1
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Luo W, Chen MJ, Wang T, Feng JF, Fu ZC, Deng JN, Yan YW, Wang YZ, Zhao HB. Catalytic polymer self-cleavage for CO 2 generation before combustion empowers materials with fire safety. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2726. [PMID: 38548723 PMCID: PMC10978860 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46756-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymeric materials, rich in carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen elements, present substantial fire hazards to both human life and property due to their intrinsic flammability. Overcoming this challenge in the absence of any flame-retardant elements is a daunting task. Herein, we introduce an innovative strategy employing catalytic polymer auto-pyrolysis before combustion to proactively release CO2, akin to possessing responsive CO2 fire extinguishing mechanisms. We demonstrate that potassium salts with strong nucleophilicity (such as potassium formate/malate) can transform conventional polyurethane foam into materials with fire safety through rearrangement. This transformation results in the rapid generation of a substantial volume of CO2, occurring before the onset of intense decomposition, effectively extinguishing fires. The inclusion of just 1.05 wt% potassium formate can significantly raise the limiting oxygen index of polyurethane foam to 26.5%, increase the time to ignition by 927%, and tremendously reduce smoke toxicity by 95%. The successful application of various potassium salts, combined with a comprehensive examination of the underlying mechanisms, underscores the viability of this strategy. This pioneering catalytic approach paves the way for the efficient and eco-friendly development of polymeric materials with fire safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Green Preparation and Recycling Laboratory of Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610039, China
| | - Ming-Jun Chen
- Green Preparation and Recycling Laboratory of Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610039, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- Green Preparation and Recycling Laboratory of Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610039, China
| | - Jin-Feng Feng
- Green Preparation and Recycling Laboratory of Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610039, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Fu
- Green Preparation and Recycling Laboratory of Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610039, China
| | - Jin-Ni Deng
- Green Preparation and Recycling Laboratory of Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610039, China
| | - Yuan-Wei Yan
- Zhuzhou Times New Material Technology Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhao
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China.
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2
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Wang Z, Wang C, Gao Y, Li Z, Shang Y, Li H. Porous Thermal Insulation Polyurethane Foam Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3818. [PMID: 37765672 PMCID: PMC10537539 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porous thermal insulation materials (PTIMs) are a class of materials characterized by low thermal conductivity, low bulk density and high porosity. The low thermal conductivity of the gas enclosed in their pores allows them to achieve efficient thermal insulation, and are they among the most widely used and effective materials in thermal insulation material systems. Among the PTIMs, polyurethane foam (PUF) stands out as particularly promising. Its appeal comes from its multiple beneficial features, such as low density, low thermal conductivity and superior mechanical properties. Such attributes have propelled its broad application across domains encompassing construction, heterogeneous chemical equipment, water conservation and hydropower, and the aviation and aerospace fields. First, this article outlines the structure and properties of porous thermal insulation PUF materials. Next, it explores the methods of preparing porous thermal insulation PUF materials, evaluating the associated advantages and disadvantages of each technique. Following this, the mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, thermal stability, and flame-retardant characteristics of porous thermal insulation PUF materials are characterized. Lastly, the article provides insight into the prospective development trends pertaining to porous thermal insulation PUF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Wang
- College of New Energy, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China; (Z.W.); (C.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Chengzhu Wang
- College of New Energy, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China; (Z.W.); (C.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yuebin Gao
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Zhao Li
- College of New Energy, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China; (Z.W.); (C.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yu Shang
- College of New Energy, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China; (Z.W.); (C.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Haifu Li
- Shaanxi Haichuang Industrial Co., Ltd., Xi’an 712034, China;
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3
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Wang J, Yu S, Xiao S. Research progress of triazine flame retardants. Macromol Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-023-00157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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4
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Wang H, Liu Q, Li H, Zhang H, Yan S. Flame-Retardant and Smoke-Suppressant Flexible Polyurethane Foams Based on Phosphorus-Containing Polyester Diols and Expandable Graphite. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051284. [PMID: 36904525 PMCID: PMC10006967 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A liquid-phosphorus-containing polyester diol, PPE, was prepared via condensation polymerization using commercial reactive flame retardant 9,10-dihydro-10-[2,3-di(hydroxycarbonyl)propyl]-10-phospha-phenanthrene-10-oxide, adipic acid, ethylene glycol, and 1,4-butanediol. PPE and/or expandable graphite (EG) were then incorporated into phosphorus-containing flame-retardant polyester-based flexible polyurethane foams (P-FPUFs). The structure and properties of the resultant P-FPUFs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy tensile measurements, limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning tests, cone calorimeter tests, thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Unlike the FPUF prepared using regular polyester polyol (R-FPUF), PPE increased the flexibility and elongation at break of the resultant forms. More importantly, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of P-FPUF were reduced by 18.6% and 16.3%, respectively, via gas-phase-dominated flame-retardant mechanisms, compared with those of R-FPUF. The addition of EG further reduced the peak smoke production release (PSR) and total smoke production (TSP) of the resultant FPUFs while increasing the LOI and char formation. Interestingly, it was observed that EG noticeably improved the residual quantity of phosphorus in the char residue. When the EG loading was 15 phr, the resulting FPUF (P-FPUF/15EG) attained a high LOI value (29.2%) and exhibited good anti-dripping performance. Meanwhile, the PHRR, THR, and TSP of P-FPUF/15EG were significantly decreased by 82.7%, 40.3%, and 83.4%, respectively, compared with those of P-FPUF. This superior flame-retardant performance can be attributed to the combination of the bi-phase flame-retardant behavior of PPE and condensed-phase flame-retardant characteristics of EG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiang Liu
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (H.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Hui Li
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (H.L.); (S.Y.)
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5
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Chi J, Zhang Y, Tu F, Sun J, Zhi H, Yang J. The synergistic flame-retardant behaviors of soybean oil phosphate-based polyols and modified ammonium polyphosphate in polyurethane foam. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-023-03447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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6
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Lu W, Zeng Z, He Z, Liang Y, Sun Y, Song S, Wang L, Liu R. A highly efficient melamine/red phosphorus flame retardant for polyurethane‐based foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co‐founded by Shandong Province and Ministry of Science and Technology Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan China
| | - Zhipeng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co‐founded by Shandong Province and Ministry of Science and Technology Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Zhenglong He
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co‐founded by Shandong Province and Ministry of Science and Technology Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Safety Technology China Coal Technology and Engineering Group Shenyang Research Institute China
| | - Yuntao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Safety Technology China Coal Technology and Engineering Group Shenyang Research Institute China
| | - Yong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Safety Technology China Coal Technology and Engineering Group Shenyang Research Institute China
| | - Shuanglin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Safety Technology China Coal Technology and Engineering Group Shenyang Research Institute China
| | | | - Ruling Liu
- Yantai Derun Liquid Crystal Materials Co., Ltd Yantai China
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7
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Muhammed Raji A, Hambali HU, Khan ZI, Binti Mohamad Z, Azman H, Ogabi R. Emerging trends in flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam and its composites: A review. J CELL PLAST 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x221144564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the superior thermal insulating attributes of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) compared to other insulating materials (expanded and extruded polystyrene, mineral wool), it remains the most dominant insulating material and most studied polymer foam. Like other polyurethane foam, RPUF is highly flammable, necessitating the incorporation of flame retardants (FR) during production to lower combustibility, promoting its continuous use as insulation material in construction, transportation, and others. The popular approaches for correcting the high flammability of RPUF are copolymerization and blending (with FR). The second method has proven to be most effective as there are limited trade-offs in RPUF properties. Meanwhile, the high flammability of RPUF is still a significant hindrance in emerging applications (sensors, space travel, and others), and this has continuously inspired research in the flame retardancy of RPUF. In this study, properties, and preparation methods of RPUF are described, factors responsible for the high flammability of PUF are discussed, and flame retardancy of RPUF is thoroughly reviewed. Notably, most FR for RPUF are inorganic nanoparticles, lignin, intumescent FR systems of expandable graphite (EG), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and hybridized APP or EG with other FR. These could be due to their ease of processing, low cost, and being environmentally benign. Elaborate discussion on RPUF FR mechanisms were also highlighted. Lastly, a summary and future perspectives in fireproofing RPUF are provided, which could inspire the design of new FR for RPUF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulwasiu Muhammed Raji
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
- Department of Polymer and Textile Technology, Yaba College of Technology, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Hambali Umar Hambali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Zahid Iqbal Khan
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Zurina Binti Mohamad
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Azman
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Raphael Ogabi
- INSA Center Val de Loire, University Orleans, Bourges, France
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8
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Lee PS, Jung SM. Single‐catalyst
reactions from depolymerization to repolymerization: Transformation of polyethylene terephthalate to polyisocyanurate foam with deep eutectic solvents. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pyung Soo Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science Chung‐Ang University Seoul South Korea
- Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry Chung‐Ang University Seoul South Korea
| | - Simon MoonGeun Jung
- Green Carbon Research Center Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Daejeon South Korea
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9
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Shi X, Wei B, Gao H. Enhanced flame retardancy of epoxy composites containing melamine polyphosphate‐modified boron nitride. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Shi
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Pingdingshan University Pingdingshan China
| | - Baoting Wei
- School of Experimental Technology Henan Chemical Technician College Kaifeng China
| | - Hang Gao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Pingdingshan University Pingdingshan China
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10
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Shi X, Wei B, Han Y, Du X, He G. Epoxy/melamine polyphosphate modified silicon carbide composites: Thermal conductivity and flame retardancy analyses. E-POLYMERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2022-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Silicon carbide (SiC) was modified by melamine polyphosphate (MPP)-modified silicone to form SiC-MPP, then incorporated into epoxy resin (EP) for developing thermally resistant composites, which showed thermal conductivity and flame retardancy performance. The EP/SiC-MPP composites were prepared by blending and cured under 60°C for 2 h and 150°C for 8 h. The grafting degree of SiC-MPP was analyzed using Fourier transform Infrared, scanning electron microscope, and thermogravimetric measurements. The flame retardancy of the EP/SiC-MPP composites was studied by UL-94 vertical combustion and cone calorimetry test. The results showed that for EP/SiC-MPP containing 20 wt%, the UL-94 was case V1. Also compared to pure epoxy, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of composites was reduced from 800 to 304 kW·m−2. The thermal conductivity of EP/SiC-M20 composites was 0.53 W·m−1·K−1, almost 2.5-fold higher than pure epoxy (0.21 W·m−1·K−1). The as-prepared EP/SiC-MPP composites exhibited enhanced flame retardancy and thermal conductivity. Based on analyses performed, these composites took credit-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingdingshan University , Pingdingshan , 467099 , China
| | - Baoting Wei
- School of Experimental Technology, Henan Chemical Technician College , Kaifeng , 475000 , China
| | - Yongjun Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingdingshan University , Pingdingshan , 467099 , China
| | - Xiangxiang Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingdingshan University , Pingdingshan , 467099 , China
| | - Guoxu He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingdingshan University , Pingdingshan , 467099 , China
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11
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Shi X, Luo S, Du X, Li Q, Cheng S. Improvement the Flame Retardancy and Thermal Conductivity of Epoxy Composites via Melamine Polyphosphate-Modified Carbon Nanotubes. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153091. [PMID: 35956608 PMCID: PMC9370361 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface chemical modification of carbon nanotubes can enhance the compatibility with polymers and improve flame retardancy performances. In this work, the double bond active sites were constructed on the surface of carbon nanotubes modified by the γ-methacryloyloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (KH570). Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was further grafted onto the surface of carbon nanotubes via free radical polymerization. Finally, the flame retardant melamine polyphosphate (MPP) was bonded to the surface of carbon nanotubes by the ring-opening reaction. This modification process was proved to be achieved by infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric test. The carbon nanotubes modified by flame retardant were added into the epoxy matrix and cured to prepare flame retardant and thermal conductive composites. The flame retardancy of composites were studied by cone calorimetry, UL94 vertical combustion test and limiting oxygen index. The thermal conductivity of composites was characterized by laser thermal conductivity instrument. The results showed that when the addition amount of flame retardant MPP-modified carbon nanotubes in composites was 10 wt%, the flame retardant level of UL94 reached to V2, the limiting oxygen index increased from 25.1 of pure epoxy resin to 28.3, the PHRR of pure epoxy resin was reduced from 800 kW/m2 to 645 kW/m2 of composites and thermal conductivity of composites was enhanced from 0.21 W/m·K−1 of pure epoxy resin to 0.42 W/m·K−1 of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Shi
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China; (X.S.); (S.L.); (X.D.)
| | - Shiying Luo
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China; (X.S.); (S.L.); (X.D.)
| | - Xiangxiang Du
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China; (X.S.); (S.L.); (X.D.)
| | - Qingbin Li
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China; (X.S.); (S.L.); (X.D.)
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Shiping Cheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Eco-Economic Woody Plant, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (S.C.)
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12
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Sykam K, Donempudi S, Basak P. 1,2,
3‐Triazole
rich polymers for flame retardant application: A review. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kesavarao Sykam
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - Shailaja Donempudi
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - Pratyay Basak
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
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Zhou Y, Chu F, Ding L, Yang W, Zhang S, Xu Z, Qiu S, Hu W. MOF-derived 3D petal-like CoNi-LDH array cooperates with MXene to effectively inhibit fire and toxic smoke hazards of FPUF. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134134. [PMID: 35276116 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The toxic smoke produced by the combustion of flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) may not only caused casualties, but also polluted the environment. Here, double metal hydroxide derived from ZIF-67 (MOF-LDH) modified Ti3C2TX (Ti3C2TX@MOF-LDH) was innovatively designed to solve the serious smoke and fire hazards of FPUF. The FPUF nanocomposite containing 6 wt% Ti3C2Tx@MOF-LDH achieved a 16.1% reduction in total smoke production (TSP) along with 22.2% reduction in peak smoke production rate (PSPR), which greatly reduced the hazard of smoke. At the same time, toxic gases, such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and aromatic compounds, showed the same reduction pattern. In addition, the heat release of FPUF nanomaterials was also suppressed. In particular, the FPUF/Ti3C2Tx@MOF-LDH 3.0 achieved 110.4% and 76.1% increase in compressive strength and tensile strength, respectively, confirming the effective mechanical enhancement. Therefore, this work provided a new reference for the preparation of high-performance FPUF nanocomposites with low smoke, low fire hazard and excellent mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Fukai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Longlong Ding
- Zhuhai Gree New Material Co., Ltd., 789 Jinji Road, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai City, China
| | - Wenhao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Shenghe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Zhoumei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Suilai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
| | - Weizhao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
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14
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Wang S, Perkins M, Matthews DA, Zeng T. Coupling Suspect and Nontarget Screening with Mass Balance Modeling to Characterize Organic Micropollutants in the Onondaga Lake-Three Rivers System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15215-15226. [PMID: 34730951 PMCID: PMC8600663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the occurrence, sources, and fate of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in lake-river systems serves as an important foundation for constraining the potential impacts of OMPs on the ecosystem functions of these critical landscape features. In this work, we combined suspect and nontarget screening with mass balance modeling to investigate OMP contamination in the Onondaga Lake-Three Rivers system of New York. Suspect and nontarget screening enabled by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry led to the confirmation and quantification of 105 OMPs in water samples collected throughout the lake-river system, which were grouped by their concentration patterns into wastewater-derived and mixed-source clusters via hierarchical cluster analysis. Four of these OMPs (i.e., galaxolidone, diphenylphosphinic acid, N-butylbenzenesulfonamide, and triisopropanolamine) were prioritized and identified by nontarget screening based on their characteristic vertical distribution patterns during thermal stratification in Onondaga Lake. Mass balance modeling performed using the concentration and discharge data highlighted the export of OMPs from Onondaga Lake to the Three Rivers as a major contributor to the OMP budget in this lake-river system. Overall, this work demonstrated the utility of an integrated screening and modeling framework that can be adapted for OMP characterization, fate assessment, and load apportionment in similar surface water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiru Wang
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United
States
| | - MaryGail Perkins
- Upstate
Freshwater Institute, 224 Midler Park Drive, Syracuse, New York 13206, United
States
| | - David A. Matthews
- Upstate
Freshwater Institute, 224 Midler Park Drive, Syracuse, New York 13206, United
States
| | - Teng Zeng
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United
States
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15
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Chan YY, Ma C, Zhou F, Hu Y, Schartel B. A liquid phosphorous flame retardant combined with expandable graphite or melamine in flexible polyurethane foam. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yam Chan
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
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16
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Yu X, Wang B, Jia P, Yin Z, Tang G, Zhou X, Lu T, Guo L, Song L, Hu Y. Effects of graphene nanosheets decorated by cerium stannate on the enhancement of flame retardancy and mechanical performances of flexible polyurethane foam composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Baiyunobo Rare Earth Resource Researches and Comprehensive Utilization Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths Baotou China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
| | - Pengfei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
| | - Zhenting Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
| | - Gang Tang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan Anhui China
| | - Xiaodong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Baiyunobo Rare Earth Resource Researches and Comprehensive Utilization Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths Baotou China
| | - Tingting Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Baiyunobo Rare Earth Resource Researches and Comprehensive Utilization Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths Baotou China
| | - Liying Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Baiyunobo Rare Earth Resource Researches and Comprehensive Utilization Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths Baotou China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
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17
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Yang W, Zhang H, Hu X, Liu Y, Zhang S, Xie C. Self-assembled bio-derived microporous nanosheet from phytic acid as efficient intumescent flame retardant for polylactide. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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18
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Ma C, Zhang K, Zhou F, Zheng Y, Zeng W, Wang B, Xing W, Hu W, Hu Y. Fabrication of flexible polyurethane/phosphorus interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) foam for enhanced thermal stability, flame retardancy and mechanical properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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19
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Synthesis of Ethyl (Diethoxymethyl)phosphinate Derivatives and Their Flame Retardancy in Flexible Polyurethane Foam: Structure-flame Retardancy Relationships. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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20
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Bakry AM, Awad FS, Bobb JA, Ibrahim AA, El-Shall MS. Melamine-based functionalized graphene oxide and zirconium phosphate for high performance removal of mercury and lead ions from water. RSC Adv 2020; 10:37883-37897. [PMID: 35515170 PMCID: PMC9057240 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07546a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal ions are highly toxic and widely spread as environmental pollutants. This work reports the development of two novel chelating adsorbents, based on the chemical modifications of graphene oxide and zirconium phosphate by functionalization with melamine-based chelating ligands for the effective and selective extraction of Hg(ii) and Pb(ii) from contaminated water sources. The first adsorbent melamine, thiourea-partially reduced graphene oxide (MT-PRGO) combines the heavier donor atom sulfur with the amine and triazine nitrogen's functional groups attached to the partially reduced GO nanosheets to effectively capture Hg(ii) ions from water. The MT-PRGO adsorbent shows high efficiency for the extraction of Hg(ii) with a capacity of 651 mg g-1 and very fast kinetics resulting in a 100% removal of Hg(ii) from 500 ppb and 50 ppm concentrations in 15 second and 30 min, respectively. The second adsorbent, melamine zirconium phosphate (M-ZrP), is designed to combine the amine and triazine nitrogen's functional groups of melamine with the hydroxyl active sites of zirconium phosphate to effectively capture Pb(ii) ions from water. The M-ZrP adsorbent shows exceptionally high adsorption affinity for Pb(ii) with a capacity of 681 mg g-1 and 1000 mg g-1 using an adsorbent dose of 1 g L-1 and 2 g L-1, respectively. The high adsorption capacity is also coupled with fast kinetics where the equilibrium time required for the 100% removal of Pb(ii) from 1 ppm, 100 ppm and 1000 ppm concentrations is 40 seconds, 5 min and 30 min, respectively using an adsorbent dose of 1 g L-1. In a mixture of six heavy metal ions at a concentration of 10 ppm, the removal efficiency is 100% for Pb(ii), 99% for Hg(ii), Cd(ii) and Zn(ii), 94% for Cu(ii), and 90% for Ni(ii) while at a higher concentration of 250 ppm the removal efficiency for Pb(ii) is 95% compared to 23% for Hg(ii) and less than 10% for the other ions. Because of the fast adsorption kinetics, high removal capacity, excellent regeneration, stability and reusability, the MT-PRGO and M-ZrP are proposed as top performing remediation adsorbents for the solid phase extraction of Hg(ii) and Pb(ii), respectively from contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyob M Bakry
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23284 USA +1-804-828-8599 +1-804-828-2753
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Jazan University Jazan 45142 Saudi Arabia
| | - Fathi S Awad
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23284 USA +1-804-828-8599 +1-804-828-2753
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Julian A Bobb
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23284 USA +1-804-828-8599 +1-804-828-2753
| | - Amr A Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23284 USA +1-804-828-8599 +1-804-828-2753
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - M Samy El-Shall
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23284 USA +1-804-828-8599 +1-804-828-2753
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21
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Acuña P, Lin X, Calvo MS, Shao Z, Pérez N, Villafañe F, Rodríguez-Pérez MÁ, Wang DY. Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and phenylphosphonic-aniline salt on flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Chen Y, Li L, Wu X. Construction of an efficient ternary flame retardant system for rigid polyurethane foam based on bi‐phase flame retardant effect. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing China
| | - Linshan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing China
| | - Xingde Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing China
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23
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Zeng SL, Xing CY, Chen L, Xu L, Li BJ, Zhang S. Green flame-retardant flexible polyurethane foam based on cyclodextrin. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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24
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Effects of novel phosphorus-nitrogen-containing DOPO derivative salts on mechanical properties, thermal stability and flame retardancy of flexible polyurethane foam. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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25
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Zhi M, Liu Q, Zhao Y, Gao S, Zhang Z, He Y. Novel MoS 2-DOPO Hybrid for Effective Enhancements on Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression of Flexible Polyurethane Foams. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:2734-2746. [PMID: 32095697 PMCID: PMC7033980 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel MoS2-DOPO hybrid has been successfully synthesized through the grafting of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) on the surface of MoS2 nanosheets using allyl mercaptan as an intermediate. MoS2-DOPO was used as a flame retardant additive to prepare flame-retardant flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF). The influence of MoS2-DOPO on the mechanical, thermal stability, and flame retardancy properties of FPUF composites were systematically investigated. The incorporation of MoS2-DOPO could not deteriorate greatly the tensile strength and 50% compression set of FPUF composites, but effectively improves the char residue. The cone calorimeter and smoke density tests results revealed that the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and the maximum smoke density of the MoS2-DOPO/FPUF composite were reduced by 41.3, 27.7, and 40.5%, respectively, compared with those of pure FPUF. Furthermore, the char residue after cone calorimeter tests and pyrolysis gaseous products of the MoS2-DOPO/FPUF composite were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry. The results suggested that the MoS2-DOPO hybrid played a synergistic flame retardant effect of gas and condensed bi-phase action. In addition, a possible flame retardancy and smoke suppression mechanism of the MoS2-DOPO/FPUF composite were proposed. This study provides a facile and promising strategy for the fabrication of polymer materials with excellent flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Quanyi Liu
- E-mail: . Phone: +86-0838-5187202. Fax: +86-0838-5187202 (Q.L.)
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26
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Batool S, Gill R, Ma C, Reddy GCS, Guo W, Hu Y. Epoxy‐based multilayers for flame resistant flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF). J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Batool
- Department of Environmental SciencesFatima Jinnah Women University The Mall, Rawalpindi 46000 Punjab Pakistan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 23000 China
| | - Rohama Gill
- Department of Environmental SciencesFatima Jinnah Women University The Mall, Rawalpindi 46000 Punjab Pakistan
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fire ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 23000 China
| | | | - Wenwen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fire ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 23000 China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 23000 China
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27
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Zhou F, Zhang T, Zou B, Hu W, Wang B, Zhan J, Ma C, Hu Y. Synthesis of a novel liquid phosphorus-containing flame retardant for flexible polyurethane foam: Combustion behaviors and thermal properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Xu W, Wang G, Xu J, Liu Y, Chen R, Yan H. Modification of diatomite with melamine coated zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 as an effective flame retardant to enhance flame retardancy and smoke suppression of rigid polyurethane foam. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 379:120819. [PMID: 31276921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the core-shell structure (ZIF-8@MA) was prepared first with melamine (MA) coated zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), and the ternary composite ZMD containing Si-N-Zn was successfully synthesized with the diatomite modified ZIF-8@MA. Subsequently, the prepared ZMD was added into rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) to investigate its effect on fire safety of RPUF. The results of cone calorimeter and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests indicated that ZMD effectively reduced the fire hazard of RPUF. This was because of the physical barrier effect of diatomite, the co-catalyzed char formation in the condensed phase of ZnO produced by the decomposition of ZIF-8 and silica produced by the decomposition of diatomite, and the gas phase effect of MA that enabled RPUF to achieve excellent flame retardancy and smoke suppression. The specific mechanism of flame retardancy and smoke suppression of ZMD for RPUF was also discussed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzong Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, 292 Ziyun Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guisong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, 292 Ziyun Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaying Xu
- Miami College, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, 292 Ziyun Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Chen
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, 292 Ziyun Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyi Yan
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, 292 Ziyun Road, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
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29
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30
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Li XL, He YR, Qin ZM, Chen MJ, Chen HB. Facile fabrication, mechanical property and flame retardancy of aerogel composites based on alginate and melamine-formaldehyde. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Malkappa K, Ray SS. Thermal Stability, Pyrolysis Behavior, and Fire-Retardant Performance of Melamine Cyanurate@Poly(cyclotriphosphazene- co-4,4'-sulfonyl diphenol) Hybrid Nanosheet-Containing Polyamide 6 Composites. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:9615-9628. [PMID: 31460052 PMCID: PMC6648528 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel halogen-free highly cross-linked supramolecular poly(cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,4'-sulfonyl diphenol) (PZS)-functionalized melamine cyanurate (MCA) (MCA@PZS) hybrid nanosheet fire-retardant (FR) was synthesized and thoroughly characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. The polyamide 6 (PA6) composites comprising MCA, PZS, and the MCA@PZS hybrids were prepared via the melt-blending technique. The thermogravimetric analysis combined with FTIR and mass spectroscopy revealed that during thermal degradation, the PA6/MCA@PZS composites released less toxic gases and small organic volatile compounds than the neat PA6 and composites containing MCA or PZS solely. Moreover, compared to neat PA6, the PA6 composite with a 5 wt % MCA@PZS hybrid exhibited enhanced fire retardation properties, with a 29.4 and 32.1% decrease in the peak heat and total heat release rates, respectively. Besides, the PA6 composites with MCA@PZS-5% content achieved a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test. Finally, based on the obtained results from gaseous and condensed phases, the possible mechanism responsible for improved FR properties of the PA6/MCA@PZS composites was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuruma Malkappa
- DST-CSIR
National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- DST-CSIR
National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028 Johannesburg, South Africa
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32
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Halogen-free flame retardants for application in thermoplastics based on condensation polymers. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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33
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Deng J, Kang F, Xiao Y, Shu C, Wang W, Laiwang B, Liu Z. Effects of platinum compounds/superfine aluminum hydroxide/ultrafine calcium carbonate on the flame retardation and smoke suppression of silicone foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Deng
- School of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST) Xi'an 710054 People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXUST Xi'an 710054 People's Republic of China
| | - Fu‐Ru Kang
- School of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST) Xi'an 710054 People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXUST Xi'an 710054 People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xiao
- School of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST) Xi'an 710054 People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXUST Xi'an 710054 People's Republic of China
| | - Chi‐Min Shu
- Graduate School of Engineering Science and Technology, College of EngineeringNational Yunlin University of Science and Technology Yunlin 64002 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei‐Feng Wang
- School of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST) Xi'an 710054 People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXUST Xi'an 710054 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Laiwang
- Graduate School of Engineering Science and Technology, College of EngineeringNational Yunlin University of Science and Technology Yunlin 64002 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Zhi‐Chao Liu
- School of Safety Science and EngineeringXi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST) Xi'an 710054 People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal FireXUST Xi'an 710054 People's Republic of China
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34
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Sykam K, Meka KKR, Donempudi S. Intumescent Phosphorus and Triazole-Based Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams from Castor Oil. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:1086-1094. [PMID: 31459384 PMCID: PMC6647972 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of a novel phosphorus and triazole-functionalized flame-retardant (FR) monomer (PTFM) using azide-alkyne "click" reaction between triprop-2-ynyl phosphate and 2-azidoethanol that can impart intumescent FR property to polyurethane foams (PUFs) has been reported. Polyurethane triazole foams (PUTFs) were prepared using the as-synthesized PTFM and a hydroxylated castor polyol with a hydroxyl value of ∼310 mg KOH/g for application as reactive FR rigid foams. PTFM and the castor polyol were characterized for structural elucidation using Fourier transform infrared and 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR. PUTFs with a varying loading content of PTFM were subjected to the lab-scale flame test, cone calorimetry test, Underwriters Laboratory 94 Vertical burning test (UL 94V), and limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. A significant increase in the char yields, reduction in heat release rates, V-1 rating, and 27% of LOI were observed for PUTFs compared to PUFs and proportional to the percentage loading of PTFM. The cumulative effect of nitrogen and phosphorus in PUTFs on their intumescent behavior was evident from the thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy micrographs, which were further supplemented by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies, indicating expulsion of N2 and overall improvement in compression strength as well. Such environment-friendly reactive FRs can be good replacements to the halogenated ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesavarao Sykam
- Polymers
& Functional Materials Division, Indian
Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Kiran Kumar Reddy Meka
- Polymers
& Functional Materials Division, Indian
Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Shailaja Donempudi
- Polymers
& Functional Materials Division, Indian
Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
- E-mail: . Phone: 040-27193992 (S.D.)
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35
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Rao WH, Liao W, Wang H, Zhao HB, Wang YZ. Flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant flexible polyurethane foams based on reactive phosphorus-containing polyol and expandable graphite. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 360:651-660. [PMID: 30153630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant flexible polyurethane foams (FPUFs) were designed and synthesized based on novel liquid phosphorus-containing polyol named as PDEO and expandable graphite (EG). The reactive PDEO can be chemically added into the chain of FPUF, while expandable graphite was blended into the matrix of foam through foaming process. Benefitting from the incorporation of reactive PDEO with a long chain, the resultant FPUF containing EG exhibited considerable mechanical properties. More importantly, the synergistic effect of PDEO and EG can endow FPUF with great flame retardancy, anti-driping performances. Furthermore, the resultant FPUF/EG/PDEO foams exhibit considerable smoke suppression performances. The vertical burning test revealed that the FPUF containing 5 php PDEO and 10 php EG extinguished quickly without dripping and kept the original shape after removing the igniter. The cone calorimeter results demonstrated that the synergistic effect of PDEO and EG can effectively reduce the heat release rate (HRR) and total release rate (THR) of the composite foam. Remarkably, the smoke production release (SPR), total smoke production (TSP), light transmission and specific optical density results indicated significantly smoke-suppressant properties of the composite foam. The mechanism analysis confirmed that the synergistic effect of gas-condensed bi-phase action from PDEO and EG contributed the great flame retardation of the composite foam. This novel FPUF provides a promising strategy for producing the polymer foam with flame retardation, smoke suppression and anti-dripping performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hui Rao
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wang Liao
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Han Wang
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhao
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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36
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Wang SX, Zhao HB, Rao WH, Huang SC, Wang T, Liao W, Wang YZ. Inherently flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foams with excellent thermal insulation and mechanical properties. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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37
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Wei YX, Deng C, Chen H, Wan L, Wei WC, Wang YZ. Novel Core-Shell Hybrid Nanosphere towards the Mechanical Enhancement and Fire Retardance of Polycarbonate. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:28036-28050. [PMID: 30052025 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is a huge challenge to achieve highly efficient fire retardance with no mechanical damage to polymers. In our current research, a novel core-shell titanium dioxide@diphenylphosphinic (TiO2@DPP) nanosphere was first synthesized through a hydrothermal reacting process, and applied in simultaneously enhancing the fire retardance and mechanical properties of polycarbonate (PC). The well-designed TiO2@DPP exhibited a significant effect on combustion performance and mechanical reinforcement of PC. At only 0.10 wt % of TiO2@DPP, PC/TiO2@DPP passed the UL-94 V-0 rating, and its oxygen index value rose to 29.3%. Moreover, the peak value of the heat release rate was remarkably decreased by 34.1% in the combustion test, accompanied by the formation of more compacted char layer and the release of more incombustible gas. Equally important another aspect is that the PC containing only 0.10 wt % of TiO2@DPP possessed higher elongation at break and higher tensile strength than pure PC, correspondingly increased by 27.7 and 14.7%. The analysis of the flame-retardant mechanism revealed that the improved fire retardance of PC is primarily ascribed to the barrier action of a cross-linking network containing phosphorus and titanium, the dilution of nonflammable gases such as H2O, and the quenching effect of free radicals which are from the phosphorous group in the gas phase. All these experimental results demonstrate that the core-shell hybrid TiO2@DPP may achieve a simultaneous significant improvement in fire retardance and mechanical properties of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Xia Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Analytical and Testing Center , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Cong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Analytical and Testing Center , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Analytical and Testing Center , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Le Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Analytical and Testing Center , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Wen-Chao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Analytical and Testing Center , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Analytical and Testing Center , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
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Wei YX, Deng C, Zhao ZY, Wang YZ. A novel organic-inorganic hybrid SiO2@DPP for the fire retardance of polycarbonate. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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A reactive phosphorus-containing polyol incorporated into flexible polyurethane foam: Self-extinguishing behavior and mechanism. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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