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Nie C, Shui J, Huang L, Wang J, Shen Y, Wu Y. Programming of a Portable Digital Monitoring System-Integrated DNA Aptamer Reversely Regulated Oxidase-Like Nanozyme for Real-Time Dynamic Analysis of Atmospheric Perfluorooctanoic Acid. Anal Chem 2024; 96:13512-13521. [PMID: 39110961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Timely and efficient analysis of the fluorinated per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in an atmospheric environment is critical to environmental pollution traceability, early warnings, and governance. Here, a portable, reliable, and intelligent digital monitoring device for onsite real-time dynamic analysis of atmospheric perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is proposed. The sensing mechanism is attributed to the oxidase-like activity of PtCoNPs@g-C3N4 that is reversely regulated by the surface modification of a PFOA-recognizable DNA aptamer, engineering a PFOA-activated oxidase-like activity of nanozyme (Apt-PtCoNPs@g-C3N4) to combine the nonfluorescence o-phenylenediamine (OPD) as the dual-modality response system. The present PFOA interacts with its DNA aptamer and dissociates from the surface of Apt-PtCoNPs@g-C3N4, restoring the oxidase-like activity of PtCoNPs@g-C3N4 to oxidize OPD into yellow fluorescence 2,3-diphenylaniline (DAP), thereby observing a PFOA-triggered colorimetric as well as fluorescence dual-modality change. Then, a hydrogel kit-programmed Apt-PtCoNPs@g-C3N4 + OPD system is used as the sensitive element to incorporate into this homemade portable device, automatically gathering and processing the PFOA-triggered hydrogel colorimetric and fluorescence image gray values by our self-weaving software, ultimately realizing the onsite real-time dynamic analysis of atmospheric PFOA surrounding a fluorochemical production plant. This work provides a direction and theoretical foundation for designing portable onsite screening devices that cater to other atmospheric contaminants detection requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Nie
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jiaxu Shui
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yizhong Shen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014); NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
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2
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Gong J, Zhang X, Liang R, Ma J, Yang N, Cai K, Wu J, Xie Z, Zhang S, Chen Y, Liao Q. Rapidly enrichment and detection of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in foods using a novel bifunctional covalent organic framework. Food Chem 2024; 447:139016. [PMID: 38513494 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are extensively found in foods, posing potential toxicity to humans. Therefore, rapid analysis and monitoring of PFASs in foods are crucial for public health and also a challenge. To detect trace PFASs in foods, construction of sorbents with multiple interactions could be an effective approach. Herein, a cationic-fluorinated covalent organic framework (CF-COF) was prepared by post-modification and used as a magnetic solid-phase extraction adsorbent for adsorption of PFASs. By combining magnetic solid-phase extraction based on CF-COF with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC - MS/MS), a novel method was developed for determination of eight long-chain PFASs in foods. Under optimized conditions, the method exhibited low detection limits (0.003-0.019 ng/g) and satisfactory recovery rates (73.5-118%) for PFASs. This study introduces a novel idea for the development of adsorbents targeting PFASs, along with a new analytical method for monitoring of PFASs in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Xingyuan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Rongyao Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Juanqiong Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Na Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Kaiwei Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Jinyun Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518106, China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- Center for Modern Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Kexue Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanlong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China..
| | - Qiongfeng Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, China..
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3
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Wallace MAG, Smeltz MG, Mattila JM, Liberatore HK, Jackson SR, Shields EP, Xhani X, Li EY, Johansson JH. A review of sample collection and analytical methods for detecting per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in indoor and outdoor air. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142129. [PMID: 38679180 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a unique class of chemicals synthesized to aid in industrial processes, fire-fighting products, and to benefit consumer products such as clothing, cosmetics, textiles, carpets, and coatings. The widespread use of PFAS and their strong carbon-fluorine bonds has led to their ubiquitous presence throughout the world. Airborne transport of PFAS throughout the atmosphere has also contributed to environmental pollution. Due to the potential environmental and human exposure concerns of some PFAS, research has extensively focused on water, soil, and organismal detection, but the presence of PFAS in the air has become an area of growing concern. Methods to measure polar PFAS in various matrices have been established, while the investigation of polar and nonpolar PFAS in air is still in its early development. This literature review aims to present the last two decades of research characterizing PFAS in outdoor and indoor air, focusing on active and passive air sampling and analytical methods. The PFAS classes targeted and detected in air samples include fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (FASAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonamido ethanols (FASEs), perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), and perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs). Although the manufacturing of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) has been largely phased out, these two PFAS are still often detected in air samples. Additionally, recent estimates indicate that there are thousands of PFAS that are likely present in the air that are not currently monitored in air methods. Advances in air sampling methods are needed to fully characterize the atmospheric transport of PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ariel Geer Wallace
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Air Methods and Characterization Division, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Marci G Smeltz
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Air Methods and Characterization Division, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - James M Mattila
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Hannah K Liberatore
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Air Methods and Characterization Division, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Stephen R Jackson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Air Methods and Characterization Division, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Erin P Shields
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Air Methods and Characterization Division, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Xhensila Xhani
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA; Johnston Community College, 245 College Road, Smithfield, NC, 27577, USA.
| | - Emily Y Li
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Air Methods and Characterization Division, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Jana H Johansson
- Department of Thematic Studies, Environmental Change, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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4
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Wang X, Yu N, Jiao Z, Li L, Yu H, Wei S. Machine learning-enhanced molecular network reveals global exposure to hundreds of unknown PFAS. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn1039. [PMID: 38781329 PMCID: PMC11114235 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Unknown forever chemicals like per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are difficult to identify. Current platforms designed for metabolites and natural products cannot capture the diverse structural characteristics of PFAS. Here, we report an automatic PFAS identification platform (APP-ID) that screens for PFAS in environmental samples using an enhanced molecular network and identifies unknown PFAS structures using machine learning. Our networking algorithm, which enhances characteristic fragment matches, has lower false-positive rate (0.7%) than current algorithms (2.4 to 46%). Our support vector machine model identified unknown PFAS in test set with 58.3% accuracy, surpassing current software. Further, APP-ID detected 733 PFASs in real fluorochemical wastewater, 39 of which are previously unreported in environmental media. Retrospective screening of 126 PFASs against public data repository from 20 countries show PFAS substitutes are prevalent worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhaoyu Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Laihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Zhao M, Yin N, Yang R, Li S, Zhang S, Faiola F. Assessment and Comparison of Early Developmental Toxicity of Six Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances with Human Embryonic Stem Cell Models. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:8215-8227. [PMID: 38687897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are extensively utilized in varieties of products and tend to accumulate in the human body including umbilical cord blood and embryos/fetuses. In this study, we conducted an assessment and comparison of the potential early developmental toxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), undecafluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), heptafluorobutyric acid, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonate, and perfluorobutyric acid at noncytotoxic concentrations relevant to human exposure using models based on human embryonic stem cells in both three-dimensional embryoid body (EB) and monolayer differentiation configurations. All six compounds influenced the determination of cell fate by disrupting the expression of associated markers in both models and, in some instances, even led to alterations in the formation of cystic EBs. The expression of cilia-related gene IFT122 was significantly inhibited. Additionally, PFOS and PFOA inhibited ciliogenesis, while PFOA specifically reduced the cilia length. Transcriptome analysis revealed that PFOS altered 1054 genes and disrupted crucial signaling pathways such as WNT and TGF-β, which play integral roles in cilia transduction and are critical for early embryonic development. These results provide precise and comprehensive insights into the potential adverse health effects of these six PFAS compounds directly concerning early human embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nuoya Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Renjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shichang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuxian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Francesco Faiola
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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6
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Vitucci ECM, Oladeji O, Presto AA, Cannon CL, Johnson NM. The application of PTR-MS and non-targeted analysis to characterize VOCs emitted from a plastic recycling facility fire. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41370-024-00681-y. [PMID: 38710768 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-024-00681-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On April 11th, 2023, the My Way Trading (MWT) recycling facility in Richmond, Indiana caught fire, mandating the evacuation of local residents and necessitating the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to conduct air monitoring. The EPA detected elevated levels of plastic combustion-related air pollutants, including hydrogen cyanide and benzene. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify these and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present as well as to identify the potential hazard of each compound for various human health effects. METHODS To identify the VOCs, we conducted air monitoring at sites within and bordering the evacuation zone using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) and non-targeted analysis (NTA). To facilitate risk assessment of the emitted VOCs, we used the EPA Hazard Comparison Dashboard. RESULTS We identified 46 VOCs, within and outside the evacuation zone, with average detection levels above local background levels measured in Middletown, OH. Levels of hydrogen cyanide and 4 other VOCs were at least 1.8-fold higher near the incidence site in comparison to background levels and displayed unique temporal and spatial patterns. The 46 VOCs identified had the highest hazardous potential for eye and skin irritation, with approximately 45% and 39%, respectively, of the VOCs classified as high and very high hazards for these endpoints. Notably, all detected VOC levels were below the hazard thresholds set for single VOC exposures; however, hazard thresholds for exposure to VOC mixtures are currently unclear. IMPACT This study serves as a proof-of-concept that PTR-MS coupled with NTA can facilitate rapid identification and hazard assessment of VOCs emitted following anthropogenic disasters. Furthermore, it demonstrates that this approach may augment future disaster responses to quantify additional VOCs present in complex combustion mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C M Vitucci
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Oladayo Oladeji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Albert A Presto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Carolyn L Cannon
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Natalie M Johnson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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7
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Feng C, Lin Y, Le S, Ji J, Chen Y, Wang G, Xiao P, Zhao Y, Lu D. Suspect, Nontarget Screening, and Toxicity Prediction of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Landfill Leachate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4737-4750. [PMID: 38408453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Landfills are the final stage of urban wastes containing perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). PFASs in the landfill leachate may contaminate the surrounding groundwater. As major environmental pollutants, emerging PFASs have raised global concern. Besides the widely reported legacy PFASs, the distribution and potential toxic effects of numerous emerging PFASs remain unclear, and unknown PFASs still need discovery and characterization. This study proposed a comprehensive method for PFAS screening in leachate samples using suspect and nontarget analysis. A total of 48 PFASs from 10 classes were identified; nine novel PFASs including eight chloroperfluoropolyether carboxylates (Cl-PFPECAs) and bistriflimide (HNTf2) were reported for the first time in the leachate, where Cl-PFPECA-3,1 and Cl-PFPECA-2,2 were first reported in environmental media. Optimized molecular docking models were established for prioritizing the PFASs with potential activity against peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and estrogen receptor α. Our results indicated that several emerging PFASs of N-methyl perfluoroalkyl sulfonamido acetic acids (N-MeFASAAs), n:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (n:3 FTCA), and n:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (n:2 FTSA) have potential health risks that cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Feng
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Yuanjie Lin
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Sunyang Le
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Jieyun Ji
- Shanghai Changning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200051, China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Guoquan Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Ping Xiao
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Dasheng Lu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai 200336, China
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8
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Qiao B, Song D, Fang B, Yu H, Li X, Zhao L, Yao Y, Zhu L, Chen H, Sun H. Nontarget Screening and Fate of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Wastewater Treatment Plants in Tianjin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20127-20137. [PMID: 37800548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are typical point sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) released into the environment. The suspect and nontarget screening based on gas chromatography or liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry were performed on atmosphere, wastewater, and sludge samples collected from two WWTPs in Tianjin to discover emerging PFAS and their fate in this study. A total of 40 PFAS (14 neutral and 26 ionic) and 64 PFAS were identified in the atmosphere and wastewater/sludge, respectively, among which 5 short-chain perfluoroalkyl sulfonamide derivatives, 4 ionic PFAS, and 15 aqueous film-forming foam-related cationic or zwitterionic PFAS have rarely or never been reported in WWTPs in China. Active air sampling is more conducive to the enrichment of emerging PFAS, while passive sampling is inclined to leave out some ultrashort-chain PFAS or unstable transformation intermediates. Moreover, most precursors and intermediates could be enriched in the atmosphere at night, while the PFAS associated with aerosols with high water content or particles enter the atmosphere easily during the day. Although most emerging PFAS could not be eliminated efficiently in conventional treatment units, deep bed filtration and advanced oxidation processes could partly remove some emerging precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biting Qiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dongbao Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bo Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hao Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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9
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Han BC, Liu JS, Bizimana A, Zhang BX, Kateryna S, Zhao Z, Yu LP, Shen ZZ, Meng XZ. Identifying priority PBT-like compounds from emerging PFAS by nontargeted analysis and machine learning models. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 338:122663. [PMID: 37783416 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
As traditional per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are phased out, emerging PFAS are being developed and widely used. However, little is known about their properties, including persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT). Screening for emerging PFAS relies on available chemical inventory databases. Here, we compiled a database of emerging PFAS obtained from nontargeted analysis and assessed their PBT properties using machine learning models, including qualitative graph attention networks, Insubria PBT Index and quantitative EAS-E Suite, VEGA, and ProTox-II platforms. Totally 282 homologues (21.8% of emerging PFAS) were identified as PBT based on the combined qualitative and quantitative prediction, in which 140 homologues were detected in industrial and nonbiological/biological samples, belong to four categories, i.e. modifications of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids, perfluoroalkane sulfonamido substances, fluorotelomers and modifications of perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids. Approximately 10.1% of prioritized emerging PFAS were matched to chemical vendors and 19.6% to patents. Aqueous film-forming foams and fluorochemical factories are the predominant sources for prioritized emerging PFAS. The database and screening results can update the assessment related to legislative bodies such as the US Toxic Substances Control Act and the Stockholm Convention. The combined qualitative and quantitative machine learning models can provide a methodological tool for prioritizing other emerging organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Cang Han
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing, 314051, Zhejiang Province, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Jin-Song Liu
- College of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University. 572 South Yuexiu Road, Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Aaron Bizimana
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; UNEP-Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development (IESD), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Bo-Xuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing, 314051, Zhejiang Province, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Sukhodolska Kateryna
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; UNEP-Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development (IESD), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Li-Ping Yu
- Suzhou Jingtian Lover Environmental Technology Co. Ltd., Suzhou, 215228, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhong-Zeng Shen
- Suzhou Jingtian Lover Environmental Technology Co. Ltd., Suzhou, 215228, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang-Zhou Meng
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing, 314051, Zhejiang Province, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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10
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D'Ambro EL, Murphy BN, Bash JO, Gilliam RC, Pye HOT. Predictions of PFAS regional-scale atmospheric deposition and ambient air exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166256. [PMID: 37591383 PMCID: PMC10642304 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large class of human-made compounds that have contaminated the global environment. One environmental entry point for PFAS is via atmospheric emission. Air releases can impact human health through multiple routes, including direct inhalation and contamination of drinking water following air deposition. In this work, we convert the reference dose (RfD) underlying the United States Environmental Protection Agency's GenX drinking water Health Advisory to an inhalation screening level and compare to predicted PFAS and GenX air concentrations from a fluorochemical manufacturing facility in Eastern North Carolina. We find that the area around the facility experiences ~15 days per year of GenX concentrations above the inhalation screening level we derive. We investigate the sensitivity of model predictions to assumptions regarding model spatial resolution, emissions temporal profiles, and knowledge of air emission chemical composition. Decreasing the chemical specificity of PFAS emissions has the largest impact on deposition predictions with domain-wide total deposition varying by as much as 250 % for total PFAS. However, predicted domain-wide mean and median air concentrations varied by <18 % over all scenarios tested for total PFAS. Other model features like emission temporal variability and model spatial resolution had weaker impacts on predicted PFAS deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L D'Ambro
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
| | - Benjamin N Murphy
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
| | - Jesse O Bash
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Robert C Gilliam
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Havala O T Pye
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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11
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Kim Y, Pike KA, Gray R, Sprankle JW, Faust JA, Edmiston PL. Non-targeted identification and semi-quantitation of emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in US rainwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1771-1787. [PMID: 36341487 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00349j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectrometry was used to screen for emerging per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in precipitation samples collected in summer 2019 at seven sites in the United States. We previously quantified the concentration of ten PFAS in the rainwater samples using the method of isotopic dilution (Pike et al., 2021). Nine of these targeted analytes belonged to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Regional Screening Level list, herein referred to as EPA-monitored analytes. In this new work, we identify emerging PFAS compounds by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Several emerging PFAS were detected across all samples, with the most prevalent compounds being C3-C8 hydrogen-substituted perfluorocarboxylic acids (H-PFCAs) and fluorotelomer carboxylic acids (FTCAs). Concentrations of emerging PFAS were in the 10-1000 ng L-1 range (approximately 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than EPA-monitored PFAS) at all sites except Wooster, OH, where concentrations were even higher, with a maximum estimated ΣPFAS of 16 400 ng L-1. The elevated levels of emerging PFAS in the Wooster samples were predominantly even and odd chain-length H-PFCAs and FTCAs comprised of complex mixtures of branched isomers. This unique composition did not match any known manufactured PFAS formulation reported to date, but it could represent thermally transformed by-products emitted by a local point source. Overall, the results indicate that PFAS outside of the standard analyte lists make up a significant and previously unappreciated fraction of contaminants in rainwater collected within the central U.S.-and potentially world-wide-especially in proximity to localized point sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Kyndal A Pike
- Department of Chemistry, College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA.
- Department of Mathematical & Computational Sciences, College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Rebekah Gray
- Department of Chemistry, College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Jameson W Sprankle
- Department of Chemistry, College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA.
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA
| | | | - Paul L Edmiston
- Department of Chemistry, College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA.
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12
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Hulleman T, Turkina V, O’Brien JW, Chojnacka A, Thomas KV, Samanipour S. Critical Assessment of the Chemical Space Covered by LC-HRMS Non-Targeted Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14101-14112. [PMID: 37704971 PMCID: PMC10537454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-targeted analysis (NTA) has emerged as a valuable approach for the comprehensive monitoring of chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) in the exposome. The NTA approach can theoretically identify compounds with diverse physicochemical properties and sources. Even though they are generic and have a wide scope, non-targeted analysis methods have been shown to have limitations in terms of their coverage of the chemical space, as the number of identified chemicals in each sample is very low (e.g., ≤5%). Investigating the chemical space that is covered by each NTA assay is crucial for understanding the limitations and challenges associated with the workflow, from the experimental methods to the data acquisition and data processing techniques. In this review, we examined recent NTA studies published between 2017 and 2023 that employed liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. The parameters used in each study were documented, and the reported chemicals at confidence levels 1 and 2 were retrieved. The chosen experimental setups and the quality of the reporting were critically evaluated and discussed. Our findings reveal that only around 2% of the estimated chemical space was covered by the NTA studies investigated for this review. Little to no trend was found between the experimental setup and the observed coverage due to the generic and wide scope of the NTA studies. The limited coverage of the chemical space by the reviewed NTA studies highlights the necessity for a more comprehensive approach in the experimental and data processing setups in order to enable the exploration of a broader range of chemical space, with the ultimate goal of protecting human and environmental health. Recommendations for further exploring a wider range of the chemical space are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hulleman
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Viktoriia Turkina
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jake W. O’Brien
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Queensland
Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Chojnacka
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin V. Thomas
- Queensland
Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Saer Samanipour
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- UvA
Data Science Center, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Queensland
Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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13
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Lan L, Wei H, Chen D, Pang L, Xu Y, Tang Q, Li J, Xu Q, Li H, Lu C, Wu W. Associations between maternal exposure to perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) and infant birth weight: a meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:89805-89822. [PMID: 37458883 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28458-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the associations between maternal exposure to PFASs and infant birth weight and to explore evidence for a possible dose-response relationship. Four databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Medline before 20 September 2022 were systematically searched. A fixed-effect model was used to estimate the change in infant birth weight (g) associated with PFAS concentrations increasing by 10-fold. Dose-response meta-analyses were also conducted when possible. The study follows the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A total of 21 studies were included. Among these studies, 18 studies examined the associations between PFOA and birth weight, 17 studies reported PFOS, and 11 studies discussed PFHxS. Associations between PFHxS (ES = -5.67, 95% CI: -33.92 to 22.59, P = 0.694) were weaker than those for PFOA and PFOS (ES = -58.62, 95% CI: -85.23 to -32.01, P < 0.001 for PFOA; ES = -54.75, 95% CI: -84.48 to -25.02, P < 0.001 for PFOS). The association was significantly stronger in the high median PFOS concentration group (ES = -107.23, 95% CI: -171.07 to -43.39, P < 0.001) than the lower one (ES = -29.15, 95% CI: -63.60 to -5.30, P = 0.097; meta-regression, P = 0.045). Limited evidence of a dose-response relationship was found. This study showed negative associations between maternal exposure to PFASs and infant birth weight. Limited evidence of a dose-response relationship between exposure to PFOS and infant birth weight was found. Further studies are needed to find more evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linchen Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongcheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Danrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liya Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiuqin Tang
- Department of Obstetrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Qiaoqiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijun Li
- Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Chuncheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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14
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Manz KE, Feerick A, Braun JM, Feng YL, Hall A, Koelmel J, Manzano C, Newton SR, Pennell KD, Place BJ, Godri Pollitt KJ, Prasse C, Young JA. Non-targeted analysis (NTA) and suspect screening analysis (SSA): a review of examining the chemical exposome. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:524-536. [PMID: 37380877 PMCID: PMC10403360 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Non-targeted analysis (NTA) and suspect screening analysis (SSA) are powerful techniques that rely on high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and computational tools to detect and identify unknown or suspected chemicals in the exposome. Fully understanding the chemical exposome requires characterization of both environmental media and human specimens. As such, we conducted a review to examine the use of different NTA and SSA methods in various exposure media and human samples, including the results and chemicals detected. The literature review was conducted by searching literature databases, such as PubMed and Web of Science, for keywords, such as "non-targeted analysis", "suspect screening analysis" and the exposure media. Sources of human exposure to environmental chemicals discussed in this review include water, air, soil/sediment, dust, and food and consumer products. The use of NTA for exposure discovery in human biospecimen is also reviewed. The chemical space that has been captured using NTA varies by media analyzed and analytical platform. In each media the chemicals that were frequently detected using NTA were: per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and pharmaceuticals in water, pesticides and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil and sediment, volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in air, flame retardants in dust, plasticizers in consumer products, and plasticizers, pesticides, and halogenated compounds in human samples. Some studies reviewed herein used both liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC) HRMS to increase the detected chemical space (16%); however, the majority (51%) only used LC-HRMS and fewer used GC-HRMS (32%). Finally, we identify knowledge and technology gaps that must be overcome to fully assess potential chemical exposures using NTA. Understanding the chemical space is essential to identifying and prioritizing gaps in our understanding of exposure sources and prior exposures. IMPACT STATEMENT: This review examines the results and chemicals detected by analyzing exposure media and human samples using high-resolution mass spectrometry based non-targeted analysis (NTA) and suspect screening analysis (SSA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Manz
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| | - Anna Feerick
- Agricultural & Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Yong-Lai Feng
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Amber Hall
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Jeremy Koelmel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Carlos Manzano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Santiago, RM, Chile
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Seth R Newton
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kurt D Pennell
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Benjamin J Place
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Carsten Prasse
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joshua A Young
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
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15
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Jiao Z, Yu N, Mao J, Yang Q, Jiao L, Wang X, Shi W, Yu H, Wei S. The occurrence, tissue distribution, and PBT potential of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the freshwater organisms from the Yangtze river via nontarget analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131868. [PMID: 37343408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Numerous emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) occur in the aquatic environment, posing a threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health. In this study, we conducted a nontarget analysis on 3 surface water samples and 92 tissue samples of 16 fish collected from the Yangtze River to investigate the patterns, tissue distribution, and environmental impacts of emerging PFASs. A total of 43 PFASs from 11 classes were identified, including 17 legacy PFASs and 26 emerging PFASs. Among the 43 PFASs, seven PFASs were reported in biota for the first time while five PFASs were reported in the environment for the first time. Chlorine substituted perfluoroalyl ether sulfonic acids were the major emerging PFASs detected in organisms. Our results showed that most emerging PFASs tended to accumulate in the liver whereas perfluorinated sulfonamides tended to accumulate in the blood, and all of the emerging PFASs accumulated less in the muscle. Methods for evaluating the persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT) of PFASs were developed by combining the in-silico methods and experimental methods. Long-chain PFASs were found to have extremely high PBT scores compared to short-chain PFASs. Additionally, most emerging PFASs exhibited comparable PBT characteristics with legacy PFASs, especially Cl-substituted PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyu Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiadi Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- JiangYin QiuHao Testing Co.,Ltd, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Jiao
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuebing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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16
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Simon F, Gehrenkemper L, Becher S, Dierkes G, Langhammer N, Cossmer A, von der Au M, Göckener B, Fliedner A, Rüdel H, Koschorreck J, Meermann B. Quantification and characterization of PFASs in suspended particulate matter (SPM) of German rivers using EOF, dTOPA, (non-)target HRMS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 885:163753. [PMID: 37121317 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we compare analytical methods for PFAS determination-target analysis, non-target screening (NTS), direct total oxidizable precursor assay (dTOPA) and extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF). Therefore, suspended particulate matter (SPM) samples from German rivers at different locations in time series from 2005 to 2020 were analyzed to investigate temporal and spatially resolved trends. In this study 3 PFAS mass balances approaches were utilized: (i) PFAA target vs. PFAS dTOPA, (ii) PFAS target vs. EOF and (iii) PFAS target vs. PFAS dTOPA vs. organofluorines NTS vs. EOF. Mass balance approach (i) revealed high proportions of precursor substances in SPM samples. For the time resolved analysis an increase from 94% (2005) to 97% in 2019 was observable. Also for the spatial resolved analysis precursor proportions were high with >84% at all sampling sites. Mass balance approach (ii) showed that the unidentified EOF (uEOF) fraction increased over time from 82% (2005) to 99% (2019). Furthermore, along the river courses the uEOF increased. In the combined mass balance approach (iii) using 4 different analytical approaches EOF fractions were further unraveled. The EOF pattern was fully explainable at the sampling sites at Saar and Elbe rivers. For the time resolved analysis, an increased proportion of the EOF was now explainable. However, still 27% of the EOF for the time resolved analysis and 25% of the EOF for the spatial resolved analysis remained unknown. Therefore, in a complementary approach, both the EOF and dTOPA reveal unknown gaps in the PFAS mass balance and are valuable contributions to PFAS risk assessment. Further research is needed to identify organofluorines summarized in the EOF parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Simon
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lennart Gehrenkemper
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Becher
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Department G2 - Aquatic Chemistry, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Georg Dierkes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Department G2 - Aquatic Chemistry, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Nicole Langhammer
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Cossmer
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus von der Au
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Göckener
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME), 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Annette Fliedner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME), 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Heinz Rüdel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME), 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Jan Koschorreck
- German Environment Agency (UBA), 06813 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Björn Meermann
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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17
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Hu J, Lyu Y, Chen H, Cai L, Li J, Cao X, Sun W. Integration of target, suspect, and nontarget screening with risk modeling for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances prioritization in surface waters. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119735. [PMID: 36801580 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Though thousands of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been on the global market, most research focused on only a small fraction, potentially resulting in underestimated environmental risks. Here, we used complementary target, suspect, and nontarget screening for quantifying and identifying the target and nontarget PFAS, respectively, and developed a risk model considering their specific properties to prioritize the PFAS in surface waters. Thirty-three PFAS were identified in surface water in the Chaobai river, Beijing. The suspect and nontarget screening by Orbitrap displayed a sensitivity of > 77%, indicating its good performance in identifying the PFAS in samples. We used triple quadrupole (QqQ) under multiple-reaction monitoring for quantifying PFAS with authentic standards due to its potentially high sensitivity. To quantify the nontarget PFAS without authentic standards, we trained a random forest regression model which presented the differences up to only 2.7 times between measured and predicted response factors (RFs). The maximum/minimum RF in each PFAS class was as high as 1.2-10.0 in Orbitrap and 1.7-22.3 in QqQ. A risk-based prioritization approach was developed to rank the identified PFAS, and four PFAS (i.e., perfluorooctanoic acid, hydrogenated perfluorohexanoic acid, bistriflimide, 6:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid) were flagged with high priority (risk index > 0.1) for remediation and management. Our study highlighted the importance of a quantification strategy during environmental scrutiny of PFAS, especially for nontarget PFAS without standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrun Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yitao Lyu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Leilei Cai
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Cao
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266590, China
| | - Weiling Sun
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China.
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18
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Wu J, Fang G, Wang X, Jiao L, Wang S, Li Y, Wang Y. Occurrence, partitioning and transport of perfluoroalkyl acids in gas and particles from the southeast coastal and mountainous areas of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:32790-32798. [PMID: 36464742 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24468-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) in gas and particles were analyzed in southeast coastal and mountainous cities, including Fuzhou, Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Nanping, to study the pollution characteristics, particle size distribution, phase partitioning and atmospheric transport. PFAA ranged from 7.8 to 290 pg m-3 in gaseous phase, 27 - 1200 pg m-3 in particulate phase, and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were main compounds. PFAA had the highest concentration in Nanping with perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) dominant, which could be related to the emission of PFAS from local industrial plants. Perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) exhibited different particle size distribution characteristics, with PFSAs preferring to distribute on coarse particles, which could be affected by the salt, minerals and organic matter in different particle sizes. The gas - particle partitioning coefficient (KPA) had a line relationship with the fluorinated carbon chain length of PFAA, suggesting that long-chain PFAA tended to exist in particulate phase. The Winter Monsoon could transport to the study area and drive atmospheric PFAS to southern cities. HIGHLIGHTS: • Industrial plants contributed high concentrations of PFAA. • PFSAs tended to present in coarse particles. • Log KPA increased linearly with increasing carbon chain length of PFAA. • Winter Monsoon drove atmospheric PFAA to southern cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyue Wu
- National Marine Hazard Mitigation Service, Ministry of Natural Resource of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100194, China
| | - Gang Fang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Liping Jiao
- Ministry of Natural Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Siquan Wang
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yongyu Li
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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19
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Faust JA. PFAS on atmospheric aerosol particles: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:133-150. [PMID: 35416231 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00002d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent organic pollutants of concern to human health. These synthetic chemicals are in widespread use for consumer products, firefighting foams, and industrial applications. They have been detected all over the globe, including at remote locations distant from any possible point sources. One mechanism for long-range transport of PFAS is through sorption to aerosol particles in the atmosphere. PFAS can be transferred from the sea surface to sea spray aerosol particles through wave breaking and bubble bursting, and PFAS emitted to the atmosphere in the gas phase can sorb to particulate matter through gas-particle partitioning. Here we present a comprehensive review of global measurements of PFAS on ambient particulate matter dating back to the first reports from the early 2000s. We summarize findings for the historically important C8 species, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), including detection of isomers and size-segregated measurements, as well as studies of newer and emerging PFAS. We conclude that long-term monitoring of PFAS on particulate matter should be expanded to include more measurement sites in under-sampled regions of the world and that further non-targeted work to identify novel PFAS structures is needed as PFAS manufacturing and regulations continue to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Faust
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA.
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20
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Bowers BB, Thornton JA, Sullivan RC. Evaluation of iodide chemical ionization mass spectrometry for gas and aerosol-phase per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:277-287. [PMID: 36189623 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00275b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of ultra-persistent anthropogenic contaminants. PFAS are ubiquitous in environmental and built systems, but very few online methods exist for their characterization in atmospheric gases and aerosols. Iodide time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometry (iodide-ToF-CIMS) is a promising technology for online characterization of PFAS in the atmosphere. Previous work using iodide-ToF-CIMS was successful in measuring gas-phase perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and fluorotelomer alcohols, but those are just two of the myriad classes of PFAS that are atmospherically relevant. Therefore, our first objective was to test other sample introduction methods coupled to iodide-TOF-CIMS to evaluate its ability to measure a wider suite of PFAS in both gas and aerosol phases. Using a variety of sample introduction techniques, we successfully measured gas-phase fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), gas and aerosol-phase perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), and aerosol-phase perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids and polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters (PFSAs and diPAPs). We also determined iodide-ToF-CIMS response factors for these compounds by introducing known quantities using a Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols (FIGAERO). These response factors ranged from 400 to 6 × 104 ions per nanogram, demonstrating low limits of detection. Furthermore, PFAS are a poorly understood diverse class of molecules that exhibit unusual and often unexpected physicochemical properties due to their highly fluorinated nature. Since detection of PFAS with iodide-ToF-CIMS relies on the analyte molecule to either undergo proton transfer or adduct formation with iodide, understanding PFAS behavior during chemical ionization gives rise to a more fundamental understanding of these compounds. Through voltage scanning experiments and DFT calculations, we found that PFCAs and FTOHs readily form iodide adducts, while PFSAs and diPAPs preferentially undergo proton transfer to iodide. Generally, binding energy increased with increasing linear chain length, and PFCAs had stronger binding than FTOHs. Overall, our results suggest that iodide-ToF-CIMS can be used to measure even nonvolatile PFAS such as PFSAs and diPAPs in the aerosol phase in a semi-continuous online fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey B Bowers
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ryan C Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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21
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Jiang L, Yao J, Ren G, Sheng N, Guo Y, Dai J, Pan Y. Comprehensive profiles of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in Chinese and African municipal wastewater treatment plants: New implications for removal efficiency. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159638. [PMID: 36280053 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can reflect the pollution status of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) pollution. Here, matched influent, effluent, and sludge samples were collected from 58 municipal WWTPs in China, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Kenya. Target and suspect screening of PFASs was performed to explore their profiles in WWTPs and assess removal efficiency and environmental emissions. In total, 155 and 58 PFASs were identified in WWTPs in China and Africa, respectively; 146 and 126 PFASs were identified in wastewater and sludge, respectively. Novel compounds belonging to per- and polyfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids (PFECAs) and sulfonic acids (PFESAs), hydrogen-substituted polyfluorocarboxylic acids (H-PFCAs), and perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides (PFSMs) accounted for a considerable proportion of total PFASs (ΣPFASs) in Chinese WWTPs and were also widely detected in African samples. In China, estimated national emissions of ΣPFASs in WWTPs exceeded 16.8 t in 2015, with >60 % originating from emerging PFASs. Notably, current treatment processes are not effective at removing PFASs, with 35 of the 54 WWTPs showing emissions higher than mass loads. PFAS removal was also structure dependent. Based on machine learning models, we found that molecular descriptors (e.g., LogP and molecular weight) may affect adsorption behavior by increasing hydrophobicity, while other factors (e.g., polar surface area and molar refractivity) may play critical roles in PFAS removal and provide novel insights into PFAS pollution control. In conclusion, this study comprehensively screened PFASs in municipal WWTPs and determined the drivers affecting PFAS behavior in WWTPs based on machine learning models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulin Jiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingzhi Yao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ge Ren
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Nan Sheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yitao Pan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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22
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Xia X, Zheng Y, Tang X, Zhao N, Wang B, Lin H, Lin Y. Nontarget Identification of Novel Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Cord Blood Samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17061-17069. [PMID: 36343112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) can penetrate the placental barrier and reach embryos through cord blood, probably causing adverse birth outcomes. Therefore, novel PFASs identification in cord blood and their relationships with birth outcomes are essential to evaluate prenatal exposure risk of PFASs. Herein, 16 legacy and 12 novel PFASs were identified in 326 cord blood samples collected from pregnant women in Jinan, Shandong, China. The presence of perfluoropolyether carboxylic acids, hydrogen-substituted polyfluoroetherpropane sulfate, and 3:3 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether alcohol in cord blood was reported for the first time. Two extensive OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)-defined PFASs named fipronil sulfone and 2-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-3-ol were also identified. Quantification results showed that the emerging and OECD-defined PFASs separately accounted for 9.4 and 9.7% of the total quantified PFASs, while the legacy PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS were still the most abundant PFASs with median concentrations of 2.12, 0.58, and 0.37 ng/mL, respectively. Several PFASs (C9-C12 PFCAs, C6-C8 PFSAs, and 6:2 Cl-PFESA) showed significantly higher levels for older maternities than younger ones. PFHxS levels were positively associated with birth weight and ponderal index (p < 0.05). The results provide comprehensive information on the presence and exposure risks of several novel PFASs during the early life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Xia
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao266071, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao266071, China
| | - Xiaowen Tang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao266071, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao266237, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Biomedical Centre, Qingdao University, Qingdao266071, China
| | - Huan Lin
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao266071, China
| | - Yongfeng Lin
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao266071, China
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23
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Liu T, Hu LX, Han Y, Dong LL, Wang YQ, Zhao JH, Liu YS, Zhao JL, Ying GG. Non-target and target screening of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in landfill leachate and impact on groundwater in Guangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 844:157021. [PMID: 35777559 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Landfills are the main destination of many urban wastes containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and PFAS may leach out from the waste and contaminate the surrounding groundwater. Here we investigated the occurrence of PFAS in leachate and surrounding groundwater from three landfills in Guangzhou, China by using a combined target and non-target approach. Non-target screening showed that a total of 651 PFAS with 96 classes were identified, including 17 legacy PFAS and 637 emerging PFAS. The quantitative target analysis of some PFAS revealed that the average removal rate of PFAS from the raw leachates were ranged between 62 % and 99 %. Statistical analysis and source analysis suggested that landfill leachate was a major source of PFAS in the groundwater within the landfills and downstream sites. The results from the combined target and non-target analyses demonstrated that PFAS in landfills could leach into the surrounding groundwater, and may affect the sustainable use of groundwater as a source of drinking water and pose a potential risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li-Xin Hu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu Han
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liang-Li Dong
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu-Qing Wang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jia-Hui Zhao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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24
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Fakouri Baygi S, Banerjee SK, Chakraborty P, Kumar Y, Barupal DK. IDSL.UFA Assigns High-Confidence Molecular Formula Annotations for Untargeted LC/HRMS Data Sets in Metabolomics and Exposomics. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13315-13322. [PMID: 36137231 PMCID: PMC9682628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Untargeted liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS) assays in metabolomics and exposomics aim to characterize the small molecule chemical space in a biospecimen. To gain maximum biological insights from these data sets, LC/HRMS peaks should be annotated with chemical and functional information including molecular formula, structure, chemical class, and metabolic pathways. Among these, molecular formulas may be assigned to LC/HRMS peaks through matching theoretical and observed isotopic profiles (MS1) of the underlying ionized compound. For this, we have developed the Integrated Data Science Laboratory for Metabolomics and Exposomics-United Formula Annotation (IDSL.UFA) R package. In the untargeted metabolomics validation tests, IDSL.UFA assigned 54.31-85.51% molecular formula for true positive annotations as the top hit and 90.58-100% within the top five hits. Molecular formula annotations were also supported by tandem mass spectrometry data. We have implemented new strategies to (1) generate formula sources and their theoretical isotopic profiles, (2) optimize the formula hits ranking for the individual and aligned peak lists, and (3) scale IDSL.UFA-based workflows for studies with larger sample sizes. Annotating the raw data for a publicly available pregnancy metabolome study using IDSL.UFA highlighted hundreds of new pregnancy-related compounds and also suggested the presence of chlorinated perfluorotriether alcohols (Cl-PFTrEAs) in human specimens. IDSL.UFA is useful for human metabolomics and exposomics studies where we need to minimize the loss of biological insights in untargeted LC/HRMS data sets. The IDSL.UFA package is available in the R CRAN repository https://cran.r-project.org/package=IDSL.UFA. Detailed documentation and tutorials are also provided at www.ufa.idsl.me.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadjad Fakouri Baygi
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Sanjay K Banerjee
- Non-communicable Diseases Division, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Praloy Chakraborty
- Non-communicable Diseases Division, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Yashwant Kumar
- Non-communicable Diseases Division, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Barupal
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA,Corresponding author: Address: CAM Building, 3rd floor, 17 E 102nd St, New York, NY 10029 , phone: +1-530-979-4354
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25
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Yao Y, Meng Y, Chen H, Zhu L, Sun H. Non-target discovery of emerging PFAS homologues in Dagang Oilfield: Multimedia distribution and profiles in crude oil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 437:129300. [PMID: 35897169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are applied in oil exploitation activity. In this study, non-target and suspect target analyses with high-resolution mass spectrometry were used for identification of novel PFASs in the oilfield environment. A total of thirty-seven PFAS homologues belonging to eight classes were identified as level 4 or above, which partly explained the amount of potential unknown PFAS-precursors that were indicated by total oxidisable precursor assay in our previous study. Hydrogen-substituted and ether-substituted homologues were the main identified PFASs, and seven of them were newly reported homologues. C1-C3 perfluoroalkane sulphonic acids (PFSAs) were also for the first time identified in the oilfield. The sediment-water partitioning coefficients of most identified PFAS homologues positively correlate with their predicted octanol-water partitioning coefficients while those of C1-C3 PFSAs may have elevated sediment partitioning potential as also previously observed for ultra-short chain C2-C3 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids. The crude oil and sludge samples were further examined with the target and identified PFAS profiles. An annual flux of 10.4 kg/y via oil production was estimated in Dagang Oilfield with 16.6 % not from the target PFASs. This demonstrates that oil exploitation activities can be a significant underlying source of PFASs to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yue Meng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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26
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Li J, Peng G, Xu X, Liang E, Sun W, Chen Q, Yao L. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in groundwater from a contaminated site in the North China Plain: Occurrence, source apportionment, and health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134873. [PMID: 35551938 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are manmade chemicals that have wide industrial and commercial application. However, little research has been carried out on PFASs pollution in groundwater from a previously contaminated site. Here, we investigated 43 PFASs in a monitoring campaign from two different aquifers in the North China Plain. Our results revealed that total PFASs concentrations (∑43PFASs) ranged from 0.22 to 3,776.76 ng/L, with no spatial or compositional differences. Moreover, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluoroheptane sulfonate (PFHpS) were the dominant pollutants with mean concentrations of 177.33 ng/L and 51 ng/L, respectively. ∑43PFAS decreased with well depth due to the adsorption of PFASs to the aquifer materials. Water temperature, total organic carbon, dissolved oxygen, and total phosphorus concentrations were correlated to the PFAS concentrations. Principal component analysis indicated that the main sources of PFASs in groundwater were untreated industrial discharge, untreated domestic wastewater, food packaging, aqueous film forming foams and metal plating, and surface runoff, which overlapped with the industries that previously existed in a nearby city. Human health risks from drinking contaminated groundwater were low to the local residents, with children aged 1-2 years being the most sensitive group. One specific site with a high PFOA concentration was of concern, as it was several orders higher than the 70 ng/L recommended by US Environmental Protection Agency health advisory. This study provided baseline data for PFASs in a previously-contaminated site, which will help in the development of effective strategies for controlling PFASs pollution in the North China Plain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Technology of Ceramics, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China; College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guyu Peng
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xuming Xu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Enhang Liang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Weiling Sun
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qian Chen
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Lei Yao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Technology of Ceramics, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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27
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Kourtchev I, Hellebust S, Heffernan E, Wenger J, Towers S, Diapouli E, Eleftheriadis K. A new on-line SPE LC-HRMS method for the analysis of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in PM 2.5 and its application for screening atmospheric particulates from Dublin and Enniscorthy, Ireland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155496. [PMID: 35483471 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive analytical method has been developed and validated for the determination of 16 polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in fine airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) using on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with liquid chromatography (LC) - negative electrospray ionisation high resolution mass spectrometry (-) ESI-HRMS. On-line SPE allows simultaneous sample clean-up from interfering matrices and lower limits of detection (LODs) by injecting a large volume of sample into the LC system without compromising chromatographic efficiency and resolution. The method provides LODs in the range 0.08-0.5 pg/mL of sample extract allowing detection of selected PFAS in aerosol particles at low fg/m3 level and showed good tolerance to the considered PM matrix. The validated method was applied for analysis of PFAS in ambient PM2.5 samples collected at two urban locations in Ireland, i.e., Enniscorthy and Dublin. Several PFAS were observed above the detection limit, including perfluorobutyrate (PFBA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (L-PFBS) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), as well as fluorotelomer sulfonates: 4:2 FTS, 6:2 FTS and 8:2 FTS. The results indicate that some toxic PFAS, such as PFOS and PFOA, are still detected in the environment despite being phased out from production and subject to restricted use in the EU and USA for more than two decades. Observation of fluorotelomer sulfonates (4:2 FTS, 6:2 FTS and 8:2 FTS, which are used as alternatives for legacy PFOA and PFOS) in ambient PM2.5 samples raises a concern about their persistence in the atmosphere and impact on human health considering emerging evidence that they could have similar health endpoints as PFOA and PFOS. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify PFAS in ambient PM2.5 at urban locations in Ireland and also the first study to detect 4:2 and 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonates in atmospheric aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kourtchev
- Centre for Agroecology Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston Lane, Ryton on Dunsmore CV8 3LG, UK.
| | - Stig Hellebust
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eimear Heffernan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John Wenger
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sam Towers
- Centre for Agroecology Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston Lane, Ryton on Dunsmore CV8 3LG, UK
| | - Evangelia Diapouli
- ERL, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- ERL, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Athens, Greece
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Yao J, Sheng N, Guo Y, Yeung LWY, Dai J, Pan Y. Nontargeted Identification and Temporal Trends of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in a Fluorochemical Industrial Zone and Adjacent Taihu Lake. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7986-7996. [PMID: 35584306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Various per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) remain undiscovered and unexplored in the environment. The goals of this study were to discover new species of PFASs in effluent and surface waters from a fluorochemical industrial zone, and to assess their concentration, distribution, and temporal trends in the adjacent natural environment. In total, 83 emerging PFASs from 14 classes were identified, 22 of which were reported for the first time. Authentic standards were synthesized for 13 per- and polyfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids (PFECAs), thereby greatly expanding the scope of PFAS-targeted monitoring. The newly identified compounds accounted for 27%-95% of the total PFAS concentrations. Of note, a novel diether carboxylic acid, 2-[2-(trifluoromethoxy)hexafluoropropoxy]tetrafluoropropanoic acid (C7 HFPO-TA) was detected at an extremely high concentration in the fluorochemical zone effluent (447 000 ng/L) and at a median concentration in the fluorochemical zone surface water (670 ng/L), with detectable levels also found in the natural environment, that is, Wangyu River (23 ng/L) and Taihu Lake (5.6 ng/L). The distinct geographic distribution of C7 HFPO-TA suggests transport from the industrial point source to Taihu Lake via the Wangyu River. The concentration of C7 HFPO-TA in Taihu Lake, along with that of many other emerging PFASs, continued to grow in three sampling campaigns from 2016 to 2021. Considering the environmental persistence and toxicity of structurally similar PFECAs (e.g., HFPO-DA), studies on C7 HFPO-TA are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhi Yao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Nan Sheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Leo W Y Yeung
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Jiayin Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yitao Pan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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29
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Li Y, She Q, Wang X, Ma W, Yu H, Yu N, Wei S. Classification and identification of polar pollutants on microplastics from freshwater using nontarget screening strategy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153468. [PMID: 35093354 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) cause an increased threat to the freshwater environment by adsorbing pollutants on their large surface area. Considering their adsorption characteristics, non-polar pollutants with high distribution coefficients have been studied extensively. However, comprehensive research on the types of polar pollutants adsorbed by MPs is lacking. In this study, a nontarget screening strategy, including classification and identification, was performed to analyze the pollutants adsorbed by MPs in Tai Lake and the Yangtze River. Compared with the pollutants adsorbed or added to raw plastics, more types of polar pollutants were found on MPs from freshwater. The nontarget classification of 4723 features on MPs from freshwater and 680 features from raw plastics were annotated based on the mass spectrometry spectra. Further identification with multiple platforms identified hundreds of pollutants absorbed by MPs in Tai Lake and Yangtze River, including industrial intermediates, medicines, and surfactants, exceeding those adsorbed by raw plastics, showing an enrichment of the pollutants on MPs in freshwater by secondary adsorption. Our study is the first to use nontarget analysis to comprehensively demonstrate MP adsorption and release of pollutants in freshwater environment, providing a significant reference for the research of MPs and the management of the water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian She
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuebing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Wang B, Yao Y, Wang Y, Chen H, Sun H. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Outdoor and Indoor Dust from Mainland China: Contributions of Unknown Precursors and Implications for Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6036-6045. [PMID: 33769795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were analyzed in outdoor (n = 101) and indoor dust (n = 43, 38 paired with outdoors) samples across mainland China. From 2013 to 2017, the median concentration of ∑PFASs in outdoor dust tripled from 63 to 164 ng/g with an elevated contribution of trifluoroacetic acid and 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol. In 2017, the indoor dust levels of ∑PFASs were in the range 185-913 ng/g, which were generally higher than the outdoor dust levels (105-321 ng/g). Emerging PFASs were found at high median levels of 5.7-97 ng/g in both indoor and outdoor dust samples. As first revealed by the total oxidized precursors assay, unknown perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA)-precursors contributed 37-67 mol % to the PFAS profiles in indoor dust samples. A great proportion of C8 PFAA-precursors were precursors for perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, while C6 and C4 PFAA-precursors were mostly fluorotelomer based. Furthermore, daily perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) equivalent intakes of PFAAs (C4-C12) mixtures via indoor dust were first estimated at 1.3-1.5 ng/kg b.w./d for toddlers at high scenarios, which exceeds the derived daily threshold of 0.63 ng/kg b.w./d. from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). On this basis, an underestimation of 56%-69% likely remains without considering potential risks due to the biotransformation of unknown PFAA-precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Simon F, Gehrenkemper L, von der Au M, Wittwer P, Roesch P, Pfeifer J, Cossmer A, Meermann B. A fast and simple PFAS extraction method utilizing HR-CS-GFMAS for soil samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133922. [PMID: 35143867 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe an optimized fast and simple extraction method for the determination of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) in soils utilizing high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS). To omit the bias of the solid phase extraction (SPE) step commonly used during the analysis of extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) we optimized a fast and simple SPE-free extraction method. The developed extraction method consists of a liquid-solid extraction using acidified methanol without any additional SPE. Four extraction steps were representative to determine a high proportion of the EOF (>80% of eight extractions). Comparison of the optimized method with and without an additional SPE clean-up step revealed a drastic underestimation of EOF concentrations using SPE. Differences of up to 94% were observed which were not explainable by coextracted inorganic fluoride. Therefore, not only a more accurate but also a more economic as well as ecologic method (bypassing of unnecessary SPE) was developed. The procedural limit of quantification (LOQ) of the developed method was 10.30 μg/kg which was sufficient for quantifying EOF concentrations in all tested samples. For future PFAS monitoring and potential regulative decisions the herein presented optimized extraction method can offer a valuable contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Simon
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lennart Gehrenkemper
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus von der Au
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Wittwer
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 4.3 - Contaminant Transfer and Environmental Technologies, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Roesch
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 4.3 - Contaminant Transfer and Environmental Technologies, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Pfeifer
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Cossmer
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Meermann
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 1.1 - Inorganic Trace Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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Translocation, bioaccumulation, and distribution of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in plants. iScience 2022; 25:104061. [PMID: 35345465 PMCID: PMC8957016 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent in the environment and have been detected in a variety of plants such as vegetables, cereals, and fruits. Increasing evidence shows that plants are at a risk of being adversely affected by PFASs. This review concludes that PFASs are predominantly absorbed by roots from sources in the soil; besides, the review also discusses several factors such as soil properties and the species of PFASs and plants. In addition, following uptake by root, long-chain PFASs (C ≥ 7 for PFCA and C ≥ 6 for PFSA) were preferentially retained within the root, whereas the short-chain PFASs were distributed across tissues above the ground — according to the studies. The bioaccumulation potential of PFASs within various plant structures are further expressed by calculating bioaccumulation factor (BAF) across various plant species. The results show that PFASs have a wide range of BAF values within root tissue, followed by straw, and then grain. Furthermore, owing to its high water solubility than other PFASs, PFOA is the predominant compound accumulated in both the soil itself and within the plant tissues. Among different plant groups, the potential BAF values rank from highest to lowest as follows: leaf vegetables > root vegetables > flower vegetables > shoot vegetables. Several PFAS groups such as PFOA, PFBA, and PFOS, may have an increased public health risk based on the daily intake rate (ID). Finally, future research is suggested on the possible PFASs degradation occurring in plant tissues and the explanations at genetic-level for the metabolite changes that occur under PFASs stress. Long-chain PFASs are preferentially retained in the roots BAF values were ranked as root > straw > grain in one plant PFOA is the main compound in soil and within plant tissues PFOA, PFBA, and PFOS have a potential risk to humans through dietary exposure
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PFAS Molecules: A Major Concern for the Human Health and the Environment. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10020044. [PMID: 35202231 PMCID: PMC8878656 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of over 4700 heterogeneous compounds with amphipathic properties and exceptional stability to chemical and thermal degradation. The unique properties of PFAS compounds has been exploited for almost 60 years and has largely contributed to their wide applicability over a vast range of industrial, professional and non-professional uses. However, increasing evidence indicate that these compounds represent also a serious concern for both wildlife and human health as a result of their ubiquitous distribution, their extreme persistence and their bioaccumulative potential. In light of the adverse effects that have been already documented in biota and human populations or that might occur in absence of prompt interventions, the competent authorities in matter of health and environment protection, the industries as well as scientists are cooperating to identify the most appropriate regulatory measures, substitution plans and remediation technologies to mitigate PFAS impacts. In this review, starting from PFAS chemistry, uses and environmental fate, we summarize the current knowledge on PFAS occurrence in different environmental media and their effects on living organisms, with a particular emphasis on humans. Also, we describe present and provisional legislative measures in the European Union framework strategy to regulate PFAS manufacture, import and use as well as some of the most promising treatment technologies designed to remediate PFAS contamination in different environmental compartments.
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Guelfo JL, Korzeniowski S, Mills MA, Anderson J, Anderson RH, Arblaster JA, Conder JM, Cousins IT, Dasu K, Henry BJ, Lee LS, Liu J, McKenzie ER, Willey J. Environmental Sources, Chemistry, Fate, and Transport of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: State of the Science, Key Knowledge Gaps, and Recommendations Presented at the August 2019 SETAC Focus Topic Meeting. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:3234-3260. [PMID: 34325493 PMCID: PMC8745034 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Focused Topic Meeting (FTM) on the environmental management of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) convened during August 2019 in Durham, North Carolina (USA). Experts from around the globe were brought together to critically evaluate new and emerging information on PFAS including chemistry, fate, transport, exposure, and toxicity. After plenary presentations, breakout groups were established and tasked to identify and adjudicate via panel discussions overarching conclusions and relevant data gaps. The present review is one in a series and summarizes outcomes of presentations and breakout discussions related to (1) primary sources and pathways in the environment, (2) sorption and transport in porous media, (3) precursor transformation, (4) practical approaches to the assessment of source zones, (5) standard and novel analytical methods with implications for environmental forensics and site management, and (6) classification and grouping from multiple perspectives. Outcomes illustrate that PFAS classification will continue to be a challenge, and additional pressing needs include increased availability of analytical standards and methods for assessment of PFAS and fate and transport, including precursor transformation. Although the state of the science is sufficient to support a degree of site-specific and flexible risk management, effective source prioritization tools, predictive fate and transport models, and improved and standardized analytical methods are needed to guide broader policies and best management practices. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:3234-3260. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Guelfo
- Department of Civil, Environmental, & Construction EngineeringTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
| | - Stephen Korzeniowski
- American Chemistry CouncilWashingtonDCUSA
- Associated General Contractors of AmericaExtonPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Marc A. Mills
- Office of Research and DevelopmentUS Environmental Protection Agency, CincinnatiOhioUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ian T. Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical ChemistryStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | | | | | - Linda S. Lee
- Department of AgronomyPurdue University, West LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Jinxia Liu
- Department of Civil EngineeringMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Erica R. McKenzie
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Janice Willey
- Naval Sea Systems Command, Laboratory Quality and Accreditation Office, Goose CreekSouth CarolinaUSA
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Chen CE, Yang YY, Zhao JL, Liu YS, Hu LX, Li BB, Li CL, Ying GG. Legacy and alternative per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the West River and North River, south China: Occurrence, fate, spatio-temporal variations and potential sources. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 283:131301. [PMID: 34182652 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are contaminants of global concern. Studies in Pearl River, south China have focused on the delta area, while the upstream contributions are unclear. Here, we systematically investigated the fate, trends and potential sources of 57 PFASs in river water, sediment and fish of the North and West Rivers of the Pearl River system. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (6:2Cl-PFESA) were frequently found compounds in waters, sediments and fish, suggesting their wide usage in this area and potential for bioaccumulation. Waters showed a higher ∑PFASs in the wet season compared to the dry season, but sediments did not. The North River contributed higher PFAS loads to the Pearl River Delta. Our results also reflect the current shift in PFAS usage from legacy substances to alternatives. This study, for the first time, reports data on PFASs in two upstream rivers of the Pearl River and on alternative PFASs such as PFESA in this area, which can better the understanding of their use, fate, risk assessment and further controls and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Er Chen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Li-Xin Hu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bei-Bei Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Cai-Lin Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Li Y, Lu X, Yu N, Li A, Zhuang T, Du L, Tang S, Shi W, Yu H, Song M, Wei S. Exposure to legacy and novel perfluoroalkyl substance disturbs the metabolic homeostasis in pregnant women and fetuses: A metabolome-wide association study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 156:106627. [PMID: 33991873 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) exist extensively and several of these have been verified to be toxic. Prenatal exposure to PFASs has attracted much attention. Metabolome-wide association analyses can be used to explore the toxicity mechanisms of PFASs by identifying associated biomarkers. OBJECTIVES To evaluate associations between the metabolites in maternal and cord serum and internal exposure to several common PFASs. METHODS Paired maternal and cord serum samples were collected from 84 pregnant women who gave birth between 2015 and 2016. Seven legacy and two novel PFASs were measured. A nontarget metabolomic method and an iterative metabolite annotation based on metabolic pathways were applied to characterize the metabolic profiles. Linear regression adjusted with the false discovery rate and covariates was used to indicate the associations. RESULTS A total of 279 features in maternal serum and 338 features in cord serum were identified as metabolites associated with PFAS exposure. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) were two PFASs associated with more metabolites, while the two novel chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acids (Cl-PFESAs) showed less relevance to the metabolome. With pathway enrichment analysis, we found that three fatty acid metabolisms and retinol metabolism were correlated with PFAS exposure in maternal blood, and that sterol metabolism showed the correlation in both maternal serum and cord serum. CONCLUSIONS We identified metabolites and pathways in pregnant women and fetuses associated with the exposure to several PFAS, indicating a promising application for metabolome-wide association studies. Additional research is needed to confirm causation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aijing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Taifeng Zhuang
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Letian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Tang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Maoyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Liu T, Qian X, Wang S, Wang H, Wei S, Chen H. Occurrence and transport of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in a Yangtze River water diversion project during water diversion and flooding. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 205:117662. [PMID: 34562805 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water diversion is increasingly utilized for water supply, flood control, irrigation, and water quality improvement in many water bodies globally. Our findings indicate that micropollutants such as perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) can be transported via dual-source water diversion projects during water diversion and flood discharge, which may negatively impact both receiving water bodies. However, the sources, spatiotemporal variations, and fluxes of PFAAs under water diversion projects remain unclear. Here we report patterns of 18 PFAA compounds in the surface water at 14 sites of a dual-source water diversion project (Wangyu River) connecting the Yangtze River and Taihu Lake in China. We found multiple contamination hotspots with PFHxA and PFOA dominantly originating from industrial and domestic sources during water diversion from the Yangtze River to Taihu Lake. During the severe flooding in summer 2020, PFAA concentrations ranged from 82.0 to 114.0 ng L-1, while the concentrations and relative contributions of individual perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) increased along the mainstream due to the tributaries' contribution and high contamination level in the lake. Based on the spatiotemporal patterns of PFAA pollution, the flux of total PFAAs including both dissolved-phase and SS-phase into Taihu Lake was estimated as 26.6 kg in January 2020 as a reference value for water diversion. To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the sources, occurrences, and transport of PFAAs in a dual-source water diversion project during water diversion and flooding. The results provide a novel perspective regarding the ecological safety of dual-source water diversion projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Soil and Environment Analysis Center, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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Lebbie TS, Moyebi OD, Asante KA, Fobil J, Brune-Drisse MN, Suk WA, Sly PD, Gorman J, Carpenter DO. E-Waste in Africa: A Serious Threat to the Health of Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8488. [PMID: 34444234 PMCID: PMC8392572 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Waste electronic and electrical equipment (e-waste) consists of used and discarded electrical and electronic items ranging from refrigerators to cell phones and printed circuit boards. It is frequently moved from developed countries to developing countries where it is dismantled for valuable metals in informal settings, resulting in significant human exposure to toxic substances. E-waste is a major concern in Africa, with large sites in Ghana and Nigeria where imported e-waste is dismantled under unsafe conditions. However, as in many developing countries, used electronic and electrical devices are imported in large quantities because they are in great demand and are less expensive than new ones. Many of these used products are irreparable and are discarded with other solid waste to local landfills. These items are then often scavenged for the purpose of extracting valuable metals by heating and burning, incubating in acids and other methods. These activities pose significant health risks to workers and residents in communities near recycling sites. E-waste burning and dismantling activities are frequently undertaken at e-waste sites, often in or near homes. As a result, children and people living in the surrounding areas are exposed, even if they are not directly involved in the recycling. While toxic substances are dangerous to individuals at any age, children are more vulnerable as they are going through important developmental processes, and some adverse health impacts may have long-term impacts. We review the e-waste situation in Africa with a focus on threats to children's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamba S. Lebbie
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; (T.S.L.); (O.D.M.)
| | - Omosehin D. Moyebi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; (T.S.L.); (O.D.M.)
| | | | - Julius Fobil
- Department of Biological, Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana;
| | - Marie Noel Brune-Drisse
- Department of Environment, Climate Change and Health, World Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - William A. Suk
- A World Health Organization Collaborating Center on Children’s Environmental Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Peter D. Sly
- A World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Children’s Health and the Environment, Child Health Research Center, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane 4101, Australia;
| | - Julia Gorman
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia;
| | - David O. Carpenter
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; (T.S.L.); (O.D.M.)
- A World Health Organization Collaborating Center on Environmental Health, Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
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Yamazaki E, Taniyasu S, Wang X, Yamashita N. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in surface water, gas and particle in open ocean and coastal environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 272:129869. [PMID: 33592511 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A simultaneous sampling of atmospheric and seawater samples was performed in the Taiwan Western Strait, western Arctic Ocean, and the Antarctic Ocean. Analysis of both particle and gas phase PFAS in oceanic air was conducted using cascade impactor particle fractionator, cryogenic air sampler and activated charcoal fiber sorbent for the first time with application in the Taiwan Western Strait. Mean concentration of Σ12PFAS in surface seawater and atmospheric samples were 1178 pg/L and 24 pg/m3 in the Taiwan Western Strait, 430 pg/L and 6 pg/m3 in the western Arctic Ocean, and 456 pg/L and 3 pg/m3 in the Antarctic Ocean. In oceanic air from the Taiwan Western Strait, fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH) and the ionic PFAS [perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid (PFSA) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA)] were found in 76% and 7% respectively. Regional comparison of air/water exchange (KAW) and gas-particle (Kp) partition coefficients of PFAS in the oceanic environment indicated potential partitioning of ionic PFAS between surface seawater and oceanic air. These findings highlight the advancement in atmospheric PFAS measurements through combined novel technologies, namely size-fractionated particle sampling with cryogenic air trapping and/or activated charcoal sorption. Correlation between Kp and carbon chain length of PFAS was observed using both hyphenated techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Yamazaki
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Sachi Taniyasu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Xinhong Wang
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Nobuyoshi Yamashita
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan.
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