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Cashmore A, Miller R, Jolliffe H, Brown CJ, Lee M, Haw MD, Sefcik J. Rapid Assessment of Crystal Nucleation and Growth Kinetics: Comparison of Seeded and Unseeded Experiments. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:4779-4790. [PMID: 37426549 PMCID: PMC10326855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we outlined an experimental workflow enabling the rapid assessment of primary and secondary nucleation and crystal growth kinetics. We used small-scale experiments in agitated vials with in situ imaging for crystal counting and sizing to quantify nucleation and growth kinetics of α-glycine in aqueous solutions as a function of supersaturation at isothermal conditions. Seeded experiments were required to assess crystallization kinetics when primary nucleation is too slow, especially at lower supersaturations often encountered in continuous crystallization processes. At higher supersaturations, we compared results from seeded and unseeded experiments and carefully analyzed interdependencies of primary and secondary nucleation and growth kinetics. This approach allows for the rapid estimation of absolute values of primary and secondary nucleation and growth rates without relying on any specific assumptions about functional forms of corresponding rate expressions used for estimation approaches based on fitting population balance models. Quantitative relationships between nucleation and growth rates at given conditions provide useful insights into crystallization behavior and can be explored to rationally manipulate crystallization conditions for achieving desirable outcomes in batch or continuous crystallization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cashmore
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, U.K.
- CMAC
Future Manufacturing Research Hub, Technology
and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K.
| | - Russell Miller
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, U.K.
- CMAC
Future Manufacturing Research Hub, Technology
and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K.
| | - Hikaru Jolliffe
- CMAC
Future Manufacturing Research Hub, Technology
and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K.
| | - Cameron J. Brown
- CMAC
Future Manufacturing Research Hub, Technology
and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K.
| | - Mei Lee
- GlaxoSmithKline,
Product Development and Supply, Gunnellswood Rd, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K.
| | - Mark D. Haw
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, U.K.
| | - Jan Sefcik
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, U.K.
- CMAC
Future Manufacturing Research Hub, Technology
and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K.
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Deck LT, Mazzotti M. Conceptual Validation of Stochastic and Deterministic Methods To Estimate Crystal Nucleation Rates. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:899-914. [PMID: 36747576 PMCID: PMC9896484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a generalized framework to assess the accuracy of methods to estimate primary and secondary nucleation rates from experimental data. The crystallization process of a well-studied model compound was simulated by means of a novel stochastic modeling methodology. Nucleation rates were estimated from the simulated data through multiple methods and were compared with the true values. For primary nucleation, no method considered in this work was able to estimate the rates accurately under general conditions. Two deterministic methods that are widely used in the literature were shown to overpredict rates in the presence of secondary nucleation. This behavior is shared by all methods that extract rates from deterministic process attributes, as they are insensitive to primary nucleation if secondary nucleation is sufficiently fast. Two stochastic methods were found to be accurate independent of whether secondary nucleation is present, but they underestimated rates in the case where a large number of primary nuclei are formed. We hence proposed a criterion to probe the accuracy of stochastic methods for arbitrary data sets, thus providing the theoretical foundations required for their rational use. Finally, we showed how both primary and secondary nucleation rates can be inferred from the same set of detection time data by combining deterministic and stochastic considerations.
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3
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Characterizing and measuring the ice nucleation kinetics of aqueous solutions in vials. Chem Eng Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2023.118531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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4
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Tegladza ID, Lin G, Liu C, Gu X. Control of crystal nucleation, size and morphology using micro−/nanobubbles as green additives – a review. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Ahn B, Chen M, Mazzotti M. Online Monitoring of the Concentrations of Amorphous and Crystalline Mesoscopic Species Present in Solution. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2022; 22:5071-5080. [PMID: 35942122 PMCID: PMC9354028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the growing evidence for the existence of amorphous mesoscopic species in a solution and their crucial roles in crystallization, there has been the lack of a suitable method to measure the time-resolved concentrations of amorphous and crystalline mesospecies in a lab-scale stirred reactor. This has limited experimental investigations to understand the kinetics of amorphous and crystalline mesospecies formation in stirred solutions and made it challenging to measure the crystal nucleation rate directly. Here, we used depolarized light sheet microscopy to achieve time-resolved measurements of amorphous and crystalline mesospecies concentrations in solutions at varying temperatures. After demonstrating that the concentration measurement method is reasonably accurate, precise, and sensitive, we utilized this method to examine mesospecies formation both in a mixture of two miscible liquids and in an undersaturated solution of dl-valine, thus revealing the importance of a temperature change in the formation of metastable and amorphous mesospecies as well as the reproducibility of the measurements. Moreover, we used the presented method to monitor both mesospecies formation and crystal nucleation in dl-valine solutions at four different levels of supersaturation, while achieving the direct measurement of the crystal nucleation rates in stirred solutions. Our results show that, as expected, the inherent variability in nucleation originating from its stochastic nature reduces with increasing supersaturation, and the dependence of the measured nucleation rate on supersaturation is in reasonable agreement with that predicted by the classical nucleation theory.
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Ahn B, Bosetti L, Mazzotti M. Accounting for the Presence of Molecular Clusters in Modeling and Interpreting Nucleation and Growth. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2022; 22:661-672. [PMID: 35024005 PMCID: PMC8739834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.1c01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of molecular cluster formation on the estimation of kinetic parameters for primary nucleation and growth in different systems has been studied using computationally generated data and three sets of experimental data in the literature. It is shown that the formation of molecular clusters decreases the concentration of monomers and hence the thermodynamic driving force for crystallization, which consequently affects the crystallization kinetics. For a system exhibiting a strong tendency to form molecular clusters, accounting for cluster formation in a kinetic model is critical to interpret kinetic data accurately, for instance, to estimate the specific surface energy γ from a set of primary nucleation rates. On the contrary, for a system with negligible cluster formation, a consideration of cluster formation does not affect parameter estimation outcomes. Moreover, it is demonstrated that using a growth kinetic model that accounts for cluster formation allows the estimation of γ from typical growth kinetic data (i.e., de-supersaturation profiles of seeded batch crystallization), which is a novel method of estimating γ developed in this work. The applicability of the novel method to different systems is proven by showing that the estimated values of γ are closely comparable to the actual values used for generating the kinetic data or the corresponding estimates reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongho Ahn
- Institute of Energy and Process
Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Bosetti
- Institute of Energy and Process
Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Mazzotti
- Institute of Energy and Process
Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Cheng S, McKenna GB. Isothermal Crystallization and Time-Temperature Transformation of Amorphous Nifedipine: A Case of Polymorphism Formation and Conversion. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2786-2802. [PMID: 34105978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Crystallization of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from the supercooled liquid state is an important issue in determining the stability of amorphous pharmaceutical dispersions. In the present study, the isothermal crystallization from the supercooled liquid state of the pharmaceutical compound nifedipine was investigated by both rheological and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements, and the crystallization kinetics was fitted to the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) equation. Both the crystallization induction time and completion time from the two methods were used to construct the time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram for nifedipine. A model based on a modification of classical homogeneous nucleation and crystal growth theory was employed to fit the induction and completion time curves. Both DSC and rheological methods give similar results for the crystallization kinetics of the nifedipine. From the crystallization kinetics modeling, the solid-liquid interfacial surface tension σSL of nifedipine was estimated and the value was found to be consistent with prior results obtained from melting point depression measurements as a function of crystal size. Evidence is shown that for temperatures below 110 °C, at the early stage of nucleation, NIF first nucleates into the metastable β'-form and later converts into the stable α-form during the isothermal crystallization. We are also able to report the heat of fusion of the γ'-NIF based on the calorimetric experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixue Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3121, United States
| | - Gregory B McKenna
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3121, United States
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Zhao Y, Cui J, Liu L, Hou G, Kamaraju VK, Glennon B. Crystal Growth Kinetics of Benzoic Acid in Aqueous Ethanol Solution. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, P. R. China
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin D4, Ireland
| | - Jingjing Cui
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, P. R. China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, P. R. China
| | | | | | - Brian Glennon
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin D4, Ireland
- APC Ltd, Dublin D4, Ireland
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Wang D, Lu J, Zhang L, Fan F, Zhang L, Liu X, Yuan H, Zhu X. Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study on the Primary Nucleation of Penicillamine Racemate and Its Enantiomers in the Mixture Solvent of Water and Ethanol. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jie Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Leilei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Fanfan Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xijian Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Haikuan Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xueyan Zhu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
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Mohd Noor SZ, Camacho DM, Yun Ma C, Mahmud T. Effect of Crystallization Conditions on the Metastable Zone Width and Nucleation Kinetics of
p
‐Aminobenzoic Acid in Ethanol. Chem Eng Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201900679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siti Zulaikha Mohd Noor
- The University of LeedsSchool of Chemical and Process Engineering LS2 9JT Leeds United Kingdom
| | - Diana M. Camacho
- The University of LeedsSchool of Chemical and Process Engineering LS2 9JT Leeds United Kingdom
| | - Cai Yun Ma
- The University of LeedsSchool of Chemical and Process Engineering LS2 9JT Leeds United Kingdom
| | - Tariq Mahmud
- The University of LeedsSchool of Chemical and Process Engineering LS2 9JT Leeds United Kingdom
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