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Li D, Lin S, Hao J, He B, Zhang H, Chen M. A Rigid-Flexible and Multi-Siloxane Bridge Strategy for Toughening Epoxy Resin with Promising Flame Retardancy, Mechanical, and Dielectric Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14059. [PMID: 37762362 PMCID: PMC10531251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing highly efficient and multifunctional epoxy resins (EPs) that overcome the shortcomings of flammability and brittleness is crucial for pursuing sustainable and safe application but remains a huge challenge. In this paper, a novel biomass-containing intumescent flame retardant containing a rigid-flexible and multi-siloxane bridge structure (DPB) was synthesized using siloxane; 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO); and biomass vanillin. DPB could facilitate the formation of a carbon residual with an intumescent structure, which effectively blocked the propagation of heat and oxygen. As a result, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) of DPB/EP-7.5 decreased by 38.8% and 45.0%, respectively. In terms of mechanical properties, the tensile and flexural elongations at break of DPB/EP-7.5 increased by 77.2% and 105.3%, respectively. Impressively, DPB/EP-7.5 had excellent dielectric properties, with a dielectric constant of 2.5-2.9. This was due to the Si-O bonds (multi-siloxane bridges) contained in DPB/EP, which can quench the polarization behavior of the hydroxyl group. This paper provides a facile strategy for the preparation of multifunctional EP, which will pave the way for the promotion and application of EP in the high-end field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mingfeng Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
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2
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Zhou X, Jiang F, Hu Z, Wu F, Gao M, Chai Z, Wang Y, Gu X, Wang Y. Study on the Flame Retardancy of Rigid Polyurethane Foam with Phytic Acid-Functionalized Graphene Oxide. Molecules 2023; 28:6267. [PMID: 37687096 PMCID: PMC10488967 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) composite was prepared by compounding phytic acid (PA)-functionalized Graphite oxide (PA-GO) with flame-retardant poly (Ammonium phosphate) (APP) and expandable graphite (EG). The effects of PA-GO on the thermal, flame-retardant, and mechanical properties of RPUF were studied using a thermogravimetric analyzer, a limiting oxygen index (LOI) tester, a UL-94 vertical combustion tester, a cone calorimeter, scanning electron microscopy, and a universal tensile testing machine. The results indicated that there was a significant synergistic flame-retardant effect between PA-GO and the intumescent flame retardants (IFR) in the RPUF matrix. Compared with RPUF-1, the addition of 0.3 wt% PA-GO could increase LOI from 25.7% to 26.5%, increase UL-94 rating from V-2 to V-0, and reduce the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release rate (THR) by 28.5% and 22.2%, respectively. Moreover, the amount of residual char increased from 22.2 wt% to 24.6 wt%, and the char layer was continuous and dense, with almost no holes. Meanwhile, the loss of mechanical properties was apparently lightened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Technology, School of Chemical Safety, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China; (X.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.C.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Feng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, China Textile Academy, Beijing 100025, China
| | - Zhiyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, China Textile Academy, Beijing 100025, China
| | - Faqun Wu
- Dean’s Office, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China;
| | - Ming Gao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Technology, School of Chemical Safety, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China; (X.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.C.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Zhihua Chai
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Technology, School of Chemical Safety, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China; (X.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.C.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Technology, School of Chemical Safety, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China; (X.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.C.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Technology, School of Chemical Safety, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China; (X.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.C.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Yanxia Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;
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3
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Feng Z, Liu X, Liu J, Chen X, Chen B, Liang L. Liquid crystal epoxy composites based on functionalized boron nitride: Synthesis and thermal properties. POLYM ENG SCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Feng
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- China National Chemistry Southern Construction & Investment Co., Ltd Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Bifang Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Liyan Liang
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Special Fine Chemicals Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
- CASH GCC Shaoguan Research Institute of Advanced Materials Nanxiong People's Republic of China
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4
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Duyar H, Çelebi EB, Ayar C, Hacıvelioğlu F. Synthesis and characterisation of epoxy-functional cyclotriphosphazenes and investigation of their thermal behaviour in powder epoxy resin formulations. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2022.2080077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Halil Duyar
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Elif Büşra Çelebi
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Ayar
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ferda Hacıvelioğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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5
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Zhang J, Fernández-Blázquez JP, Li XL, Wang R, Zhang X, Wang DY. A Facile Technique to Investigate the Char Strength and Fire Retardant Performance towards Intumescent Epoxy Nanocomposites Containing Different Synergists. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Jia P, Ma C, Lu J, Yang W, Jiang X, Jiang G, Yin Z, Qiu Y, Qian L, Yu X, Hu Y, Hu W, Wang B. Design of copper salt@graphene nanohybrids to accomplish excellent resilience and superior fire safety for flexible polyurethane foam. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 606:1205-1218. [PMID: 34492459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) is the most commonly used polyurethane, but its highly flammable characteristics makes it ignite easily and release a lot of heat and toxic gases. Here, the effect of different forms of copper salt modified graphene (rGO@CuO, rGO@Cu2O and rGO@CSOH) on improving the fire protection efficiency and mechanical property of FPUF is explored. Hybrid FPUF is characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter, thermogravimetric analysis/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR), tension, compression, and falling ball rebound testing. Compared with pure FPUF, the FPUF/rGO@CSOH show a significant decreasement in reducing the heat release of FPUF, the PHRR and THR are reduced by 36.9% and 29.4%, respectively. While the FPUF/rGO@Cu2O demonstrate excellent smoke and toxic gases suppression in FPUF, the PSPR and TSR are reduced by 24.6% and 51.9%, and the COP and COY are also reduced by 51.9% and 55.3%, respectively. After adding the copper salt hybrid, the buffering performance of FPUF did not change. Fortunately, the tensile and compressive strength increase obviously. The flame retardant and smoke suppression mechanism of hybrid FPUF has also been studied. This article gives a effective strategy for the preparation of FPUF with outstanding mechanical property, flame retardant and smoke suppression properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Jingyi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Wenhao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Guangyong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Zhenting Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lijun Qian
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Baiyunobo Rare Earth Resource Researches and Comprehensive Utilization, Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths, Baotou 014030, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Weizhao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
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7
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Wang W, Li H, Li Q, Luo Z. A novel grafted polyethylene with diphenyl phosphoryl group: Improved flame retardancy and favorable compatibility. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiduo Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Huayi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Qian Li
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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8
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Oleszek S, Kumagai S, Grabda M, Shiota K, Yoshioka T, Takaoka M. Mitigation of bromine-containing products during pyrolysis of polycarbonate-based tetrabromobisphenol A in the presence of copper(I) oxide. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124972. [PMID: 33388450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycarbonate (PC) is an engineering thermoplastic that is widely used in electrical and electronic equipment. This plastic often contains tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA), the most common brominated flame retardant. Thermal degradation of the PC-TBBA leads to generation of numerous bromo-organic products in the pyrolytic oil, hindering its appropriate utilization, as well as corrosive hydrogen bromide gas. The purpose of this study was to experimentally investigate and compare the pyrolysis products of PC-TBBA and PC-TBBA + Cu2O at various temperatures, with an emphasis on the yield and distribution of brominated compounds. In pyrolysis of PC-TBBA + Cu2O, at the maximum degradation temperature (600 °C), as much as 86% of total Br was trapped in the residue, while 3% and 11% were distributed in the condensate and gas fractions, respectively. In contrast, the distribution of Br from non-catalytic pyrolysis of PC-TBBA (600 °C) was 0.5% residue, 40% condensate, and 60% gas. The results of this study revealed that in the presence of Cu2O, organo-bromine products were most likely involved in Ullman-type coupling reactions, leading to early cross-linking of the polymer network that efficiently hinders their vaporization. HBr in the gas fraction was suppressed due to effective fixation of bromine in residue in the form of CuBr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Oleszek
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Katsura C-1-3, 615-8540 Kyoto, Japan; Institute of Environmental Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Sklodowska-Curie 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Shogo Kumagai
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-Aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Mariusz Grabda
- Institute of Environmental Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Sklodowska-Curie 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Kenji Shiota
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Katsura C-1-3, 615-8540 Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-Aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Masaki Takaoka
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Katsura C-1-3, 615-8540 Kyoto, Japan.
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9
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Thermally induced end-group-capturing as an eco-friendly and general method for enhancing the fire safety of semi-aromatic polyesters. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Zhao C, Luo Z, Kong D, Peng H, Li D, Esmaeili N. Excellent role of
Cu
2
O
on fire safety of epoxy resin with ammonium polyphosphate based on the construction of self‐intumescent flame retardant system. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng‐Shou Zhao
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Zhen‐Jun Luo
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - De‐Yan Kong
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Hua‐qiao Peng
- The Second Research Institute of Civil Aviation Administration of China Chengdu China
| | - De‐Fu Li
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Nima Esmaeili
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation University of Bolton Bolton UK
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11
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Zhang Y, Yang W. Synthesis and characterization of PEDMCD as a flame retardant and its application in epoxy resins. RSC Adv 2021; 11:2756-2766. [PMID: 35424242 PMCID: PMC8693887 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10233d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a highly effective flame retardant agent, called polybicyclopentaerythritol phosphate-O-4-imino-p-phenylmethane-4-imino-2-chloro-1,3,5-s-triazine (PEDMCD), has been prepared through a direct polycondensation reaction. PEDMCD was incorporated into epoxy resin (EP) to improve the flame retardancy of EP. The molecular structure and thermal stability of PEDMCD were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Further, the structural properties, composition, and thermal stability of the PEDMCD/EP composite were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). PEDMCD exhibited both high thermal stability and high flame-retardant performance; these properties were attributed to the phosphorus-containing structure on the side groups and a triazine structure as the molecular backbone, which played the role of a foaming carbon source. With the addition of PEDMCD, the flame-retardant behavior of PEDMCD/EP composites was gradually enhanced. Furthermore, the amount of char residue of the PEDMCD/EP composite at 500 °C was increased from 21% to 34%. The peak value of the mass loss rate of PEDMCD/EP decreased from 0.52 to 0.35 g s-1. Further, the TSP of the sample decreased from 44.2 m2 to 24.6 m2, and the total oxygen consumption decreased from 64.2 g to 30.4 g. Accordingly, owing to the incorporation of PEDMCD, EP begins to decompose sooner, and the carbon layer formed by decomposition reduces the decomposition rate of the EP matrix. Based on the results of characterization measurements and flame retardancy testing, it is confirmed that PEDMCD exhibits good flame retardancy when applied in EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Biology and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Vocational College of Science & Technology Weifang 261053 China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
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12
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Zhang W, Zhang W, Pan YT, Yang R. Facile synthesis of transition metal containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane complexes with mesoporous structures and their applications in reducing fire hazards, enhancing mechanical and dielectric properties of epoxy composites. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123439. [PMID: 32763718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal (Co or Fe) containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane complexes (M@POSS-COOH) were prepared from octa carboxyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OC-POSS). The structures of OC-POSS and M@POSS-COOH were characterized by FT-IR, NMR, MALDI-TOF MS and XRD. Fe@POSS-COOH and Co@POSS-COOH possess mesoporous structures, whose Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface areas (SBET) are 58.7 m2/g and 46.3 m2/g, respectively. The remaining carboxyl groups of M@POSS-COOH that can react with epoxy groups along with the mesoporous structure increase the network strength of the epoxy resin (EP), and play a significant role in improving the mechanical properties, dielectric properties and thermal properties of the composites. Furthermore, the elemental composition of transition metal and silicon oxygen in the M@POSS-COOH structures significantly increases the amount of char residues of EP composites during the combustion of the material through elements catalysis and surface enrichment, which significantly reduces the toxic smoke density and fire hazards of EP composites. The structural and elemental merits of M@POSS-COOH significantly improve the overall performance of epoxy resin and occupy broad application space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Ye-Tang Pan
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
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13
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Dai S, Yu X, Chen R, Zhou H, Pan Z. Transparent epoxy resin material with excellent fire retardancy enabled by a P/N/S containing flame retardant. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengsong Dai
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Xuejun Yu
- Three Gorges Public Inspection and Testing Center Hubei China
| | - Rui Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhiquan Pan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
- Three Gorges Public Inspection and Testing Center Hubei China
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14
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Salasinska K, Celiński M, Mizera K, Kozikowski P, Leszczyński M, Gajek A. Synergistic effect between histidine phosphate complex and hazelnut shell for flammability reduction of low-smoke emission epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Luo X, Hu H, Ma J, Huang Y, Yang J. Synthesis and characterization of dicyclic silicon‐/phosphorus‐grafted alumina and its application in improving flame retardancy of epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environment‐friendly Energy Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Huan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment‐friendly Energy Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Jiajun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environment‐friendly Energy Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Yawen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment‐friendly Energy Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Junxiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment‐friendly Energy Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
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16
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Recent Developments in the Flame-Retardant System of Epoxy Resin. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13092145. [PMID: 32384706 PMCID: PMC7254395 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing emphasis on environmental protection, the development of flame retardants for epoxy resin (EP) has tended to be non-toxic, efficient, multifunctional and systematic. Currently reported flame retardants have been capable of providing flame retardancy, heat resistance and thermal stability to EP. However, many aspects still need to be further improved. This paper reviews the development of EPs in halogen-free flame retardants, focusing on phosphorus flame retardants, carbon-based materials, silicon flame retardants, inorganic nanofillers, and metal-containing compounds. These flame retardants can be used on their own or in combination to achieve the desired results. The effects of these flame retardants on the thermal stability and flame retardancy of EPs were discussed. Despite the great progress on flame retardants for EP in recent years, further improvement of EP is needed to obtain numerous eco-friendly high-performance materials.
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17
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Wang W, Yuan Y, Yu B, Liew KM, Yuen RKK, Liu J, Hu Y. Controlled self-template synthesis of manganese-based cuprous oxide nanoplates towards improved fire safety properties of epoxy composites. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 387:122006. [PMID: 31911386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.122006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To date epoxy resins have been extensively used in the field of chemical engineering, aerospace and building materials. Nevertheless, the utilization of flammable epoxy resins has posed a huge threat to lives and properties, which restricted their applications. In this work, manganese-based cuprous oxides two-dimensional nanosheets (Mn@Cu2O-M) are rationally designed and successfully prepared to improve the toxic effluent elimination of epoxy resin. The fire safety properties of the prepared Mn@Cu2O-M based nanocomposites improved the heat release rate (<35 %) and total heat release (<40 %) compared to the control epoxy. Moreover, the production of smoke and toxic volatiles of the composites with Mn@Cu2O-M nanosheets is significantly reduced. The mechanism investigations indicate that the improved flame retardancy and toxic effluent elimination of epoxy composites are attributed to the physical barrier effect and catalytic carbonization awarded by Mn@Cu2O-M nanosheets during burning. This work provides a promising strategy to develop eco-friendly, efficient and fire-safe polymers by both physical barrier effect and catalytic carbonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yao Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, PR China
| | - Bin Yu
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, 4300, Australia
| | - Kim Meow Liew
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Richard K K Yuen
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
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18
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Wang J, Guo Y, Zhao S, Huang R, Kong X. A novel intumescent flame retardant imparts high flame retardancy to epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Photoelectric‐Magnetic Functional Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes and School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringAnqing Normal University Anqing China
| | - Yu Guo
- School of Physics and Electrical EngineeringAnqing Normal University Anqing China
| | - ShunPing Zhao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Photoelectric‐Magnetic Functional Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes and School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringAnqing Normal University Anqing China
| | - Rong‐Yi Huang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Photoelectric‐Magnetic Functional Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes and School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringAnqing Normal University Anqing China
| | - Xue‐Jun Kong
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Photoelectric‐Magnetic Functional Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes and School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringAnqing Normal University Anqing China
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19
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Zhang X, Zhang W, Zeng G, Du J, Zhang W, Yang R. The Effect of Different Smoke Suppressants with APP for Enhancing the Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression on Vinyl Ester Resin. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of MaterialsBeijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of MaterialsBeijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Gaofeng Zeng
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of MaterialsBeijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Du
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of MaterialsBeijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of MaterialsBeijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of MaterialsBeijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
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20
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Decsov K, Bocz K, Szolnoki B, Bourbigot S, Fontaine G, Vadas D, Marosi G. Development of Bioepoxy Resin Microencapsulated Ammonium-Polyphosphate for Flame Retardancy of Polylactic Acid. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224123. [PMID: 31739591 PMCID: PMC6891782 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonium-polyphosphate (APP) was modified by microencapsulation with a bio-based sorbitol polyglycidyl ether (SPE)-type epoxy resin and used as a flame retardant additive in polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. The bioresin-encapsulated APP (MCAPP) particles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman mapping, particle size distribution was determined by processing of scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images. Interaction between the APP core and the bioresin shell was revealed by combined thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)‑FTIR spectroscopy. The APP to SPE mass ratio of 10 to 2 was found to be optimal in terms of thermal, flammability, and mechanical properties of 15 wt% additive containing biocomposites. The bioresin shell effectively promotes the charring of the APP-loaded PLA composites, as found using TGA and cone calorimetry, and eliminates the flammable dripping of the specimens during the UL-94 vertical burning tests. Thus, the V-0 rating, the increased limiting oxygen index, and the 20% reduced peak of the heat release rate was reached compared to the effects of neat APP. Furthermore, better interfacial interaction of the MCAPP with PLA was indicated by differential scanning calorimetry and SEM observation. The stiff interphase resulted in increased modulus of these composites. Besides, microencapsulation provided improved water resistance to the flame retardant biopolymer system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Decsov
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Budafoki street 8., Hungary; (K.D.); (B.S.); (D.V.); (G.M.)
| | - Katalin Bocz
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Budafoki street 8., Hungary; (K.D.); (B.S.); (D.V.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-1-463-1348
| | - Beáta Szolnoki
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Budafoki street 8., Hungary; (K.D.); (B.S.); (D.V.); (G.M.)
| | - Serge Bourbigot
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations (UMET), CNRS UMR 8207, École Nationale supérieure de Chimie de Lille, University of Lille, Bâtiment C6, Cité Scientifique, 59652 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France; (S.B.); (G.F.)
| | - Gaëlle Fontaine
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations (UMET), CNRS UMR 8207, École Nationale supérieure de Chimie de Lille, University of Lille, Bâtiment C6, Cité Scientifique, 59652 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France; (S.B.); (G.F.)
| | - Dániel Vadas
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Budafoki street 8., Hungary; (K.D.); (B.S.); (D.V.); (G.M.)
| | - György Marosi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Budafoki street 8., Hungary; (K.D.); (B.S.); (D.V.); (G.M.)
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21
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Li S, Chen M, Su L, Lin X, Liu C. Highly efficient multielement flame retardant for multifunctional epoxy resin with satisfactory thermal, flame‐retardant, and mechanical properties. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials ScienceFujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Mingfeng Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials ScienceFujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Liping Su
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials ScienceFujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Xiuhuang Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials ScienceFujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Canpei Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials ScienceFujian Normal University Fuzhou China
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22
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23
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Yang D, Dong L, Hou X, Zheng W, Xiao J, Xu J, Ma H. Synthesis of bio‐based poly (cyclotriphosphazene‐resveratrol) microspheres acting as both flame retardant and reinforcing agent to epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danqi Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental ScienceHebei University Baoding China
| | - Luming Dong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental ScienceHebei University Baoding China
| | - Xudong Hou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental ScienceHebei University Baoding China
| | - Weikang Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental ScienceHebei University Baoding China
| | - Jian Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental ScienceHebei University Baoding China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental ScienceHebei University Baoding China
| | - Haiyun Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental ScienceHebei University Baoding China
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province Baoding China
- The Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Research Center of Hebei Province Baoding China
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24
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Chen M, Chen J, Liu C, Wang J, Zhang X. Design, synthesis, and theoretical analysis of thermal stability epoxy resins obtained through a facile and cost-effective approach. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Jian RK, Ai YF, Xia L, Zhao LJ, Zhao HB. Single component phosphamide-based intumescent flame retardant with potential reactivity towards low flammability and smoke epoxy resins. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 371:529-539. [PMID: 30877866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To develop a low flammability and smoke epoxy resin, benzothiazole-based phosphamide (DOP-ABZ) was prepared through the reaction of 2-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide (DOP) and 2-aminobenzothiazole (ABZ). Intumescent flame-retardant (IFR) epoxy thermosets (EP) with different loadings of DOP-ABZ were prepared according to the assigned curing procedure. The thermal stability of IFR-EP decreased as compared to that of EP, but the flame retardancy of IFR-EP were greatly improved. EP/20 wt% DOP-ABZ passed UL-94 V-0 rating and got a high LOI value of 28.3%. Meanwhile, cone calorimeter tests showed that the heat release rate greatly decreased from 1139.7 kW/m2 of EP to 238.9 kW/m2, and the productions of smoke/toxic gases including CO and CO2 were also remarkably reduced. Furthermore, the mechanical strength of EP/17.5 wt% DOP-ABZ was enhanced to some extent, i.e. tensile strength increased from 71 MPa of EP to 81 MPa, flexural strength from 98 to 119 MPa, and impact strength from 22 to 32 kJ/m2. Finally, the flame-retardant mechanism was disclosed that DOP-ABZ produced phosphorus-containing acids so as to dehydrate and carbonize epoxy macromolecules leading to the formation of graphitized chars. Meanwhile, the nitrogen/sulfur-containing intermediates simultaneously released noncombustible gases to expand the as-formed char, and then interrupt the combustion reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Kun Jian
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
| | - Yuan-Fang Ai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Long Xia
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Li-Jing Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhao
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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26
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Zhu ZM, Wang LX, Dong LP. Influence of a novel P/N-containing oligomer on flame retardancy and thermal degradation of intumescent flame-retardant epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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27
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Naik AD, Bourbigot S, Bellayer S, Touati N, Ben Tayeb K, Vezin H, Fontaine G. Salen Complexes as Fire Protective Agents for Thermoplastic Polyurethane: Deep Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Investigation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:24860-24875. [PMID: 29957994 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of copper complexes of salen-based Schiff bases N, N'-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine (C1), N, N'-bis(4-hydroxysalicylidene)ethylenediamine (C2), and N, N'-bis(5-hydroxysalicylidene)ethylenediamine (C3) to the flame retardancy of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is investigated in the context of minimizing the inherent flammability of TPU. Thermal and fire properties of TPU are evaluated. It is observed that fire performances vary depending upon the substitution of the salen framework. Cone calorimetry [mass loss calorimetry (MLC)] results show that, in TPU at 10 wt % loading, C2 and C3 reduce the peak of heat release rate by 46 and 50%, respectively. At high temperature, these copper complexes undergo polycondensation leading to resorcinol-type resin in the condensed phase and thus acting as intumescence reinforcing agents. C3 in TPU is particularly interesting because it delays significantly the time to ignition (MLC experiment). In addition, pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry shows reduction in the heat release rate curve, suggesting its involvement in gas-phase action. Structural changes of copper complexes and radical formation during thermal treatment as well as their influence on fire retardancy of TPU in the condensed phase are investigated by spectroscopic studies supported by microscopic and powder diffraction studies. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was fully used to follow the redox changes of Cu(II) ions as well as radical formation of copper complexes/TPU formulations in their degradation pathways. Pulsed EPR technique of hyperfine sublevel correlation spectroscopy reveals evolution of the local surrounding of copper and radicals with a strong contribution of nitrogen fragments in the degradation products. Further, the spin state of radicals was investigated by the two-dimensional technique of phase-inverted echo-amplitude detected nutation experiment. Two different radicals were detected, that is, one monocarbon radical and an oxygen biradical. Thus, the EPR study permits to deeply investigate the mode of action of copper salen complexes in TPU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil D Naik
- Univ. Lille, ENSCL, UMR 8207-UMET-Unité Matériaux et Transformations , F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq , France
| | - Serge Bourbigot
- Univ. Lille, ENSCL, UMR 8207-UMET-Unité Matériaux et Transformations , F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq , France
| | - Séverine Bellayer
- Univ. Lille, ENSCL, UMR 8207-UMET-Unité Matériaux et Transformations , F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq , France
| | - Nadia Touati
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516-LASIR-Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman , F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex , France
| | - Karima Ben Tayeb
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516-LASIR-Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman , F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex , France
| | - Hervé Vezin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516-LASIR-Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman , F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex , France
| | - Gaëlle Fontaine
- Univ. Lille, ENSCL, UMR 8207-UMET-Unité Matériaux et Transformations , F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq , France
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28
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Xia Y, Tang R, Tao S, Tao G, Gong F, Liu C, Cao Z. Epoxy resin/phosphorus-based microcapsules: Their synergistic effect on flame retardation properties of high-density polyethylene/graphene nanoplatelets composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering; Changzhou University; Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Rui Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering; Changzhou University; Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Shengxi Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering; Changzhou University; Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Guoliang Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering; Changzhou University; Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Fanghong Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering; Changzhou University; Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Chunlin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering; Changzhou University; Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering; Changzhou University; Changzhou 213164 China
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29
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Cheng L, Wu W, Meng W, Xu S, Han H, Yu Y, Qu H, Xu J. Application of metallic phytates to poly(vinyl chloride) as efficient biobased phosphorous flame retardants. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Cheng
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Flame-Retardant Materials and Processing Technology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Weihong Wu
- College of Science; Agriculture University of Hebei; Baoding 071000 China
| | - Weihua Meng
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Flame-Retardant Materials and Processing Technology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Shuo Xu
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Flame-Retardant Materials and Processing Technology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Hongda Han
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Flame-Retardant Materials and Processing Technology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Yongfang Yu
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Flame-Retardant Materials and Processing Technology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Hongqiang Qu
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Flame-Retardant Materials and Processing Technology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Flame-Retardant Materials and Processing Technology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
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30
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In situpreparation of magnetite/cuprous oxide/poly(AMPS/NIPAm) for removal of methylene blue from waste water. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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31
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Xu W, Zhang B, Wang X, Wang G, Ding D. The flame retardancy and smoke suppression effect of a hybrid containing CuMoO 4 modified reduced graphene oxide/layered double hydroxide on epoxy resin. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 343:364-375. [PMID: 29017120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The co-precipitation method was used to synthesize a hybrid with MgAl-layered double hydroxide loaded graphene (RGO-LDH). CuMoO4 was then introduced onto the surface of RGO-LDH to prepare a hybrid with CuMoO4 modified RGO-LDH (RGO-LDH/CuMoO4). The composition, structure and morphology of RGO-LDH/CuMoO4 were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Laser raman spectroscopy and Transmission electron microscope-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. It was found that the hybrid of RGO-LDH/CuMoO4 had been successfully prepared. The effects of flame retardancy and smoke suppression of epoxy resin were studied with added RGO-LDH/CuMoO4. Results showed that the PHRR and THR of the EP composite with RGO-LDH/CuMoO4 added were decreased dramatically. The char yield, LOI and UL-94 vertical burning rating of the EP composite were increased, with improved flame ratardancy. In addition, the SPR, TSP, and Ds,max of the EP composite were decreased drastically with added RGO-LDH/CuMoO4. Its improved flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance were due mainly to the physical barrier of graphene and LDH, and the catalytic carbonization function of LDH. Meanwhile, Cu2O and MoO3 generated from RGO-LDH/CuMoO4 in the combustion process helped enhance the production of char residue and raised the compactness of the char layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzong Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, 292 Ziyun Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bingliang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, 292 Ziyun Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, 292 Ziyun Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Guisong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, 292 Ziyun Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Ding
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, 292 Ziyun Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
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32
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Liang WJ, Zhao B, Zhang CY, Jian RK, Liu DY, Liu YQ. Enhanced flame retardancy of DGEBA epoxy resin with a novel bisphenol-A bridged cyclotriphosphazene. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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33
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Shirke AG, Dholakiya BZ, Kuperkar K. Modification of tung oil-based polyurethane foam by anhydrides and inorganic content through esterification process. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit G. Shirke
- Applied Chemistry Department; Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT); Surat 395007 Gujarat India
| | - Bharatkumar Z. Dholakiya
- Applied Chemistry Department; Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT); Surat 395007 Gujarat India
| | - Ketan Kuperkar
- Applied Chemistry Department; Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT); Surat 395007 Gujarat India
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Jin X, Sun J, Zhang JS, Gu X, Bourbigot S, Li H, Tang W, Zhang S. Preparation of a Novel Intumescent Flame Retardant Based on Supramolecular Interactions and Its Application in Polyamide 11. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:24964-24975. [PMID: 28561583 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The flammability and melt dripping of the widely used bio-based polyamide 11 (PA 11) have attracted much attention in the last decade, and they are still a big challenge for the fire science society. In this work, a novel single macromolecular intumescent flame retardant (AM-APP) that contains an acid source and a gas source was prepared by supramolecular reactions between melamine and p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid, followed by an ionic exchange with ammonium polyphosphate. The chemical structure of AM-APP was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. AM-APP and TiO2 were then introduced into PA 11 by melt compounding to improve the fire resistance of the composite. The fire performance of PA 11 composites was evaluated by the limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL-94), and cone calorimetry tests. The results showed that the presence of 22% AM-APP and 3% TiO2 increased the LOI value from 22.2 to 29.2%, upgraded the UL-94 rating from no rating to V-0, completely eliminated melt dripping, and significantly decreased the peak heat release rate from 943.4 to 177.5 kW/m2. The thermal behaviors were investigated by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and TG-FTIR. It is suggested that AM-APP produces an intumescent char structure and releases inert gases, whereas TiO2 may consolidate the char layers, leading to the improvement in the fire resistance of PA 11.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jessica Shiqing Zhang
- The High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China , No. 37 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100080, China
| | | | - Serge Bourbigot
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, ENSCL, UMR 8207, UMET, Unité Matériaux et Transformations , F-59 000 Lille, France
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Wang J, Yuan B, Mu X, Feng X, Tai Q, Hu Y. Two-Dimensional Metal Phenylphosphonates as Novel Flame Retardants for Polystyrene. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junling Wang
- State Key Laboratory
of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Bihe Yuan
- School
of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaowei Mu
- State Key Laboratory
of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaming Feng
- State Key Laboratory
of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qilong Tai
- State Key Laboratory
of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory
of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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36
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Fang Y, Qian L, Huang Z. Synergistic barrier flame-retardant effect of aluminium poly-hexamethylenephosphinate and bisphenol-A bis(diphenyl phosphate) in epoxy resin. POLYM INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youyou Fang
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering; Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing PR China
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering; Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing PR China
| | - Zhigang Huang
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering; Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing PR China
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37
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Chen MJ, Wang X, Li XL, Liu XY, Zhong L, Wang HZ, Liu ZG. The synergistic effect of cuprous oxide on an intumescent flame-retardant epoxy resin system. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05482c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neat epoxy resin (EP) is a highly flammable material, and the pyrolysis volatiles of it contain some harmful gases such as carbon monoxide, aromatic compounds, hydrocarbons, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jun Chen
- School of Science (Sichuan)
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Science (Sichuan)
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- China
| | - Xin-Lei Li
- School of Science (Sichuan)
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- China
| | - Xing-Ya Liu
- School of Science (Sichuan)
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- China
| | - Liu Zhong
- School of Science (Sichuan)
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- China
| | - Hui-Zhen Wang
- School of Science (Sichuan)
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- China
| | - Zhi-Guo Liu
- School of Science (Sichuan)
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- China
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38
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Wang D, Kan Y, Yu X, Liu J, Song L, Hu Y. In situ loading ultra-small Cu 2O nanoparticles on 2D hierarchical TiO 2-graphene oxide dual-nanosheets: Towards reducing fire hazards of unsaturated polyester resin. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 320:504-512. [PMID: 27591683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fire hazards have seriously hindered the commercial application of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR), and polymer inorganic nanosheet nanocomposites hold great promise in improving their flame-retardant properties. Herein, the hierarchical structured Cu2OTiO2GO nanosheets were synthesized and characterized by XRD, Raman, TEM and XPS. Then Cu2OTiO2GO nanosheets were incorporated into UPR matrix to obtain flame-retardant UPR nanocomposite. Incorporation of 2wt% Cu2OTiO2GO nanosheets into UPR matrix resulted in an obvious reduction in PHRR and THR by 29.7 and 19.1%. TG-IR-MS results revealed that toxic pyrolysis gas such as benzene, CO and aromatic compounds greatly were decreased. In addition, RIIR spectra demonstrated the limited influence of Cu2OTiO2GO nanosheets on thermal degradation of UPR matrix, and SEM images of char residues showed that Cu2OTiO2GO nanosheets could improve their compactness. Based on the analysis of gaseous and condensed phase, a plausible flame-retardant mechanism was hypothesized to elaborate how Cu2OTiO2GO nanosheets work inside the flaming UPR nanocomposite. This innovative idea may be expanded to other polymer system and open a new door to develop polymeric nanocomposites with high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Yongchun Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China; USTCCityU Joint Advanced Research Center, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China; USTCCityU Joint Advanced Research Center, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China.
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39
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Jian R, Wang P, Duan W, Wang J, Zheng X, Weng J. Synthesis of a Novel P/N/S-Containing Flame Retardant and Its Application in Epoxy Resin: Thermal Property, Flame Retardance, and Pyrolysis Behavior. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongkun Jian
- Fujian
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science
and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Fujian
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science
and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Weisen Duan
- Fujian
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science
and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Junsheng Wang
- Tianjin Fire Research Institute of the Ministry of Public Security, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Xuelin Zheng
- Fujian
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science
and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Jiabao Weng
- Fujian
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science
and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
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40
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Xu W, Liu L, Zhang B, Hu Y, Xu B. Effect of Molybdenum Trioxide-Loaded Graphene and Cuprous Oxide-Loaded Graphene on Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression of Polyurethane Elastomer. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzong Xu
- School
of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, 292 Ziyun Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Liu
- School
of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, 292 Ziyun Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingliang Zhang
- School
of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, 292 Ziyun Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State
Key Lab of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoling Xu
- School
of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, 292 Ziyun Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People’s Republic of China
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