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He H, Li L, Liu H, Luo B, Li Z, Tian W. The Effects of a Crosslinking Agent on the Microrheological Properties and Cellular Structure of Silicone Rubber Foam Prepared via a Green Process. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:707. [PMID: 38591606 PMCID: PMC10856475 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Chemical foaming technology is widely used in the preparation of silicone rubber foam and is attributable to its one-step molding capability and eco-friendly production processes. The microrheological properties of silicone rubber play a pivotal role during the foaming process. In this study, Rheolaser Lab (Formulaction, Toulouse, France) was used to conduct in situ examinations for the influence of a crosslinking agent on the microrheological properties of silicone rubber foam for the first time. This study monitors the entire reaction process of silicone rubber foam from liquid to solid, as well as the matching of crosslinking and foaming reactions. Various parameters, including solid-liquid balance, elasticity index, and macroscopic viscosity index, are measured to analyze the microrheological properties of silicone rubber foam. The results show that the silicone rubber foam exhibits good microrheological properties, thereby demonstrating excellent performance at a crosslinking agent content of 2%. Through adjusting the experimental conditions, a sustainable and efficient approach was proposed for better cellular structure control in the industrial preparation of silicone rubber foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (H.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Lulu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (H.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Hong Liu
- Guangdong Homeen Organic Silicon Material Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing 526072, China; (H.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Bin Luo
- Guangdong Homeen Organic Silicon Material Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing 526072, China; (H.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Zhipeng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (H.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Wenhuai Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (H.H.); (L.L.)
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2
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Cui H, Jing Q, Li D, Zhuang T, Gao Y, Ran X. Study on the high‐temperature damping properties of silicone rubber modified by boron‐terminated polysiloxane. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Cui
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun China
| | - Qian Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun China
| | - Dongwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun China
| | - Tingting Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun China
| | - Yixing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun China
| | - Xianghai Ran
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun China
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3
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Huang X, Song G, Shi J, Ren J, Guo R, Li C, Chen G, Li Q, Zhou Z. Thermal stability, mechanical, and optical properties of novel RTV silicone rubbers using octa(dimethylethoxysiloxy)-POSS as a cross-linker. E-POLYMERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2022-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Octa(dimethylethoxysiloxy) POSS (ODES) was synthesized successfully and used as the novel curing agent to prepare RTV silicone rubber (SROD) with outstanding mechanical properties and thermal stability. Compared with the silicone rubber cross-linked by tetraethoxysilane (SRTE), the novel RTV silicone rubber using octa(dimethylethoxysiloxy) POSS as a cross-linker had better mechanical, thermal, and optical properties. The highest tensile strength of SROD reached 1.26 MPa, which is three times that of SRTE. Besides, the decomposition temperature of 10% weight loss reached 507.7°C, exceeding that of SRTE by nearly 150°C. In addition, it was remarkable that due to the good compatibility of ODES with the silicone rubber matrix, the series of SROD showed good transmittance, greater than 87%. The thermal decomposition process of SROD was investigated by TGA coupled with real-time FTIR, and the results revealed the rigid structure and large steric hindrance of ODES that efficiently blocked the “backbiting” of the polysiloxy chains and delayed the end-induced ring decomposition, and consequently, improved the thermal stability of SROD significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Guomin Song
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Jianjun Shi
- Aerospace Research Institute of Materials and Processing Technology, Science and Technology on Advanced Functional Composites Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Jiafei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Ruilu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Chunyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Guangxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Qifang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
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Zhang GD, Wu ZH, Xia QQ, Qu YX, Pan HT, Hu WJ, Zhao L, Cao K, Chen EY, Yuan Z, Gao JF, Mai YW, Tang LC. Ultrafast Flame-Induced Pyrolysis of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Foam Materials toward Exceptional Superhydrophobic Surfaces and Reliable Mechanical Robustness. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:23161-23172. [PMID: 33955739 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic surfaces are imperative in flexible polymer foams for diverse applications; however, traditional surface coatings on soft skeletons are often fragile and can hardly endure severe deformation, making them unstable and highly susceptible to cyclic loadings. Therefore, it remains a great challenge to balance their mutual exclusiveness of mechanical robustness and surface water repellency on flexible substrates. Herein, we describe how robust superhydrophobic surfaces on soft poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) foams can be achieved using an extremely simple, ultrafast, and environmentally friendly flame scanning strategy. The ultrafast flame treatment (1-3 s) of PDMS foams produces microwavy and nanosilica rough structures bonded on the soft skeletons, forming robust superhydrophobic surfaces (i.e., water contact angles (WCAs) > 155° and water sliding angles (WSAs) < 5°). The rough surface can be effectively tailored by simply altering the flame scanning speed (2.5-15.0 cm/s) to adjust the thermal pyrolysis of the PDMS molecules. The optimized surfaces display reliable mechanical robustness and excellent water repellency even after 100 cycles of compression of 60% strain, stretching of 100% strain, and bending of 90° and hostile environmental conditions (including acid/salt/alkali conditions, high/low temperatures, UV aging, and harsh cyclic abrasion). Moreover, such flame-induced superhydrophobic surfaces are easily peeled off from ice and can be healable even after severe abrasion cycles. Clearly, the flame scanning strategy provides a facile and versatile approach for fabricating mechanically robust and surface superhydrophobic PDMS foam materials for applications in complex conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of MoE, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of MoE, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Qi Xia
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of MoE, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Xiang Qu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of MoE, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Tao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of MoE, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Wan-Jun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of MoE, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of MoE, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Kun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Er-Yu Chen
- NCO, Academy of PAP, Hangzhou 310023, P. R. China
| | - Zhou Yuan
- NCO, Academy of PAP, Hangzhou 310023, P. R. China
| | - Jie-Feng Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yiu-Wing Mai
- Centre for Advanced Materials Technology (CAMT), School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering J07, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Long-Cheng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of MoE, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
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Zhang YL, Zang CG, Shi LP, Jiao QJ, Pan HW, She-li YF. Preparation of boron-containg hybridized silicon rubber by in-situ polymerization of vinylphenyl-functionalized polyborosiloxane and liquid silicone rubber. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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6
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Improved Mechanical and Sound Absorption Properties of Open Cell Silicone Rubber Foam with NaCl as the Pore-Forming Agent. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14010195. [PMID: 33401620 PMCID: PMC7795880 DOI: 10.3390/ma14010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Porous materials hold great potential in the field of sound absorption, but the most abundantly used materials, such as Polyurethane (PU) foam and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) foam, would inevitably bring environmental harms during fabrication. In this study, the nontoxic addition-molded room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber is chosen as the matrix, and NaCl particles are chosen as the pore forming agent to prepare open cell foams via the dissolve-separating foaming method. The effect of different amounts of NaCl (0–100 phr) on the cell structure, mechanical and sound absorption properties is investigated and analyzed. The results indicate that the cell structure could be tailored via changing the addition amount of NaCl, and open cell silicon rubber foams could be achieved with more than 20 phr NaCl addition. Open cell silicon foams show the most effective sound absorption for sound waves in middle frequency (1000–2000 Hz), which should be attributed to the improved impedance matching caused by the open cell structures. Additionally, the mechanical properties, including hardness, tensile strength and corresponding elastic properties, gradually decay to a steady value with the increasing addition amount of NaCl. Therefore, open cell silicone rubber foams are capable of sound absorption in middle frequency.
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Zhao X, Zhang J. A novel composite silicone foam with enhanced safeguarding performance and self-healing property. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Aliabouzar M, Zhang GL, Sarkar K. Acoustic and mechanical characterization of 3D-printed scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Biomed Mater 2018; 13:055013. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aad417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wei CS, Lu A, Sun SM, Wei XW, Zho XY, Sun J. Establishment of Constitutive Model of Silicone Rubber Foams Based on Statistical Theory of Rubber Elasticity. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-018-2125-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Aliabouzar M, Lee SJ, Zhou X, Zhang GL, Sarkar K. Effects of scaffold microstructure and low intensity pulsed ultrasound on chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:495-506. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Aliabouzar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; The George Washington University; Washington DC
| | - Se-jun Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; The George Washington University; Washington DC
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; The George Washington University; Washington DC
| | - Grace Lijjie Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; The George Washington University; Washington DC
| | - Kausik Sarkar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; The George Washington University; Washington DC
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Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the link between the elaboration process, the microstructure and the acoustic behaviour of silicone foams obtained using a two-component silicone. Different parameters such as the ratio of components, the addition of a thinning agent and the curing temperature are varied, with the objective of understanding the influence of each parameter in the foam’s acoustic absorption. The microstructure is analysed using scanning electron microscopy and acoustic properties are measured. Two non-acoustical properties of the porous material are also investigated, namely the porosity and the flow resistivity. Pore cell size and interconnected porosity have great impact on acoustical properties. Significant enhancements of the absorption properties could be obtained in the low-frequency band by increasing the rate of agent B through an increase in the amount of interconnected porous cells. An improvement in absorption is observed in the higher frequency range when a thinning agent is added to the mixture. Representative models of the foam for acoustic simulations are obtained allowing estimation of the tortuosity, viscous and thermal characteristic length from acoustic measurements. These models are able to simulate the acoustic behaviour of the silicone foams when embedded in sound packages.
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12
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Kovalenko A, Fauquignon M, Brunet T, Mondain-Monval O. Tuning the sound speed in macroporous polymers with a hard or soft matrix. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:4526-4532. [PMID: 28589203 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00744b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the factors affecting the sound speed in air-filled macroporous polymer materials at ultrasound frequencies. Due to the presence of large proportion of gas, these porous materials present high compressibility and, as a consequence, low sound speed which may fall down to values as low as 40 m s-1. Using an emulsion-templating method, we synthesize macroporous samples with similar porous structures but with three different matrices, i.e. a hard poly(styrene-divinylbenzene (DVB)) matrix, a soft epoxy-modified polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix and a very soft polyaddition PDMS matrix. We characterize the matrix mechanical properties by measuring both the bulk modulus K0 and the shear modulus G0. Next, we compare the sound speed measured in porous samples with porosity varying from 0 to 50%. We show that, in agreement with theoretical predictions, the sound speed is mainly controlled by two parameters, the porosity value and the K0/G0 ratio of the polymer matrix. These parameters may be used to control the sound propagation in porous polymers, which opens the way to the realization of gradient-index materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Kovalenko
- University of Bordeaux - CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Pessac, France.
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Aliabouzar M, Zhang LG, Sarkar K. Lipid Coated Microbubbles and Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Enhance Chondrogenesis of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in 3D Printed Scaffolds. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37728. [PMID: 27883051 PMCID: PMC5121887 DOI: 10.1038/srep37728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid-coated microbubbles are used to enhance ultrasound imaging and drug delivery. Here we apply these microbubbles along with low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) for the first time to enhance proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in a 3D printed poly-(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate (PEG-DA) hydrogel scaffold. The hMSC proliferation increased up to 40% after 5 days of culture in the presence of 0.5% (v/v) microbubbles and LIPUS in contrast to 18% with LIPUS alone. We systematically varied the acoustic excitation parameters-excitation intensity, frequency and duty cycle-to find 30 mW/cm2, 1.5 MHz and 20% duty cycle to be optimal for hMSC proliferation. A 3-week chondrogenic differentiation results demonstrated that combining LIPUS with microbubbles enhanced glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production by 17% (5% with LIPUS alone), and type II collagen production by 78% (44% by LIPUS alone). Therefore, integrating LIPUS and microbubbles appears to be a promising strategy for enhanced hMSC growth and chondrogenic differentiation, which are critical components for cartilage regeneration. The results offer possibilities of novel applications of microbubbles, already clinically approved for contrast enhanced ultrasound imaging, in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Aliabouzar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Kausik Sarkar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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