1
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Wang H, Wang S, Jia Z, Li H, Wang J, Zhang T, Dong J, Yang P, Chen J, Ji Y, Lu J. Photo-transformation of isoproturon under UV-A irradiation: The synergy of nitrite and natural organic matter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 353:124153. [PMID: 38750808 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Isoproturon (IPU), a widely utilized phenylurea herbicide, is recognized as an emerging contaminant. Previous studies have predominantly attributed the degradation of IPU in natural waters to indirect photolysis by natural organic matter (NOM). Here, we demonstrate that nitrite (NO2-) also serves as an important photosensitizer that induces the photo-degradation of IPU. Through radical quenching tests, we identify hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and nitrogen dioxide radicals (NO2•) originating from NO2- photolysis as key players in IPU degradation, resulting in the generation of a series of hydroxylated and nitrated byproducts. Moreover, we demonstrate a synergistic effect on the photo-transformation of IPU when both NOM and NO2- are present in the reaction mixture. The observed rate constant (kobs) for IPU removal increases to 0.0179 ± 0.0002 min-1 in the co-presence of NO2- (50 μM) and NOM (2.5 mgC/L), surpassing the sum of those in the presence of each alone (0.0135 ± 0.0004 min-1). NOM exhibits multifaceted roles in the indirect photolysis of IPU. It can be excited by UV and transformed to excited triplet states (3NOM*) which oxidize IPU to IPU•+ that undergoes further degradation. Simultaneously, NOM can mitigate the reaction by reducing the IPU•+ intermediate back to the parent IPU. However, the presence of NO2- alters this dynamic, as IPU•+ rapidly couples with NO2•, accelerating IPU degradation and augmenting the formation of mono-nitrated IPU. These findings provide in-depth understandings on the photochemical transformation of environmental contaminants, especially phenylurea herbicides, in natural waters where NOM and NO2- coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Sunxinyi Wang
- Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zixuan Jia
- Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiayue Dong
- Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Peizeng Yang
- Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuefei Ji
- Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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2
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Mabato BG, Li YJ, Huang DD, Chan CK. Aqueous-Phase Photoreactions of Mixed Aromatic Carbonyl Photosensitizers Yield More Oxygenated, Oxidized, and less Light-Absorbing Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) than Single Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7924-7936. [PMID: 38652049 PMCID: PMC11080053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Aromatic carbonyls have been mainly probed as photosensitizers for aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA) and light-absorbing organic aerosol (i.e., brown carbon or BrC) formation, but due to their organic nature, they can also undergo oxidation to form aqSOA and BrC. However, photochemical transformations of aromatic carbonyl photosensitizers, particularly in multicomponent systems, are understudied. This study explored aqSOA formation from the irradiation of aromatic carbonyl photosensitizers in mixed and single systems under cloud/fog conditions. Mixed systems consisting of phenolic carbonyls only (VL + ActSyr + SyrAld: vanillin [VL] + acetosyringone [ActSyr] + syringaldehyde [SyrAld]) and another composed of both nonphenolic and phenolic carbonyls (DMB + ActSyr + SyrAld: 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde [DMB], a nonphenolic carbonyl, + ActSyr + SyrAld) were compared to single systems of VL (VL*) and DMB (DMB*), respectively. In mixed systems, the shorter lifetimes of VL and DMB indicate their diminished capacity to trigger the oxidation of other organic compounds (e.g., guaiacol [GUA], a noncarbonyl phenol). In contrast to the slow decay and minimal photoenhancement for DMB*, the rapid photodegradation and significant photoenhancement for VL* indicate efficient direct photosensitized oxidation (i.e., self-photosensitization). Relative to single systems, the increased oxidant availability promoted functionalization in VL + ActSyr + SyrAld and accelerated the conversion of early generation aqSOA in DMB + ActSyr + SyrAld. Moreover, the increased availability of oxidizable substrates countered by stronger oxidative capacity limited the contribution of mixed systems to aqSOA light absorption. This suggests a weaker radiative effect of BrC from mixed photosensitizer systems than BrC from single photosensitizer systems. Furthermore, more oxygenated and oxidized aqSOA was observed with increasing complexity of the reaction systems (e.g., VL* < VL + ActSyr + SyrAld < VL + ActSyr + SyrAld + GUA). This work offers new insights into aqSOA formation by emphasizing the dual role of organic photosensitizers as oxidant sources and oxidizable substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix
Rosette Go Mabato
- School
of Energy and Environment, City University
of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yong Jie Li
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Centre for Regional Ocean,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Dan Dan Huang
- Shanghai
Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Chak K. Chan
- School
of Energy and Environment, City University
of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
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3
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Gan Y, Lu X, Chen S, Jiang X, Yang S, Ma X, Li M, Yang F, Shi Y, Wang X. Aqueous-phase formation of N-containing secondary organic compounds affected by the ionic strength. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:88-101. [PMID: 38135436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of carbonyl-to-imine/hemiaminal conversion in the atmospheric aqueous phase is a critical pathway to produce the light-absorbing N-containing secondary organic compounds (SOC). The formation mechanism of these compounds has been wildly investigated in bulk solutions with a low ionic strength. However, the ionic strength in the aqueous phase of the polluted atmosphere may be higher. It is still unclear whether and to what extent the inorganic ions can affect the SOC formation. Here we prepared the bulk solution with certain ionic strength, in which glyoxal and ammonium were mixed to mimic the aqueous-phase reaction. Molecular characterization by High-resolution Mass Spectrometry was performed to identify the N-containing products, and the light absorption of the mixtures was measured by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Thirty-nine N-containing compounds were identified and divided into four categories (N-heterocyclic chromophores, high-molecular-weight compounds with N-heterocycle, aliphatic imines/hemiaminals, and the unclassified). It was observed that the longer reaction time and higher ionic strength led to the formation of more N-heterocyclic chromophores and the increasing of the light-absorbance of the mixture. The added inorganic ions were proposed to make the aqueous phase somewhat viscous so that the molecules were prone to undergo consecutive and intramolecular reactions to form the heterocycles. In general, this study revealed that the enhanced ionic strength and prolonged reaction time had the promotion effect on the light-absorbing SOC formation. It implies that the aldehyde-derived aqueous-phase SOC would contribute more light-absorbing particulate matter in the industrial or populated area where inorganic ions are abundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Gan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaohui Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Great Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Shaodong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xinghua Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shanye Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiewen Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Environmental Monitoring Station of Pudong New District, Shanghai 201200, China
| | - Yewen Shi
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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4
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Chu L, Cang L, Sun Z, Wang X, Chen H, Fang G, Gao J. Mechanism of nitro-byproducts formation during persulfate-based electrokinetic in situ oxidation for remediation of anthracene contaminated soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 453:131396. [PMID: 37058937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Persulfate-based electrokinetic (EK) chemical oxidation appears to be a novel and viable strategy for the in situ remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) polluted soil; however, the possible toxic byproducts of PAHs have been overlooked. In this study, we systematically investigated the formation mechanism of the nitro-byproducts of anthracene (ANT) during the EK process. Electrochemical experiments revealed that NH4+ and NO2- originating from nitrate electrolyte or soil substrates were oxidized to NO2• and NO• in the presence of SO4•-. Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS/MS) analysis with 15N labeling revealed the formation of nitro-byproducts (14 kinds), including 1-hydroxy-4-nitro-anthraquinone and its similar derivatives, 4-nitrophenol, and 2,4-dinitrophenol. The nitration pathways of ANT have been proposed and described, mainly including the formation of hydroxyl-anthraquinone-oxygen and phenoxy radicals and the subsequent addition of NO2• and NO•. ANT-based formation of nitro-byproducts during EK, which is usually underestimated, should be further investigated due to their enhanced acute toxicity, mutagenic effects, and potential threat to the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longgang Chu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Long Cang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhaoyue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xinghao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Guodong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Juan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing College, Nanjing 210008, China.
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5
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Hao X, Shen A, Li M, Duan R, Hou L, Zhao X, Li Z, Zhao Y, Zhang P, Wang X, Li X, Yang Y. Simple method for visual detection of nitrite using fluorescence and colorimetry by poly (tannic acid) nanoparticles. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1263:341280. [PMID: 37225329 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The nitration reaction of nitrite and phenolic substances was first used to identify and detect NO2- by taking fluorescent poly (tannic acid) nanoparticles (FPTA NPs) as sensing platform. With the low cost, good biodegradable and convenient water-soluble FPTA NPs, a fluorescent and colorimetric dual modes detecting assay was realized. In fluorescent mode, the linear detection range of NO2- was 0-36 μM, the LOD was as low as 3.03 nM, and the response time was 90 s. In colorimetric mode, the linear detection range of NO2- was 0-46 μM, and the LOD was as low as 27 nM. Besides, a smartphone with FPTA NPs@ agarose hydrogel formed a portable detection platform to test the fluorescent and visible color changes of FPTA NPs for NO2- sensing as well as for accurate visualization and quantitative detection of NO2- in actual water and food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Hao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ao Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Mengwen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ruochen Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lala Hou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiuqing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ziqi Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yongwei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Panqing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xuebing Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yunxu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
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6
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Carena L, Zoppi B, Sordello F, Fabbri D, Minella M, Minero C. Phototransformation of Vanillin in Artificial Snow by Direct Photolysis and Mediated by Nitrite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37269319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The photodegradation of vanillin, as a proxy of methoxyphenols emitted by biomass burning, was investigated in artificial snow at 243 K and in liquid water at room temperature. Nitrite (NO2-) was used as a photosensitizer of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species under UVA light, because of its key photochemical role in snowpacks and atmospheric ice/waters. In snow and in the absence of NO2-, slow direct photolysis of vanillin was observed due to back-reactions taking place in the quasi-liquid layer at the ice-grain surface. The addition of NO2- made the photodegradation of vanillin faster, because of the important contribution of photoproduced reactive nitrogen species in vanillin phototransformation. These species triggered both nitration and oligomerization of vanillin in irradiated snow, as the identified vanillin by-products showed. Conversely, in liquid water, direct photolysis was the main photodegradation pathway of vanillin, even in the presence of NO2-, which had negligible effects on vanillin photodegradation. The results outline the different role of iced and liquid water in the photochemical fate of vanillin in different environmental compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Beatrice Zoppi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Sordello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Debora Fabbri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Minella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Minero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
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7
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Pei WX, Ma SS, Chen Z, Zhu Y, Pang SF, Zhang YH. Heterogeneous uptake of NO 2 by sodium acetate droplets and secondary nitrite aerosol formation. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 127:320-327. [PMID: 36522064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The high NO3- concentration in fine particulate matters (PM2.5) during heavy haze events has attracted much attention, but the formation mechanism of nitrates remains largely uncertain, especially concerning heterogeneous uptake of NOX by aqueous phase. In this work, the heterogeneous uptake of NO2 by sodium acetate (NaAc) droplets with different NO2 concentrations and relative humidity (RH) conditions is investigated by microscopic Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (micro-FTIR). The IR feature changes of aqueous droplets indicate the acetate depletion and nitrite formation in humid environment. This implies that acetate droplets can provide the alkaline aqueous circumstances caused by acetate hydrolysis and acetic acid (HAc) volatilization for nitrite formation during the NO2 heterogeneous uptake. Meanwhile, the nitrite formation will exhibit a pH neutralizing effect on acetate hydrolysis, further facilitating HAc volatilization and acetate depletion. The heterogeneous uptake coefficient increases from 5.2 × 10-6 to 1.27 × 10-5 as RH decreases from 90% to 60% due to the enhanced HAc volatilization. Furthermore, no obvious change in uptake coefficient with different NO2 concentrations is observed. This work may provide a new pathway for atmospheric nitrogen cycling and secondary nitrite aerosol formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xiu Pei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuai-Shuai Ma
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shu-Feng Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yun-Hong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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8
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Shi X, Qiu X, Li A, Jiang X, Wei G, Zheng Y, Chen Q, Chen S, Hu M, Rudich Y, Zhu T. Polar Nitrated Aromatic Compounds in Urban Fine Particulate Matter: A Focus on Formation via an Aqueous-Phase Radical Mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5160-5168. [PMID: 36940425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polar nitrated aromatic compounds (pNACs) are key ambient brown carbon chromophores; however, their formation mechanisms, especially in the aqueous phase, remain unclear. We developed an advanced technique for pNACs and measured 1764 compounds in atmospheric fine particulate matter sampled in urban Beijing, China. Molecular formulas were derived for 433 compounds, of which 17 were confirmed using reference standards. Potential novel species with up to four aromatic rings and a maximum of five functional groups were found. Higher concentrations were detected in the heating season, with a median of 82.6 ng m-3 for Σ17pNACs. Non-negative matrix factorization analysis indicated that primary emissions particularly coal combustion were dominant in the heating season. While in the non-heating season, aqueous-phase nitration could generate abundant pNACs with the carboxyl group, which was confirmed by their significant association with the aerosol liquid water content. Aqueous-phase formation of 3- and 5-nitrosalicylic acids instead of their isomer of 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid suggests the existence of an intermediate where the intramolecular hydrogen bond favors kinetics-controlled NO2• nitration. This study provides not only a promising technique for the pNAC measurement but also evidence for their atmospheric aqueous-phase formation, facilitating further evaluation of pNACs' climatic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Shi
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ailin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xing Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Gaoyuan Wei
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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9
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Yang J, Au WC, Law H, Leung CH, Lam CH, Nah T. pH affects the aqueous-phase nitrate-mediated photooxidation of phenolic compounds: implications for brown carbon formation and evolution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:176-189. [PMID: 35293417 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00004k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC) is known to have important impacts on atmospheric chemistry and climate. Phenolic compounds are a prominent class of BrC precursors that are emitted in large quantities from biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion. Inorganic nitrate is a ubiquitous component of atmospheric aqueous phases such as cloudwater, fog, and aqueous aerosols. The photolysis of inorganic nitrate can lead to BrC formation via the photonitration of phenolic compounds in the aqueous phase. However, the acidity of the atmospheric aqueous phase adds complexity to these photonitration processes and needs to be considered when investigating BrC formation from the nitrate-mediated photooxidation of phenolic compounds. In this study, we investigated the influence of pH on the formation and evolution of BrC from the aqueous-phase photooxidation of guaiacol, catechol, 5-nitroguaiacol, and 4-nitrocatechol initiated by inorganic nitrate photolysis. The reaction rates, BrC composition and quantities were found to depend on the aqueous phase pH. Guaiacol, catechol, and 5-nitroguaiacol reacted substantially faster at lower pH. In contrast, 4-nitrocatechol reacted at slower rates at lower pH. For all four phenolic compounds, the initial stages of photooxidation resulted in an increase in light absorption (i.e., photo-enhancement) in the near-UV and visible range due to the formation of light absorbing products formed via the addition of nitro and/or hydroxyl groups to the phenolic compound. Greater photo-enhancement was observed at lower pH during the nitrate-mediated photooxidation of guaiacol and catechol. In contrast, greater photo-enhancement was observed at higher pH during the nitrate-mediated photooxidation of 5-nitroguaiacol and 4-nitrocatechol. This indicated that the effect that the aqueous phase pH has on the composition and yields of BrC formed is not universal, and will depend on the initial phenolic compound. These results provide new insights into how the atmospheric aqueous phase acidity influences the reactivities of different phenolic compounds and BrC formation/evolution during photooxidation initiated by inorganic nitrate photolysis, which will have significant implications for how the atmospheric fates of phenolic compounds and BrC formation/evolution are modeled for areas with high levels of inorganic nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Yang
- School of Energy and Environment, Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wing Chi Au
- School of Energy and Environment, Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Haymann Law
- School of Energy and Environment, Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chun Hei Leung
- School of Energy and Environment, Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chun Ho Lam
- School of Energy and Environment, Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Theodora Nah
- School of Energy and Environment, Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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10
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Li F, Zhou S, Du L, Zhao J, Hang J, Wang X. Aqueous-phase chemistry of atmospheric phenolic compounds: A critical review of laboratory studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:158895. [PMID: 36130630 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds (PhCs) are crucial atmospheric pollutants typically emitted by biomass burning and receive particular concerns considering their toxicity, light-absorbing properties, and involvement in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. A comprehensive understanding of the transformation mechanisms on chemical reactions in atmospheric waters (i.e., cloud/fog droplets and aerosol liquid water) is essential to predict more precisely the atmospheric fate and environmental impacts of PhCs. Laboratory studies play a core role in providing the fundamental knowledge of aqueous-phase chemical transformations in the atmosphere. This article critically reviews recent laboratory advances in SOA formation from the aqueous-phase reactions of PhCs. It focuses primarily on the aqueous oxidation of PhCs driven by two atmospheric reactive species: OH radicals and triplet excited state organics, including the important chemical kinetics and mechanisms. The effects of inorganic components (i.e., nitrate and nitrite) and transition metal ions (i.e., soluble iron) are highlighted on the aqueous-phase transformation of PhCs and on the properties and formation mechanisms of SOA. The review is concluded with the current knowledge gaps and future perspectives for a better understanding of the atmospheric transformation and SOA formation potential of PhCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Li
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Shengzhen Zhou
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China; Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai 519082, China.
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China; Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Jian Hang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China; Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China
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11
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Zhu CS, Qu Y, Dai WT, Su XL, Zhou JM, Wang N, Qu J, Cao JJ. Comparison of black carbon, primary and secondary brown carbon light absorption and direct solar absorption at the foothill and summit of Mt. Hua, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157814. [PMID: 35931170 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric black carbon (BC), primary and secondary brown carbon (BrCpri and BrCsec) are the light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosol components. The vertical changes in the BC and BrC distributions are not generally known. Here, we presented a study of the spectral light absorption properties, direct solar absorption, and potential source areas of BC and BrC at the foothill (375 m a.s.l.) and summit (2060 m a.s.l.) of Mt. Hua, China. More than tripled BC and BrC light absorption coefficient were observed at the foothill compared to the summit. The dominant carbonaceous light-absorbing was attributed to BC with the percentages of 77 % (foothill) and 79 % (summit), respectively. The light absorption coefficient and direct solar absorption of BrCpri were much higher than those of BrCsec at foothill, especially in winter. The enhancing contributions of BrCsec light absorption coefficient and direct solar absorption were observed with high RH and visibility at the summit. The light absorption properties of BC, BrCpri, and BrCsec may be attributed to the emissions, meteorological conditions, and photochemical oxidation. The inferred potential source spatial distributions of BC and BrCpri showed different patterns at the foothill and summit. The results underlined the primary emission effects (including BC and BrCpri) at the foothill and the importance of BrCsec at the summit, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Shu Zhu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yao Qu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wen-Ting Dai
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Li Su
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jia-Mao Zhou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Xi'an Meteorological Administration, Xi'an 710016, China
| | - Jun-Ji Cao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710061, China
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12
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Xiao Y, Hu M, Li X, Zong T, Xu N, Hu S, Zeng L, Chen S, Song Y, Guo S, Wu Z. Aqueous secondary organic aerosol formation attributed to phenols from biomass burning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157582. [PMID: 35882337 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning emits large quantities of phenols, which readily partition into the atmospheric aqueous phase and subsequently may react to produce aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA). For the first time, we quantitatively explored the influence of phenols emitted from biomass burning on aqSOA formation in the winter of Beijing. A typical haze episode associated with significant aqSOA formation was captured. During this episode, aqueous-phase processing of biomass burning promoted aqSOA formation was identified. Furthermore, high-resolution mass spectrum analysis provided molecular-level evidence of the phenolic aqSOA tracers. Estimation of aqSOA formation rate (RaqSOA) with compiled laboratory kinetic data indicated that biomass-burning phenols can efficiently produce aqSOA at midday, with RaqSOA of 0.42 μg m-3 h-1 accounting for 15 % of total aqSOA formation rate. The results highlight that aqSOA formation of phenols contributes the haze pollution. This implies the importance of regional joint control of biomass burning to mitigate the heavy haze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Taomou Zong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Nan Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuya Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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13
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Rana MS, Guzman MI. Surface Oxidation of Phenolic Aldehydes: Fragmentation, Functionalization, and Coupling Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6502-6516. [PMID: 36070234 PMCID: PMC9512012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Substantial amounts of phenolic aldehydes, represented by the structures of syringaldehyde, vanillin, and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, are emitted to the atmosphere during biomass burning. The oxidative transformation of phenolic aldehydes during atmospheric transport has the potential to modify the physicochemical properties of particulates, which play a vital role in Earth's climate and human health. Herein, thin solid films made of syringaldehyde, vanillin, and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde are oxidized in contact with O3(g) under a relative humidity of 74% representative of average global conditions. New physical insights into the surface reactions are achieved by analyzing isopropanol-extracted films before and during oxidation by multiple techniques. Changes in electronic transitions at 220, 310, and 350-400 nm registered by UV-vis spectroscopy show that the oxidized films have enhanced mass absorption coefficients at λ > 300 nm. Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) and ion chromatography with conductivity and MS detection of extracted oxidized films confirm aromatic ring cleavage of syringaldehyde and vanillin by O3(g) with the production of carboxylic acids. Carboxylic acids were observed as anions ([M - H]-) at m/z 45 (formic acid), 73 (glyoxylic acid), 75 (glycolic acid), 89 (oxalic acid), 115 (maleic acid), 117 (mesoxalic acid), 119 (tartronic acid), and 129 (maleic acid monomethyl ester), while other polyfunctional products were registered by ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography with UV-vis and MS detection. In situ production of hydroxyl radicals is confirmed by demethoxylation products and ipso attack at the C1 ring position holding the -C(H)═O group. The order of reactivity increased with the number of methoxy substituents that donate electron density to the aromatic ring. Combined oxidation mechanisms for the three compounds are proposed based on all of the experimental observations and explain the contribution of aged biomass burning material to secondary organic aerosol formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sohel Rana
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Marcelo I. Guzman
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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14
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Pang H, Wang Y, Wu Y, He J, Deng H, Li P, Xu J, Yu Z, Gligorovski S. Unveiling the pH-Dependent Yields of H 2O 2 and OH by Aqueous-Phase Ozonolysis of m-Cresol in the Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7618-7628. [PMID: 35608856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (OH) are important oxidants in the atmospheric aqueous phase such as cloud droplets and deliquescent aerosol particles, playing a significant role in the chemical transformation of organic and inorganic pollutants in the atmosphere. Atmospheric aqueous-phase chemistry has been considered to be a source of H2O2 and OH. However, our understanding of the mechanisms of their formation in atmospheric waters is still incomplete. Here, we show that the aqueous-phase reaction of dissolved ozone (O3) with substituted phenols such as m-cresol represents an important source of H2O2 and OH exhibiting pH-dependent yields. Intriguingly, the formation of H2O2 through the ring-opening mechanism is strongly promoted under lower pH conditions (pH 2.5-3.5), while higher pH favors the ring-retaining pathways yielding OH. The rate constant of the reaction of O3 with m-cresol increases with increasing pH. The reaction products formed during the ozonolysis of m-cresol are analyzed by an Orbitrap mass spectrometer, and reaction pathways are suggested based on the identified product compounds. This study indicates that aqueous-phase ozonolysis of phenolic compounds might be an alternative source of H2O2 and OH in the cloud, rain, and liquid water of aerosol particles; thus, it should be considered in future model studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yiqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiazhuo He
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Huifan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinli Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Sasho Gligorovski
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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15
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Yang P, Korshin GV, Dong J, Ji Y, Lu J. Differentiation of Pathways of Nitrated Byproduct Formation from Ammonium and Nitrite During Sulfate Radical Oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7935-7944. [PMID: 35549166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies found that both nitrite (NO2-) and ammonium (NH4+) lead to nitrophenolic byproducts in SO4•- oxidation processes, during which NO2• generated through the oxidation of the inorganic nitrogen by SO4•- is the key nitrating agent. This study demonstrates that the formation of phenoxy radicals to which NO2• can be incorporated immediately is another governing factor. Two types of sites having distinct reactivities in natural organic matter (NOM) molecules can be transformed to phenoxy radicals upon SO4•- oxidation. Fast sites associated with phenolic functionalities are primarily targeted in the reaction sequence involving NO2-, because both are preferentially oxidized. Following the depletion of NO2-, NH4+ becomes the main precursor of NO2• that interacts with slow sites associated with the carboxylic functionalities. Experimental data show that the formation of total organic nitrogen in 24 h reached 6.28 μM during SO4•- oxidation of NOM (4.96 mg/L organic carbon) in the presence of both NO2- (0.1 mM) and NH4+ (1.0 mM), while the sum of those formed in the presence of each alone was only 3.52 μM. Results of this study provide further insights into the mechanisms of nitrated byproduct formation when SO4•- is applied for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizeng Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Gregory V Korshin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jiayue Dong
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuefei Ji
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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16
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Jiao X, Zeng R, Lan G, Zuo S, He J, Wang C. Mechanistic study on photochemical generation of I •/I 2•- radicals in coastal atmospheric aqueous aerosol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:154080. [PMID: 35218835 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The reactive iodine species may exhibit significant impacts on many global atmospheric issues and the I•/I2•- radicals play key roles for inducing the formation of these reactive iodine species. However, the current understanding on the formation of I•/I2•- radicals in atmospheric aqueous aerosol is still quite limited. The results reported herein suggest that I•/I2•- can be produced simultaneously in aqueous aerosol by several sunlight-driven photochemical pathways including direct photo-dissociation of soluble organic iodine (SOI) at rates of 0.10-1.34 × 10-9 M ns-1 and 0.99-5.68 × 10-7 M μs-1, •OH-mediated oxidation of I- at 0.03-1.41 × 10-8 M ns-1 and 0.05-4.10 × 10-6 M μs-1, and 3DOM⁎-induced oxidation of I- at 1.57-1.65 × 10-9 M ns-1 and 0.99-5.68 × 10-7 M μs-1 for generation of I• and I2•-, respectively. Meanwhile, the pathway of eaq--initiated stepwise reduction of IO3- to I2(aq) and further photolyzed into I• plays negligible role in formation of I•/I2•- due to the low reaction rates and severe quenching effect of eaq- by dissolved O2. Our work presented the new data on mechanism and kinetics for comprehensive elucidation of I•/I2•- formation in coastal atmospheric aqueous aerosol and would help to better understand the transformation mechanism of iodine species, pathways of iodine cycling and the associated environmental impacts involving atmospheric reactive iodine radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Jiao
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Rui Zeng
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guangcai Lan
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Siyu Zuo
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham-Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China; The Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Chengjun Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
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17
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Kitanosono T, Hashidoko A, Yamashita Y, Kobayashi S. 2-Methoxyethyl Nitrite as a Reagent for Chemoselective On-Water Nitration. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200457. [PMID: 35612572 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An on-water approach has been developed that allows a nitration of tyrosines and phenols under mild conditions. We envisioned that the assembly of tyrosine/tyrosyl radical couples with interfacial water molecules would realize a biomimetic stacking hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) transition state to facilitate the electron-transfer process. The optimal organic nitrite, 2-methoxyethyl nitrite, resulted in rapid coupling of the tyrosyl radicals with •NO 2 at the oil-water interface to afford the nitrated phenols. Many characteristics found in our on-water strategy are distinct from other complementary systems that include radical nitration. These enticing roles of water in the reaction process introduce new avenues to explore in the design of synthetic organic chemistry systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Kitanosono
- The University of Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku, Department of Chemistry, JAPAN
| | - Airu Hashidoko
- The University of Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku, Department of Chemistry, JAPAN
| | | | - Shu Kobayashi
- The University of Tokyo, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033, Tokyo, JAPAN
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18
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Yan R, Yang W, You D, Yang H, Han C. Photoinduced evolution of optical properties and compositions of methoxyphenols by Fe(III)-carboxylates complexes in atmospheric aqueous phase. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133860. [PMID: 35124090 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The changes in optical properties and chemical compositions of methoxyphenols, which acted as an important aromatic compound from the biomass burning, were investigated in the presence of Fe(III)-carboxylates under aqueous phase conditions. The light was confirmed to be a key factor for stimulating the reaction of methoxyphenols and Fe(III)-carboxylates. The photoinduced evolution of optical properties of methoxyphenols was dependent on various factors, including irradiation intensity, types of carboxylates, dissolved oxygen and pH. The changes in the mass absorption efficiency at 306 nm (MAE306) positively relied on irradiation intensity and dissolved oxygen. The acceleration effects of carboxylates on the decreases in MAE306 of methoxyphenols followed the order of oxalate > citrate > malonate. The change amplitude of MAE306 decreased with an increasing pH (3.5-9), while that of the mass absorption efficiency at 364 nm (MAE364) increased with pH ranging from 3.5 to 7. The compositional evolutions of methoxyphenols by the photochemical aging were analyzed with the attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR), confirming the decrease of CO groups and the increase of O-H and C-O groups. The photochemical reaction pathways of methoxyphenols with Fe(III)-carboxylates were proposed according to optical properties and compositions measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yan
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Wangjin Yang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Di You
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Hongxing Yang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Chong Han
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
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19
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Zhou Y, West CP, Hettiyadura APS, Pu W, Shi T, Niu X, Wen H, Cui J, Wang X, Laskin A. Molecular Characterization of Water-Soluble Brown Carbon Chromophores in Snowpack from Northern Xinjiang, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4173-4186. [PMID: 35287433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study reports molecular-level characterization of brown carbon (BrC) attributed to water-soluble organic carbon in six snowpack samples collected from northern Xinjiang, China. The molecular composition and light-absorbing properties of BrC chromophores were unraveled by application of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a photodiode array (PDA) detector and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The chromophores were classified into five major types, that is, (1) phenolic/lignin-derivedcompounds, (2) flavonoids, (3) nitroaromatics, (4) oxygenated aromatics, and (5) other chromophores. Identified chromophores account for ∼23-64% of the total light absorption measured by the PDA detector in the wavelength range of 300-370 nm. In the representative samples from urban and remote areas, oxygenated aromatics and nitroaromatics dominate the absorption in the wavelengths below and above 320 nm, respectively. The highly polluted urban sample shows the most complex HPLC-PDA chromatogram, and more other chromophores contribute to the bulk absorption. Phenolic/lignin-derived compounds are the most light-absorbing species in the soil-influenced sample. Chromophores in two remote samples exhibit ultraviolet-visible features distinct from other samples, which are attributed to flavonoids. Identification of individual chromophores and quantitative analysis of their optical properties are helpful for elucidating the roles of BrC in snow radiative balance and photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christopher P West
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Anusha P S Hettiyadura
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Wei Pu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tenglong Shi
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoying Niu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hui Wen
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiecan Cui
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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20
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Liu C, Chen D, Chen X. Atmospheric Reactivity of Methoxyphenols: A Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2897-2916. [PMID: 35188384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Methoxyphenols emitted from lignin pyrolysis are widely used as potential tracers for biomass burning, especially for wood burning. In the past ten years, their atmospheric reactivity has attracted increasing attention from the academic community. Thus, this work provides an extensive review of the atmospheric reactivity of methoxyphenols, including their gas-phase, particle-phase, and aqueous-phase reactions, as well as secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. Emphasis was placed on kinetics, mechanisms, and SOA formation. The reactions of methoxyphenols with OH and NO3 radicals were the predominant degradation pathways, which also had significant SOA formation potentials. The reaction mechanism of methoxyphenols with O3 is the cycloaddition of O3 to the benzene ring or unsaturated C═C bond, while H-abstraction and radical adduct formation are the main degradation channels of methoxyphenols by OH and NO3 radicals. Based on the published studies, knowledge gaps were pointed out. Future studies including experimental simulations and theoretical calculations of other representative kinds of methoxyphenols should be systematically carried out under complex pollution conditions. In addition, the ecotoxicity of their degradation products and their contribution to SOA formation from the atmospheric aging of biomass-burning plumes should be seriously assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changgeng Liu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Chen
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao'e Chen
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, P.R. China
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21
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Li Y, Wang L, Xu H, Lu J, Chovelon JM, Ji Y. Direct and nitrite-sensitized indirect photolysis of effluent-derived phenolic contaminants under UV 254 irradiation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:127-139. [PMID: 34981110 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00381j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UV254 photolysis has increasingly been utilized for disinfection of water-born pathogens in wastewater. During disinfection, wastewater-derived trace organic contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), may be subjected to direct photolysis and indirect photolysis sensitized by wastewater constituents such as nitrite (NO2-). Herein, we reported the direct photolysis and NO2--sensitized indirect photolysis of four phenolic contaminants commonly observed in wastewaters (i.e., bisphenol A (BPA), acetaminophen (ATP), salbutamol (SAL), and 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP1)). Spectroscopic characterization and quantum yield measurement were carried out to evaluate the photochemical reactivity of these phenolic compounds. In NO2--sensitized photolysis, the relative contribution of direct and indirect photolysis was quantified by light screening factor calculation and radical quenching studies. The experimental results highlight the important roles of HO˙ and NO2˙ in the NO2--sensitized photolysis of phenolic compounds. A series of intermediate products, including hydroxylated, nitrated, nitrosated, dimerized, and alkyl chain cleavage products, were identified by solid phase extraction (SPE) combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analyses. On the basis of identified products, the underlying mechanisms and transformation pathways for NO2--sensitized photolysis of these phenolic compounds were elucidated. The second-order rate constants of BPA, SAL, BP1 with NO2˙ were calculated to be 2.25 × 104, 1.35 × 104 and 2.44 × 104 M-1 s-1, respectively, by kinetic modeling. Suwanee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) played complex roles in the direct and NO2--sensitized photolysis of phenolic compounds by serving as a photosensitizer, light screening and radical quenching agent. Wastewater constituents, such as NO3- and EfOM, could accelerate direct and NO2--sensitized photolysis of BPA, SAL, and BP1 in the wastewater matrix. Our results suggest that NO2- at the WWTP effluent-relevant level can sensitize the photolysis of effluent-derived phenolic contaminants during the UV254 disinfection process; however, the formation of potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic nitrated/nitrosated derivatives should be scrutinized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Lixiao Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Haiyan Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Junhe Lu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jean-Marc Chovelon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yuefei Ji
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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22
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Zhang T, Dong J, Ji Y, Kong D, Lu J. Photodegradation of benzophenones sensitized by nitrite. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149850. [PMID: 34525707 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone UV filters (BPs) are a group of contaminants of emerging concern due to their widespread occurrence and adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the transformation of BPs by nitrite sensitized photodegradation was comprehensively investigated. OH and NO2 generated by nitrite photolysis reacted with BPs, forming hydroxylated and nitrated products, respectively. Kinetic modeling revealed that the steady-state concentrations of NO2 were approximately six orders of magnitude higher than those of OH in the UV/nitrite process, although the second-order rate constants of NO2 reactions with BPs were six orders of magnitude lower. With the increase in nitrite concentration, BPs degradation was accelerated, and the contribution of NO2 increased as well. At initial nitrite concentration of 10 μM, the contributions of OH and NO2 to the degradation of 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP1) were 66.1% and 21.5%, respectively. However, NO2 only contributed a tiny fraction to the degradation of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-5-sulfonic acid (BP4), due to the presence of an electron-withdrawing sulfonate group in the molecule. Natural organic matter (NOM) inhibited the nitrite sensitized degradation of BPs, due to light screening and radical scavenging effects. This study suggests that BPs can be effectively transformed in sunlit waters in the presence of nitrite, leading to nitrated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiayue Dong
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuefei Ji
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Deyang Kong
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection of PRC, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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23
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Wang Y, Huang DD, Huang W, Liu B, Chen Q, Huang R, Gen M, Mabato BRG, Chan CK, Li X, Hao T, Tan Y, Hoi KI, Mok KM, Li YJ. Enhanced Nitrite Production from the Aqueous Photolysis of Nitrate in the Presence of Vanillic Acid and Implications for the Roles of Light-Absorbing Organics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15694-15704. [PMID: 34784716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A prominent source of hydroxyl radicals (•OH), nitrous acid (HONO) plays a key role in tropospheric chemistry. Apart from direct emission, HONO (or its conjugate base nitrite, NO2-) can be formed secondarily in the atmosphere. Yet, how secondary HONO forms requires elucidation, especially for heterogeneous processes involving numerous organic compounds in atmospheric aerosols. We investigated nitrite production from aqueous photolysis of nitrate for a range of conditions (pH, organic compound, nitrate concentration, and cation). Upon adding small oxygenates such as ethanol, n-butanol, or formate as •OH scavengers, the average intrinsic quantum yield of nitrite [Φ(NO2-)] was 0.75 ± 0.15%. With near-UV-light-absorbing vanillic acid (VA), however, the effective Φ(NO2-) was strongly pH-dependent, reaching 8.0 ± 2.1% at a pH of 8 and 1.5 ± 0.39% at a more atmospherically relevant pH of 5. Our results suggest that brown carbon (BrC) may greatly enhance the nitrite production from the aqueous nitrate photolysis through photosensitizing reactions, where the triplet excited state of BrC may generate solvated electrons, which reduce nitrate to NO2 for further conversion to nitrite. This photosensitization process by BrC chromophores during nitrate photolysis under mildly acidic conditions may partly explain the missing HONO in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Dan Dan Huang
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Wanyi Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Ben Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rujin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Masao Gen
- Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | | | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Tianwei Hao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yunkai Tan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Ka In Hoi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Kai Meng Mok
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yong Jie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
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24
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Gao X, Lu J, Ji Y, Chen J, Yin X, Zhou Q. Nitrite-mediated photodegradation of sulfonamides and formation of nitrated products. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 282:130968. [PMID: 34111634 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we systematically investigated the indirect photolysis of five SAs, i.e., sulfamethazine (SMZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfathiazole (STZ), sulfapyridine (SPD), and sulfamethizole (SMT), under UV-A irradiation (365 nm) and mediated by nitrite (NO2‾) at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.005-0.1 mM). The SAs that are resistant to direct photolysis can be effectively removed in UV/NO2‾ system. SAs with a six-membered heterocyclic ring (i.e., SMZ and SPD) were degraded more quickly than those with a five-membered heterocyclic ring (i.e., SMX, STZ and SMT). The pseudo-first-order rate constants (k) at nitrite concentration of 0.1 mM followed the order of kSPD (0.0265 min-1) > kSMZ (0.0245 min-1) > kSMX (0.0184 min-1) > kSTZ (0.0176 min-1) > kSMT (0.0154 min-1). A kinetic model was developed and the contributions of direct UV photolysis, OH, and RNS to SAs degradation in UV/NO2‾ system were calculated. At NO2‾ concentration of 0.1 mM, the contributions of OH and RNS for SAs removal were 29.17-46.53% and 52.33-63.28%, respectively. Main transformation pathways including hydroxylation and nitration were proposed, based on liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of the degradation products and density functional theory calculation. However, Smile-type rearrangement which generated a SO2-extrusion product was only observed in the degradation of SAs with a six-membered ring, which explains their higher degradation rate than those with a five-membered ring. The presence of natural organic matter (NOM) decreased the formation of nitrated products. Overall, these results will be helpful to understand the fate and the potential ecological risks of SAs in sunlit aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Gao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuefei Ji
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Xiaoming Yin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Quansuo Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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25
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Li X, Hu M, Wang Y, Xu N, Fan H, Zong T, Wu Z, Guo S, Zhu W, Chen S, Dong H, Zeng L, Yu X, Tang X. Links between the optical properties and chemical compositions of brown carbon chromophores in different environments: Contributions and formation of functionalized aromatic compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147418. [PMID: 33975110 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Links between the optical properties and chemical compositions of brown carbon (BrC) are poorly understood because of the complexity of BrC chromophores. We conducted field studies simultaneously at both vehicle-influenced site and biomass burning-affected site in China in polluted winter. The chemical compositions and light absorption values of functionalized aromatic compounds, including phenyl aldehyde, phenyl acid, and nitroaromatic compounds, were measured. P-phthalic acid, nitrophenols and nitrocatechols were dominant BrC species, accounting for over 50% of the concentration of identified chromophores. Nitrophenols and nitrocatechols contributed more than 50% of the identified BrC absorbance between 300 and 400 nm. Oxidation of biomass burning-related products (e.g., pyrocatechol and methylcatechols) and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (e.g., benzene and toluene) generated similar BrC chromophores, implying that these functionalized aromatic compounds play an important role in both environments. Compared with the biomass burning-affected site (22%), functionalized aromatic compounds at vehicle-influenced site accounted for a higher percentage of BrC absorption (25%). This research improves our understanding of the links between optical properties and composition of BrC, and the difference between BrC chromophores from BB-influenced area and vehicle-affected area under polluted atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China; Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Sciences and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yujue Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Nan Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hanyun Fan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Taomou Zong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenfei Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huabin Dong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuena Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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26
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Li Y, Qin H, Li Y, Lu J, Zhou L, Chovelon JM, Ji Y. Trace level nitrite sensitized photolysis of the antimicrobial agents parachlormetaxylenol and chlorophene in water. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 200:117275. [PMID: 34087514 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite (NO2-)-sensitized photolysis plays an important role in the attenuation of effluent-derived trace organic contaminants (e.g., anilines, phenolic compounds, etc.) in surface waters. However, the kinetics, mechanisms, and influencing factors of photolysis of many emerging contaminants sensitized by NO2- still remain largely unknown. Herein, we report that NO2--sensitized photolysis of the antimicrobial agents parachlormetaxylenol (PCMX) and chlorophene (CP) in aqueous solution under ultraviolet 365 nm (UV365) radiation. A nonlinear increase in photolysis rate constants of PCMX and CP was observed with increasing NO2- concentration. Radical quenching studies and kinetic modeling revealed that hydroxyl radical (HO•) and nitrogen dioxide radicals (NO2•) contributed dominantly to the removal of PCMX and CP. Solid phase extraction (SPE) combined with high resolution-mass spectrometry (HR-MS) analysis identified a series of intermediate products including hydroxylated, nitrated, nitrosated, and dimerized derivatives. Experiments with isotopically labelled nitrite (15NO2-) showed that the nitro- and nitroso-substituents of intermediate products were derived from the nitrite nitrogen. Based on the identified products and theoretical computations, the mechanisms and pathways of NO2--sensitized photolysis of PCMX and CP are elucidated. Deoxygenation partially inhibited the formation of 4-chloro-3,5-dimethyl-2-nitrophenol (nitro-PCMX) while the presence of HO• scavenger such as isopropanol (i-PrOH) suppressed the further transformation of nitro-PCMX. The presence of Mississippi River natural organic matter (MRNOM) inhibited the removal of PCMX and CP, likely due to light screening and radical quenching. However, appreciable degradation of PCMX and CP was still observed in wastewater and wetland water matrices. Results of this study shed some light on the transformation and fate of PCMX and CP in NO2--rich wastewater effluents or effluent-impacted surface waters under solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hao Qin
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunong Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jean-Marc Chovelon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yuefei Ji
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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27
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Wang C, Fuller ME, Heraty LJ, Hatzinger PB, Sturchio NC. Photocatalytic mechanisms of 2,4-dinitroanisole degradation in water deciphered by C and N dual-element isotope fractionation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 411:125109. [PMID: 33858090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In surface water environments, photodegradation may be an important process for the natural attenuation of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN). Understanding the photolysis and photocatalysis mechanisms of DNAN is difficult because the photosensitivity of nitro groups and the behavior of DNAN as a potential photosensitizer are unclear in aqueous solutions. Here, we investigate the degradation mechanisms of DNAN under UV-A (λ ~ 350 nm) and UV-C (λ ~ 254 nm) irradiation in a photolysis reactor where aqueous solution was continuously recycled through a UV-irradiated volume from a non-irradiated external reservoir. By tracking C and N isotopic fractionation in DNAN and its reaction products, we observed normal 13C fractionation (εC = -3.34‰) and inverse 15N fractionation (εN = +12.30‰) under UV-A (λ ~ 350 nm) irradiation, in contrast to inverse 13C fractionation (εC = +1.45‰) and normal 15N fractionation (εN = -3.79‰) under UV-C (λ ~ 254 nm) irradiation. These results indicate that DNAN can act as a photosensitizer and may follow a product-to-parent reversion mechanism in surface water environments. The data also indicate that photocatalytic degradation of DNAN in aqueous systems can be monitored via C and N stable isotope analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Wang
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Mark E Fuller
- Aptim Federal Services, LLC, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Linnea J Heraty
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | | | - Neil C Sturchio
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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28
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Marussi G, Vione D. Secondary Formation of Aromatic Nitroderivatives of Environmental Concern: Photonitration Processes Triggered by the Photolysis of Nitrate and Nitrite Ions in Aqueous Solution. Molecules 2021; 26:2550. [PMID: 33925664 PMCID: PMC8124604 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic nitroderivatives are compounds of considerable environmental concern, because some of them are phytotoxic (especially the nitrophenols, and particularly 2,4-dinitrophenol), others are mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic (e.g., the nitroderivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as 1-nitropyrene), and all of them absorb sunlight as components of the brown carbon. The latter has the potential to affect the climatic feedback of atmospheric aerosols. Most nitroderivatives are secondarily formed in the environment and, among their possible formation processes, photonitration upon irradiation of nitrate or nitrite is an important pathway that has periodically gained considerable attention. However, photonitration triggered by nitrate and nitrite is a very complex process, because the two ionic species under irradiation produce a wide range of nitrating agents (such as •NO2, HNO2, HOONO, and H2OONO+), which are affected by pH and the presence of organic compounds and, in turn, deeply affect the nitration of aromatic precursors. Moreover, aromatic substrates can highly differ in their reactivity towards the various photogenerated species, thereby providing different behaviours towards photonitration. Despite the high complexity, it is possible to rationalise the different photonitration pathways in a coherent framework. In this context, this review paper has the goal of providing the reader with a guide on what to expect from the photonitration process under different conditions, how to study it, and how to determine which pathway(s) are prevailing in the formation of the observed nitroderivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Marussi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Davide Vione
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Jiang W, Misovich MV, Hettiyadura APS, Laskin A, McFall AS, Anastasio C, Zhang Q. Photosensitized Reactions of a Phenolic Carbonyl from Wood Combustion in the Aqueous Phase-Chemical Evolution and Light Absorption Properties of AqSOA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5199-5211. [PMID: 33733745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Guaiacyl acetone (GA) is a phenolic carbonyl emitted in significant quantities by wood combustion that undergoes rapid aqueous-phase oxidation to produce aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA). We investigate the photosensitized oxidation of GA by an organic triplet excited state (3C*) and the formation and aging of the resulting aqSOA in wood smoke-influenced fog/cloud water. The chemical transformations of the aqSOA were characterized in situ using a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer. Additionally, aqSOA samples collected over different time periods were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector and a high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometer (HPLC-PDA-HRMS) to provide details on the molecular composition and optical properties of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores. Our results show efficient formation of aqSOA from GA, with an average mass yield around 80%. The composition and BrC properties of the aqSOA changed significantly over the course of reaction. Three generations of aqSOA products were identified via positive matrix factorization analysis of the aerosol mass spectrometry data. Oligomerization and functionalization dominated the production of the first-generation aqSOA, whereas fragmentation and ring-opening reactions controlled the formation of more oxidized second- and third-generation products. Significant formation of BrC was observed in the early stages of the photoreaction, while organic acids were produced throughout the experiment. High-molecular weight molecules (m/z > 180) with high aromaticity were identified via HPLC-PDA-HRMS and were found to account for a majority of the UV-vis absorption of the aqSOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Jiang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, United States
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, United States
| | - Maria V Misovich
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
| | - Anusha P S Hettiyadura
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
| | - Alexander S McFall
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, United States
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, United States
| | - Cort Anastasio
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, United States
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, United States
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, United States
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30
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Wang Y, Mekic M, Li P, Deng H, Liu S, Jiang B, Jin B, Vione D, Gligorovski S. Ionic Strength Effect Triggers Brown Carbon Formation through Heterogeneous Ozone Processing of Ortho-Vanillin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4553-4564. [PMID: 33784089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Methoxyphenols are an important class of compounds emerging from biomass combustion, and their reactions with ozone can generate secondary organic aerosols in the atmosphere. Here, we use a vertical wetted wall flow tube reactor to evaluate the effect of ionic strength on the heterogeneous reaction of gas-phase ozone (O3) with a liquid film of o-vanillin (o-VL) (2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde), as a proxy for methoxyphenols. Typical for moderately acidic aerosols, at fixed pH = 5.6, the uptake coefficients (γ) of O3 on o-VL ([o-VL] = 1 × 10-5 mol L-1) increase from γ = (1.9 ± 0.1) × 10-7 in the absence of Na2SO4 to γ = (6.8 ± 0.3) × 10-7 at I = 0.2 mol L-1, and then, it decreases again. The addition of NO3- ions only slightly decreases the uptakes of O3. Ultrahigh-resolution electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) reveals that the formation of multicore aromatic compounds is favored upon heterogeneous O3 reaction with o-VL, in the presence of SO42- and NO3- ions. The addition of NO3- ions favors the formation of nitrooxy (-ONO2) or oxygenated nitrooxy group of organonitrates, which are components of brown carbon that can affect both climate and air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Majda Mekic
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huifan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shiyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
| | - Biao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Davide Vione
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Sasho Gligorovski
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Xu X, Lu X, Li X, Liu Y, Wang X, Chen H, Chen J, Yang X, Fu TM, Zhao Q, Fu Q. ROS-generation potential of Humic-like substances (HULIS) in ambient PM 2.5 in urban Shanghai: Association with HULIS concentration and light absorbance. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 256:127050. [PMID: 32446002 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can cause adverse health effects through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after inhalation. Humic-like substances (HULIS) are major constituents contributing to the ROS-generation potential in organic aerosols. In this study, PM2.5 samples in urban Shanghai during autumn and winter (2018-2019) were collected. Mass-normalized ·OH generation rate in surrogate lung fluid (SLF) was used to denote the intrinsic ROS-generation potential of PM2.5 or of the HULIS isolated from PM2.5. In this study, ROS-generation potential of PM2.5 decreased with increasing ambient PM2.5 concentration due to higher percentage of inorganic components in high PM2.5 event. Same trend was observed for the ROS-generation potential of unit mass of HULIS, which was higher when HULIS and PM2.5 concentrations were both relatively lower. The HULIS with high ROS-generation potential but low concentration (High-ROS/Low-Conc HULIS) were likely produced by the atmospheric aqueous-phase reactions during nighttime or under high relative humidity conditions, not from biomass burning emissions or the photochemical pollution products. The association between ROS-generation potential and light absorption properties of HULIS was studied as well. The High-ROS/Low-Conc HULIS also showed stronger light absorbance than the other HULIS. Our results implied the potentially important roles that HULIS species might play in atmospheric environment and human health even when the PM2.5 pollution is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaohui Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yaxi Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qianbiao Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, 200235, China
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32
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Altshuler SL, Zhang Q, Kleinman MT, Garcia-Menendez F, Moore CTT, Hough ML, Stevenson ED, Chow JC, Jaffe DA, Watson JG. Wildfire and prescribed burning impacts on air quality in the United States. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2020; 70:961-970. [PMID: 32845818 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1813217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California , Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michael T Kleinman
- Environmental Toxicology and Air Pollution Health Effects Laboratory in the Department of Community and Environmental Medicine, University of California , Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Fernando Garcia-Menendez
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Charles Thomas Tom Moore
- Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP), Western States Air Resources Council , Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Merlyn L Hough
- Lane Regional Air Protection Agency , Springfield-Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Eric D Stevenson
- Meteorology and Measurement, Bay Area Air Quality Management District , San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Judith C Chow
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute , Reno, NV, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Daniel A Jaffe
- Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John G Watson
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute , Reno, NV, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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