1
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Tan C, Liu H. Inhibition of Hexavalent Chromium Release from Drinking Water Distribution Systems: Effects of Water Chemistry-Based Corrosion Control Strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18433-18442. [PMID: 36719710 PMCID: PMC10690716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In drinking water distribution systems, the oxidation of zerovalent chromium, Cr(0), in iron corrosion scales by chlorine residual disinfectant is the dominant reaction to form carcinogenic hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI). This study investigates inhibitive corrosion control strategies through adjustments of chemical water parameters (i.e., pH, silicate, phosphate, calcium, and alkalinity) on Cr(VI) formation through oxidation of Cr(0)(s) by free chlorine under drinking water conditions. The results show that an increase in pH, silicate, alkalinity, and calcium suppressed Cr(VI) formation that was mainly attributed to in situ surface precipitation of new Cr(III) solids on the surface of Cr(0)(s), including Cr(OH)3(s), Cr2(SiO3)3(s), CrPO4(s), Cr2(CO3)3(s), and Cr10Ca(CO3)16(s). The Cr(III) surface precipitates were much less reactive with chlorine than Cr(0)(s) and suppressed the Cr redox reactivity. The concentration of surface Cr(III) solids was inversely correlated with the rate constant of Cr(VI) formation. Adding phosphate either promoted or inhibited the Cr(VI) formation, depending on the phosphate concentration. This study provides fundamental insight into the Cr(VI) formation mechanisms via Cr(0) oxidation by chlorine and the importance of surface precipitation of Cr(III) solids with different corrosion control strategies and suggests that increasing the pH/alkalinity and addition of phosphate or silicate can be effective control strategies to minimize Cr(VI) formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Tan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, University of California at
Riverside, Riverside, California92521, United States
| | - Haizhou Liu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, University of California at
Riverside, Riverside, California92521, United States
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2
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Adhikari S, Lu HJ, Ng DQ. Lead levels in drinking water from point-of-use dispensers: a case study of elementary schools in Taichung, Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:86846-86855. [PMID: 37407862 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28475-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water contaminated with lead has adverse health consequences, particularly in young children. Water dispensed from point-of-use dispensers is generally regarded as drinking water instead of conventional tap water in Taiwan, and such dispensers are installed in all public facilities, including elementary schools. However, studies on drinking water quality are mainly focused on tap water, while dispenser water quality is less known. Hence, this study investigated lead concentrations in drinking water from point-of-use dispensers in elementary schools of Taichung, Taiwan. Water samples were collected between September 2019 and February 2021 from 86 schools across 24 districts utilizing a modified first draw sampling protocol to collect ten 100-mL sequential samples. Approximately 26% of the schools had at least one sample exceeding 10 μg/L (Taiwan EPA standard), with the highest level reaching 99.2 μg/L. Exceedance tendency varied with water use, seasons, and age of the schools. Samples collected over the weekends and during summer showed higher levels and frequencies of contamination. Lead levels surpassing the standard were observed in 14% of weekend and 17% of summer samples, compared to only 4% of weekday and 4% of winter samples. Similarly, while older schools (age > 40 years) exhibited higher contamination, young schools (age < 20 years) were also not entirely safe. This study reveals that point-of-use dispensers do not always provide safe drinking water. Findings also indicate the susceptibility of children in elementary schools to lead exposure through their drinking water. Therefore, a routine monitoring program for heavy metals, including lead, in drinking water is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Adhikari
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168, Jifeng E. Rd, Wufeng District, Taichung City, 413310, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Jhe Lu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168, Jifeng E. Rd, Wufeng District, Taichung City, 413310, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Quan Ng
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168, Jifeng E. Rd, Wufeng District, Taichung City, 413310, Taiwan.
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3
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Simultaneous toxic Cd(II) and Pb(II) encapsulation from contaminated water using Mg/Al-LDH composite materials. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Peng YC, Lu YF, Lin YP. Release of Particulate Lead from Four Lead Corrosion Products in Drinking Water: A Laboratory Study Coupled with Microscopic Observations and Computational Fluid Dynamics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12218-12227. [PMID: 35989562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Particulate lead resulting from the detachment of lead corrosion products (LCPs) contributes significantly to lead contamination in drinking water. Since LCPs formed under different water chemistry possesses different crystal structures, their hydrodynamic behaviors could be significantly different in flowing water. In this study, flushing experiments and microscopic observations were employed to investigate the release of cerussite (PbCO3), hydrocerussite (Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2), chloropyromorphite (Pb5(PO4)3Cl), and lead dioxide (scrutinyite α-PbO2/plattnerite β-PbO2), the four LCPs commonly found in the drinking water distribution system. Under the same flow rate, particulate lead release showed the following trend: lead dioxide > cerussite ∼ chloropyromorphite > hydrocerussite. In the range of 1-10 L/min, a higher flow rate enhanced the release of cerussite, chloropyromorphite, and lead dioxide, while the release of hydrocerussite was not significantly affected, likely due to its platelike crystal structure that reduced the shear force exerted by the flowing water. The detachments of visible cerussite and chloropyromorphite particles were captured using a digital microscope at flow rates of 8.0 and 8.2 L/min, and the shear forces causing their detachments were determined to be 5.8 × 10-11 and 3.1 × 10-10 N, respectively, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Our study demonstrated that crystal structure could be an important factor affecting the detachment of LCPs and CFD could be a useful tool to characterize their hydrodynamic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Peng
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Lu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Pin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
- NTU Research Center for Future Earth, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
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5
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Li G, Zhao Y, An G, Shi B. Mn(II) Oxidation by Free Chlorine Catalyzed by the Hydrolytic Products of Ferric and Aluminum Species under Drinking Water Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10775-10784. [PMID: 35876009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mn(II) oxidation by free chlorine can be applied to remove Mn(II) at water treatment plants. This reaction also results in particulate MnOx formation and accumulation in drinking water distribution systems. This study investigated the effect of Fe(III) and Al(III) hydrolysis products (mainly precipitates) on Mn(II) oxidation by free chlorine under drinking water conditions. The results showed that Fe3+ added as FeCl3 and Al(III) added as polyaluminum chloride (PACl) at tens to hundreds of micrograms per liter dramatically catalyzed Mn(II) oxidation by free chlorine. Through hydrolytic precipitation at circumneutral pH, Fe3+ and Al13 (the dominant preformed Al species in PACl) generated Fe(OH)3-like particles and Al13 aggregates, respectively, which initiated heterogeneous Mn(II) oxidation. Kinetic modeling indicated that, once some MnOx was formed, MnOx and Fe(OH)3 catalyzed the subsequent Mn(II) oxidation to an equal extent. The particles (aggregates) formed from Al13 species exhibited a weaker catalytic capacity in comparison to MnOx and Fe(OH)3 at equivalent molar concentrations. Interestingly, unlike Al13 species in PACl, Al(III) added as AlCl3 had a negligible influence on Mn(II) oxidation, even when Al(OH)3(am) precipitates were formed. The catalytic effects of Fe3+ and Al13 hydrolysis products were confirmed by experiments with natural water and finished water, and the lower Mn(II) oxidation rate was mainly attributed to organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyu An
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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6
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Pan W, Catalano JG, Giammar DE. Redox-Driven Recrystallization of PbO 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7864-7872. [PMID: 35654758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lead(IV) oxide (PbO2) is one of the lead corrosion products that forms on the inner surface of lead pipes used for drinking water supply. It can maintain low dissolved Pb(II) concentrations when free chlorine is present. When free chlorine is depleted, PbO2 and soluble Pb(II) will co-occur in these systems. This study used a stable lead isotope (207Pb) as a tracer to examine the interaction between aqueous Pb(II) and solid PbO2 at conditions with no net change in dissolved Pb concentration. While the dissolved Pb(II) concentration remained unchanged, significant isotope exchange occurred that indicated that substantial amounts (24.3-35.0% based on the homogeneous recrystallization model) of the Pb atoms in the PbO2 solids had been exchanged with those in solution over 264 h. Neither α-PbO2 nor β-PbO2 displayed a change in mineralogy, particle size, or oxidation state after reaction with aqueous Pb(II). The combined isotope exchange and solid characterization results indicate that redox-driven recrystallization of PbO2 had occurred. Such redox-driven recrystallization is likely to occur in water that stagnates in lead pipes that contain PbO2, and this recrystallization may alter the reactivity of PbO2 with respect to its stability and susceptibility to reductive dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Pan
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1180, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jeffrey G Catalano
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Daniel E Giammar
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1180, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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7
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Pan W, Ledingham GJ, Catalano JG, Giammar DE. Effects of Cu(II) and Zn(II) on PbO 2 Reductive Dissolution under Drinking Water Conditions: Short-term Inhibition and Long-term Enhancement. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14397-14406. [PMID: 34517703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lead oxide (PbO2) has the lowest solubility with free chlorine among Pb corrosion products, but depletion of free chlorine or a switch from free chlorine to monochloramine can cause its reductive dissolution. We previously reported that Cu(II) and Zn(II) inhibited PbO2 reductive dissolution within 12 h. Here, we expanded on this work by performing longer duration experiments and further exploring the underlying mechanisms. Between 12 and 48 h, Cu(II) and Zn(II) had no discernible effect on PbO2 reductive dissolution. From 48 to 192 h, Cu(II) and Zn(II) enhanced PbO2 reductive dissolution. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations followed the same trends as PbO2 reductive dissolution, indicating that the DO was produced by PbO2 reductive dissolution. On the basis of extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectra, we hypothesize that the inhibitory effect of Cu(II) and Zn(II) on PbO2 reductive dissolution (<12 h) is caused by decreasing abundance of protonated sites on the PbO2 surface. The enhanced dissolution (>48 h) may be caused by competitive adsorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) with Pb(II), which could limit the adsorption of Pb(II) onto PbO2 that could otherwise inhibit reductive dissolution. This study indicates that stagnation time plays a vital role in determining cations' effects on the stability of Pb corrosion products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Pan
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Greg J Ledingham
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jeffrey G Catalano
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Daniel E Giammar
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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8
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Li J, Li S, Chen J, Cheng R, Chen F, Li X, Zhang X, Zeng T, Hou H. A new strategy for efficient removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) by porous and high-capacity N-doped carbon aerogels microspheres. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Preparation and optimization of a low-cost adsorbent for heavy metal ions from red mud using fraction factorial design and Box-Behnken response methodology. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Yu Y, Li G, Chen R, Shi B. Trihalomethanes formation enhanced by manganese chlorination and deposition in plastic drinking water pipes. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 204:117582. [PMID: 34474250 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Residual manganese(II) in finished water undergoes further oxidation and deposition in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS), and Mn deposits can function as sites for accumulating organic and inorganic pollutants. This study aims to explore how Mn transformation and deposition affect the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in chlorinated DWDS, and trihalomethanes (THMs) was selected as a representative DBP. In a 100 μg/L Mn system, regulated THMs (chlorinated/bromated-THMs) increased by over 20% higher than Mn-free system after 150-day operation; when 50 μg/L iodide (I-) entered pipe systems after 150 days, iodinated THMs (I-THMs) in 100 μg/L Mn system increased by over 30% compared with Mn-free system. These promotions were attributed primarily to the accumulation of biomolecules and organic substances by tight and hard chlorinated Mn deposits. The residence of inactivated cells and the bridging role of surface Mn(III) in Mn deposits increased the quantity of THM precursors in DWDS. Furthermore, the rapid catalytic oxidation of Mn(II) by preformed Mn oxides (MnOx) inhibited the conversion of free iodine (HOI/OI-) to iodate, resulting in the generation of more I-THMs. This study provides new insights into the DBP risks caused by Mn in DWDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guiwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruya Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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11
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Wang J, Lin W, Chen Y, Hu Y, Luo Q. Prompting the FDH/Hases-based electron transfers during Pt(IV) reduction mediated by bio-Pd(0). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:126090. [PMID: 34020357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the excellent hydrogen affinity and high conductivity, palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) were considered as a potential strategy to regulate bacterial electron transfer and energy metabolism. Herein, Citrobacter freundii JH, capable of in-situ biosynthesizing Pd(0) NPs, was employed to promote Pt(IV) reduction. The results showed that the Pt(IV) reduction to Pt(II) was accomplished mainly via the flavins-mediated extracellular electron transfer (EET) process, while Pt(II) reduction to Pt(0) was limit step, and proceeded via two intracellular respiratory chains, including FDH/Hases-based short chain (S-chain) and typical CoQ-involved long respiratory chain (L-chain). Noteworthily, the incorporation of Pd(0) NPs mainly diverted the electrons to S-chain (as high as 71.7%-73.4%) by improving the hydrogenases (Hases) activity. Furthermore, Pd(0) NPs could stimulate the secreting of flavins and the combination between flavins and cytochrome c (c-Cyt), which converted electron transfer manner of L-chain. Additionally, Pd(0) NPs might also act as alternative proton channels to improve the energy metabolism. These findings provided significant insights into the promotion by Pd(0) NPs in terms of electron generation, electron consumption and proton translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghao Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation for Industrial Agglomeration Area, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenmin Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation for Industrial Agglomeration Area, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuancai Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation for Industrial Agglomeration Area, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yongyou Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation for Industrial Agglomeration Area, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qijin Luo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation for Industrial Agglomeration Area, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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12
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Photocatalysis over N-Doped TiO2 Driven by Visible Light for Pb(II) Removal from Aqueous Media. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11080945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The photocatalysis process over N-doped TiO2 under visible light is examined for Pb(II) removal. The doping TiO2 with N element was conducted by simple hydrothermal technique and using urea as the N source. The doped photocatalysts were characterized by DRUVS, XRD, FTIR and SEM-EDX instruments. Photocatalysis of Pb(II) through a batch experiment was performed for evaluation of the doped TiO2 activity under visible light, with applying various fractions of N-doped, photocatalyst mass, irradiation time, and solution pH. The research results attributed that N doping has been successfully performed, which shifted TiO2 absorption into visible region, allowing it to be active under visible irradiation. The photocatalytic removal of Pb(II) proceeded through photo-oxidation to form PbO2. Doping N into TiO2 noticeably enhanced the photo-catalytic oxidation of Pb(II) under visible light irradiation. The highest photocatalytic oxidation of 15 mg/L Pb(II) in 25 mL of the solution could be reached by employing TiO2 doped with 10%w of N content 15 mg, 30 min of time and at pH 8. The doped-photocatalyst that was three times repeatedly used demonstrated significant activity. The most effective process of Pb(II) photo-oxidation under beneficial condition, producing less toxic and handleable PbO2 and good repeatable photocatalyst, suggest a feasible method for Pb(II) remediation on an industrial scale.
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13
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Hu L, Wang H, Xu P, Zhang Y. Biomineralization of hypersaline produced water using microbially induced calcite precipitation. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116753. [PMID: 33360619 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reusing produced water (PW) as the subsequent hydraulic fracturing fluid is currently the most economical and dominant practice in the shale oil and gas industry. However, high Ca2+ present in PW needs to be removed prior to reuse to minimize the potential for well clogging and formation damage. In this study, the microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP), as an emerging biomineralization technique mediated by ureolytic bacteria, was employed to remove Ca2+ and toxic contaminants from hypersaline PW for the first time. Batch and continuous studies demonstrated the feasibility of MICP for Ca2+ removal from hypersaline PW under low urea and nutrient conditions. Throughout the continuous biofiltration operation with biochar as the media, high removal efficiencies of Ca2+ (~96%), organic contaminants (~100%), and heavy metals (~100% for As, Cd, Mn and Ni, 92.2% for Ba, 94.2% for Sr) were achieved when PW co-treated with synthetic domestic wastewater (SDW) under the condition of PW:SDW = 1:1 & urea 4 g/L. Metagenomic sequencing analysis showed that a stable ureolytic bacterial consortium (containing Sporosarcina and Arthrobacter at the genus level) was constructed in the continuous biofiltration system under hypersaline conditions, which may play a crucial role during the biomineralization process. Moreover, the combination of the MICP and ammonium recovery could significantly reduce the acute toxicity of PW towards Vibrio fischeri by 72%. This research provides a novel insight into the biomineralization of Ca2+ and heavy metals from hypersaline PW through the MICP technique. Considering the low cost and excellent treatment performance, the proposed process has the potential to be used for both hydraulic fracturing reuse and desalination pretreatment on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hu
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States
| | - Huiyao Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States
| | - Pei Xu
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States.
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14
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Li B, Trueman BF, Munoz S, Locsin JM, Gagnon GA. Impact of sodium silicate on lead release and colloid size distributions in drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116709. [PMID: 33341036 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sodium silicates have been used in drinking water treatment for decades as sequestrants and corrosion inhibitors. For the latter purpose they are poorly understood, which presents a potential public health risk. We investigated a common sodium silicate formulation as a treatment for lead release and compared it to orthophosphate, a well-established lead corrosion control treatment. We also compared the size distributions of colloids generated in silicate and orthophosphate-treated systems using field flow fractionation with multielement detection. At a moderate dose of 24 mg SiO2/L, sodium silicate yielded a median lead release of 398 µg/L, while orthophosphate yielded 67 µg Pb/L. At an elevated dose of 48 mg SiO2/L, sodium silicate dispersed corrosion scale in cast iron pipe sections and lead service lines, resulting in a substantial release of colloidal iron and lead. In the silicate-treated system, a silicon-rich coating occurred at the lead-water interface, but lead carbonate remained the major corrosion product and appeared to control lead levels. These data suggest that, as a corrosion control treatment for lead, sodium silicate is inferior to orthophosphate in circumneutral pH water with low alkalinity. And, as with polyphosphate, excess silicate can be highly detrimental to controlling lead release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bofu Li
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Benjamin F Trueman
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Sebastian Munoz
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Javier M Locsin
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Graham A Gagnon
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2.
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15
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Avasarala S, Orta J, Schaefer M, Abernathy M, Ying S, Liu H. Effects of residual disinfectants on the redox speciation of lead(ii)/(iv) minerals in drinking water distribution systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE : WATER RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 7:357-366. [PMID: 34522388 PMCID: PMC8437151 DOI: 10.1039/d0ew00706d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the reaction kinetics on the oxidative transformation of lead(ii) minerals by free chlorine (HOCl) and free bromine (HOBr) in drinking water distribution systems. According to chemical equilibrium predictions, lead(ii) carbonate minerals, cerussite PbCO3(s) and hydrocerussite Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2(s), and lead(ii) phosphate mineral, chloropyromorphite Pb5(PO4)3Cl(s) are formed in drinking water distribution systems in the absence and presence of phosphate, respectively. X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) data showed that at pH 7 and a 10 mM alkalinity, the majority of cerussite and hydrocerussite was oxidized to lead(iv) mineral PbO2(s) within 120 minutes of reaction with chlorine (3 : 1 Cl2 : Pb(ii) molar ratio). In contrast, very little oxidation of chloropyromorphite occurred. Under similar conditions, oxidation of lead(ii) carbonate and phosphate minerals by HOBr exhibited a reaction kinetics that was orders of magnitude faster than by HOCl. Their end oxidation products were identified as mainly plattnerite β-PbO2(s) and trace amounts of scrutinyite α-PbO2(s) based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopic analysis. A kinetic model was established based on the solid-phase experimental data. The model predicted that in real drinking water distribution systems, it takes 0.6-1.2 years to completely oxidize Pb(ii) minerals in the surface layer of corrosion scales to PbO2(s) by HOCl without phosphate, but only 0.1-0.2 years in the presence of bromide (Br-) due the catalytic effects of HOBr generation. The model also predicts that the addition of phosphate will significantly inhibit Pb(ii) mineral oxidation by HOCl, but only be modestly effective in the presence of Br-. This study provides insightful understanding on the effect of residual disinfectant on the oxidation of lead corrosion scales and strategies to prevent lead release from drinking water distribution systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumant Avasarala
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - John Orta
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Michael Schaefer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Macon Abernathy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Samantha Ying
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Haizhou Liu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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16
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Grimes RT, Leginze JA, Zochowski R, Bennett JW. Surface Transformations of Lead Oxides and Carbonates Using First-Principles and Thermodynamics Calculations. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:1228-1240. [PMID: 33404221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb)-containing solids find widespread commercial use in batteries, piezoelectrics, and as starting materials for synthesis. Here, we combine density functional theory (DFT) and thermodynamics in a DFT + solvent ion model to compare the surface reactivity of Pb oxides and carbonates, specifically litharge, massicot, and cerussite, in contact with water. The information provided by this model is used to delineate structure-property relationships for surfaces that are able to release Pb as Pb2+. We find that Pb2+ release is dependent on pH and chemical bonding environment and go on to correlate changes in the surface bonding to key features of the electronic structure through a projected density of states analysis. Collectively, our analyses link the atomistic structure to i) specific electronic states and ii) the thermodynamics of surface transformations, and the results presented here can be used to guide synthetic efforts of Pb2+-containing materials in aqueous media or be used to better understand the initial steps in solid decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Grimes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Joshua A Leginze
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Robert Zochowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Joseph W Bennett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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17
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Mishrra A, Wang Z, Sidorkiewicz V, Giammar DE. Effect of sodium silicate on lead release from lead service lines. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116485. [PMID: 33045636 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of sodium silicate addition on lead release from lead service lines (LSLs) was investigated using laboratory-based pipe loop experiments with LSLs harvested from a water utility that has one of the Great Lakes as its source water. The LSLs were first conditioned with a synthetic water similar to that of Buffalo Water that matched the major water chemistry that the pipes had experienced in the field; the one exception was the absence of dissolved organic carbon in the synthetic water. After conditioning, the LSLs were used in tests with the same synthetic water and with sodium silicate added to the water for half of the LSLs. In one test sodium silicate addition was performed with adjustment of the pH to maintain it at the same value (pH 7.7) as before addition. In this test sodium silicate effectively reduced the dissolved and particulate lead concentrations in the water within six weeks of treatment. Periodic assessments of the corrosion scales in the pipes found that sodium silicate accumulated throughout the scale thickness and gradually decreased the lead release. In the other test the pH was allowed to increase from 7.7 to 8.8 upon addition of 20 mg/L as SiO2 sodium silicates, and parallel control experiments were performed with the same pH increase made using sodium hydroxide addition. In these tests the lead concentrations decreased in both the silicate-treated and control pipes, and the decreases were not significantly different between the silicate-treated and control pipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka Mishrra
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Campus Box 1180, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Ziqi Wang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Campus Box 1180, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | | | - Daniel E Giammar
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Campus Box 1180, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States.
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18
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Wang X, Wang Q, Yang P, Wang X, Zhang L, Feng X, Zhu M, Wang Z. Oxidation of Mn(III) Species by Pb(IV) Oxide as a Surrogate Oxidant in Aquatic Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14124-14133. [PMID: 33064452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved Mn(III) species have been recognized as a significant form of Mn in redox transition environments, but a holistic understanding of their geochemical properties still lacks the characterization of their reactivity as reductants. Through using PbO2 as a surrogate oxidant and pyrophosphate (PP) as a model ligand, we evaluated the thermodynamic and kinetic constrains of dissolved Mn(III) oxidation under environmentally relevant pH. Without disproportionation, Mn(III) complexes could be directly oxidized by PbO2 to produce Mn oxides. The reaction rates decreased with increasing PP:Mn(III) ratio and became negligible when the ratio was above a threshold value. Particulate manganite could also be oxidized by PbO2 with detectable production of Pb(II). The favorability of Mn(III) oxidation by PbO2 as a function of the PP:Mn ratio could be predicted by the stability constant of the Mn(III)-PP complex. We developed kinetic models that couple multiple pathways of Mn oxidation by PbO2 to simulate the dynamics of Pb release, loss of dissolved Mn, as well as Mn(III) production and consumption. Beyond the context of Mn geochemistry, the interactions between Pb and various Mn species, including its trivalent forms, may also have important implications to the water quality in lead service lines within distribution systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qihuang Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liwu Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xionghan Feng
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mengqiang Zhu
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Zimeng Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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Del Olmo G, Ahmad A, Jensen H, Karunakaran E, Rosales E, Calero Preciado C, Gaskin P, Douterelo I. Influence of phosphate dosing on biofilms development on lead in chlorinated drinking water bioreactors. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2020; 6:43. [PMID: 33097725 PMCID: PMC7585443 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-020-00152-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphate dosing is used by water utilities to prevent plumbosolvency in water supply networks. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding biofilm formation on lead and plastic materials when phosphate concentrations are modified in drinking water systems. In this study, biofilms were grown over lead coupons and PVC tubes in bioreactors supplied with local drinking water treated to provide different phosphate doses (below 1, 1 and 2 mg/L) over a period of 28 days. A range of commercial iron pellets (GEH104 and WARP) were tested aiming to maintain phosphate levels below the average 1 mg/L found in drinking water. Changes in biofilm community structure in response to three different phosphate treatments were characterised by Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene for bacteria and the ITS2 gene for fungi. Scanning electron microscopy was used to visualise physical differences in biofilm development in two types of materials, lead and PVC. The experimental results from the kinetics of phosphate absorption showed that the GEH104 pellets were the best option to, in the long term, reduce phosphate levels while preventing undesirable turbidity increases in drinking water. Phosphate-enrichment promoted a reduction of bacterial diversity but increased that of fungi in biofilms. Overall, higher phosphate levels selected for microorganisms with enhanced capabilities related to phosphorus metabolism and heavy metal resistance. This research brings new insights regarding the influence of different phosphate concentrations on mixed-species biofilms formation and drinking water quality, which are relevant to inform best management practices in drinking water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Del Olmo
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Arslan Ahmad
- KWR Water Cycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433, PE, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- KTH-International Groundwater Arsenic Research Group, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research (WUR), Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henriette Jensen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Esther Karunakaran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Esther Rosales
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | - Isabel Douterelo
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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20
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Liu W, Li J, Zheng J, Song Y, Shi Z, Lin Z, Chai L. Different Pathways for Cr(III) Oxidation: Implications for Cr(VI) Reoccurrence in Reduced Chromite Ore Processing Residue. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11971-11979. [PMID: 32905702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium contamination is a global environmental issue and usually reoccurs in alkaline reduced chromite ore processing residues (rCOPR). The oxidation of Cr(III) solids in rCOPR is one possible cause but as yet little studied. Herein, we investigated the oxidation of Cr(OH)3, a typical species of Cr(III) in rCOPR, at alkaline pH (9-11) with δ-MnO2 under oxic/anoxic conditions. Results revealed three pathways for Cr(III) oxidation under oxic conditions: (1) oxidation by oxygen, (2) oxidation by δ-MnO2, and (3) catalytic oxidation by Mn(II). Oxidations in the latter two were efficient, and oxidation via Pathway 3 was continuous and increased dramatically with increasing pH. XANES data indicated feitknechtite (β-MnOOH) and hausmannite (Mn3O4) were the reduction products and catalytic substances. Additionally, a kinetic model was established to describe the relative contributions of each pathway at a specific time. The simulation outcomes showed that Cr(VI) was mainly formed via Pathway 2 (>51%) over a short time frame (10 days), whereas in a longer-term (365 days), Pathway 3 predominated the oxidation (>78%) with an increasing proportion over time. These results suggest Cr(III) solids can be oxidized under alkaline oxic conditions even with a small amount of manganese oxides, providing new perspectives on Cr(VI) reoccurrence in rCOPR and emphasizing the environmental risks of Cr(III) solids in alkaline environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters (Ministry of Education), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters (Ministry of Education), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jiayi Zheng
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters (Ministry of Education), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yao Song
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhenqing Shi
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhang Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters (Ministry of Education), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Chai
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
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21
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Qu J, Tian X, Jiang Z, Cao B, Akindolie MS, Hu Q, Feng C, Feng Y, Meng X, Zhang Y. Multi-component adsorption of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Ni(II) onto microwave-functionalized cellulose: Kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics, mechanisms and application for electroplating wastewater purification. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 387:121718. [PMID: 31771887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, microwave-functionalized cellulose derived from rice husk was cost-effectively prepared and employed for Pb(II), Cd(II) and Ni(II) elimination in mono- and multi-component systems. Benefiting from microwave irradiation, the functionalized process was achieved in 6.5 min and the resultant RHMW-X possessed remarkably high adsorption capacities of 295.20 mg/g for Pb(II), 151.51 mg/g for Cd(II) and 72.80 mg/g for Ni(II) within the equilibrium time of 30 min. Noticeably, the metal ions adsorption rate and capacity in binary and ternary systems were lower than that of unary systems. The coexistence of Cd(II) and Ni(II) significantly slowed down the Pb(II) adsorption in binary and ternary systems, while Pb(II) exhibited the most obvious influence on the metal ions uptake in the multi-component systems. FT-IR and XPS results revealed that both ion exchange and chelation were functioned in the metal ions uptake, while physical interaction was also involved in the adsorption process. Moreover, the RHMW-X possessed favorable recyclability with slight adsorption efficiency decline during five cycles in different systems. Particularly, the RHMW-X could effectively purify actual industrial wastewater containing Pb(II), Cd(II) and Ni(II) for meeting regulatory requirements. This work facilitates the omnidirectional improvement of adsorbents for the de-pollution of practical heavy metals wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Qu
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xue Tian
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zhao Jiang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Bo Cao
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Modupe Sarah Akindolie
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Qi Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Chengcheng Feng
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yan Feng
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xianlin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Li G, Pan W, Zhang L, Wang Z, Shi B, Giammar DE. Effect of Cu(II) on Mn(II) Oxidation by Free Chlorine To Form Mn Oxides at Drinking Water Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1963-1972. [PMID: 31935075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The chemical oxidation of dissolved Mn(II) to Mn(III/IV) oxides (MnOx) can lead to the accumulation of Mn deposits in drinking water distribution systems. However, Mn(II) oxidation by free chlorine is quite slow under mild conditions (e.g., pH 7.7 and 1.0 mg/L Cl2). This study found a significant role for Cu(II) in Mn(II) oxidation under conditions relevant to the supply of chlorinated drinking water. At pH 7.7, dissolved Cu(II) accelerated Mn(II) oxidation more than 10 times with a dose of 20 μg/L. Solid characterization revealed that during Mn(II) oxidation, Cu(II) adsorbed to freshly formed MnOx and produced Mn-Cu mixtures (denoted as MnOx-Cu(II)). An autocatalytic model for the reaction kinetics suggested that the freshly formed MnOx-Cu(II) had a much higher catalytic activity than that of pure MnOx. Solid CuO also catalyzed Mn(II) oxidation, and kinetic modeling indicated that after an initial oxidation of Mn(II) facilitated by the CuO surface, the freshly formed MnOx-Cu(II) on CuO surface played the dominant role in accelerating further Mn(II) oxidation. This study indicates a high potential for the formation of Mn oxides at locations in a drinking water distribution system or in premise plumbing where both Mn(II) and Cu(II) are available. It provides insights into the co-occurrence of other metals with Mn deposits that is frequently observed in distribution systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering , Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Weiyi Pan
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering , Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | - Lili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Ziqiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Daniel E Giammar
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering , Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
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Bae Y, Pasteris JD, Giammar DE. The Ability of Phosphate To Prevent Lead Release from Pipe Scale When Switching from Free Chlorine to Monochloramine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:879-888. [PMID: 31834790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
For lead pipes that contain PbO2(s) as a major component of their scales, a change in the residual disinfectant from free chlorine to monochloramine can destabilize the PbO2(s) and result in dramatic increases in aqueous lead concentrations. Such a scenario occurred in Washington, D.C., in late 2000. That problem was ultimately addressed by the addition of phosphate as a corrosion inhibitor, but it took several months for lead levels to drop below regulatory values. This study sought to determine whether adding phosphate prior to switching the disinfectant could mitigate lead release. Using synthetic tap water and new lead pipes, we developed a set of lead pipes with scales rich in PbO2(s) and then studied their response to a change from free chlorine to monochloramine. Total lead concentrations remained below 10 μg/L for pipes that received phosphate prior to and during the switch. In contrast, total lead concentrations increased from less than 5 μg/L to more than 150 μg/L as a result of the disinfectant switch when phosphate was not present. Characterization of the pipe scales demonstrated that plattnerite (β-PbO2(s)) was the dominant component of the scale prior to the switch, and that the scale gradually transformed into one containing a lead phosphate solid chemically similar to phosphohedyphane (Ca2Pb3(PO4)3(Cl,F,OH)(s)) when phosphate was present.
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