantly enhances TBBPA debromination by S-nZVI. The optimized alginate to Fe weight ratio of S-nZVI@alginate is 0.06, with ~3-fold greater TBBPA debromination rate than S-nZVI. S-nZVI@alginate can completely debrominate TBBPA into bisphenol A via a four-sequential step debromination pathway while S-nZVI not. Its superior reactivity may be attributed to that the formation of alginate-Fe complex can lower the redox potential of Fe species to accelerate electron transfer on the particle surface. The TBBPA debromination rate by S-nZVI@alginate is initially enhanced followed by a decrease with an increase in TBBPA concentration, while it can increase 3.3-, 8.9- and 5.6-fold by increasing S-nZVI@alginate dosage, decreasing pH and adding co-contaminant Cd2+, respectively. S-nZVI@alginate has greater performance in aging and reusability tests than S-nZVI, and achieves rapid TBBPA removal from wastewater, which may be due to the role of alginate on inhibiting surface oxidation of Fe and S species. Taken together, these results suggest that S-nZVI@alginate provides better reactivity, longevity and reusability than S-nZVI, having the great potential for application into site remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wushan, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wushan, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Heli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wushan, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weilin Huang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wushan, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Lian J, Wang H, He H, Huang W, Yang M, Zhong Y, Peng P. The reaction of amorphous iron sulfide with Mo(VI) under different pH conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:128946. [PMID: 33223204 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Iron sulfide (FeS) is an important scavenger for hexavalent molybdate (Mo(VI)) in an anoxic environment; it plays a crucial role in the mobilization and transformation of Mo(VI), although the underlying reaction mechanisms between Mo(VI) and FeS remain unclear. This study investigates the Mo(VI) reaction kinetics with the amorphous FeS over a pH range 5.0-9.0 and Mo's chemical form on the FeS surface. It is found that the Mo(VI) reaction kinetics with FeS follow a pseudo first-order model, and the reaction rate constant (kobs) increases with a decrease in the pH value. The kobs at pH 5.0 is 0.027 min-1, which is about 38 times higher than that at pH 9.0. The rapid Mo(VI) removal under acidic conditions is due to quick Mo(VI) transformation into stable MoS2 and thiomolybdate (MoVOxSy). The amount of MoS2 formed on the surface of FeS increases with a decrease in the pH value. Under neutral and alkaline conditions, Mo(VI) is not transformed into MoS2 by FeS because the precipitation of iron oxy-hydroxide passivates the active sites of FeS. The study also investigates the effect of the initial dosage of FeS (20-200 mg L-1) and Mo(VI) (10-50 mg L-1) on the reaction kinetics of Mo(VI) with FeS. The results provides important information on the environmental fate of Mo(VI) in the anoxic environment containing amorphous FeS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Lian
- College of Energy and Environment, Anhui University of Technology, Anhui 243002, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources and Utilization, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Heli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources and Utilization, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hongping He
- Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weilin Huang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Mei Yang
- College of Energy and Environment, Anhui University of Technology, Anhui 243002, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources and Utilization, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources and Utilization, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources and Utilization, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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50
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Cao Z, Li H, Lowry GV, Shi X, Pan X, Xu X, Henkelman G, Xu J. Unveiling the Role of Sulfur in Rapid Defluorination of Florfenicol by Sulfidized Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron in Water under Ambient Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2628-2638. [PMID: 33529528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater contamination by halogenated organic compounds, especially fluorinated ones, threatens freshwater sources globally. Sulfidized nanoscale zero-valent iron (SNZVI), which is demonstrably effective for dechlorination of groundwater contaminants, has not been well explored for defluorination. Here, we show that SNZVI nanoparticles synthesized via a modified post-sulfidation method provide rapid dechlorination (∼1100 μmol m-2 day-1) and relatively fast defluorination (∼6 μmol m-2 day-1) of a halogenated emerging contaminant (florfenicol) under ambient conditions, the fastest rates that have ever been reported for Fe0-based technologies. Batch reactivity experiments, material characterizations, and theoretical calculations indicate that coating S onto the metallic Fe surface provides a highly chemically reactive surface and changes the primary dechlorination pathway from atomic H for nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) to electron transfer for SNZVI. S and Fe sites are responsible for the direct electron transfer and atomic H-mediated reaction, respectively, and β-elimination is the primary defluorination pathway. Notably, the Cl atoms in florfenicol make the surface more chemically reactive for defluorination, either by increasing florfenicol adsorption or by electronic effects. The defluorination rate by SNZVI is ∼132-222 times higher with chlorine attached compared to the absence of chlorine in the molecule. These mechanistic insights could lead to new SNZVI materials for in situ groundwater remediation of fluorinated contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Gregory V Lowry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xiaoyang Shi
- Earth Engineering Center, Center for Advanced Materials for Energy and Environment, Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xiangcheng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xinhua Xu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Graeme Henkelman
- Department of Chemistry and Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jiang Xu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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