1
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Yu S, Budtova T. Creating and exploring carboxymethyl cellulose aerogels as drug delivery devices. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 332:121925. [PMID: 38431419 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a well-known cellulose derivative used in biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this work, novel porous CMC materials, aerogels, were prepared and tested as a drug delivery device. CMC aerogels were made from CMC solutions, followed by non-solvent induced phase separation and drying with supercritical CO2. The influence of CMC characteristics and of processing conditions on aerogels' density, specific surface area, morphology and drug release properties were investigated. Freeze-drying of CMC solutions was also used as an alternative process to compare the properties of the as-obtained "cryogels" with those of aerogels. Aerogels were nanostructured materials with bulk density below 0.25 g/cm3 and high specific surface area up to 143 m2/g. Freeze drying yields highly macroporous materials with low specific surface areas (around 5-18 m2/g) and very low density, 0.01 - 0.07g/cm3. Swelling and dissolution of aerogels and cryogels in water and in a simulated wound exudate (SWE) were evaluated. The drug was loaded in aerogels and cryogels, and release kinetics in SWE was investigated. Drug diffusion coefficients were correlated with material solubility, morphology, density, degree of substitution and drying methods, demonstrating tuneability of new materials' properties in view of their use as delivery matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujie Yu
- Mines Paris, PSL University, Center for Materials Forming (CEMEF), UMR CNRS 7635, CS 10207, Rue Claude Daunesse, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Tatiana Budtova
- Mines Paris, PSL University, Center for Materials Forming (CEMEF), UMR CNRS 7635, CS 10207, Rue Claude Daunesse, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France.
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2
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Payanda Konuk O, Alsuhile AAAM, Yousefzadeh H, Ulker Z, Bozbag SE, García-González CA, Smirnova I, Erkey C. The effect of synthesis conditions and process parameters on aerogel properties. Front Chem 2023; 11:1294520. [PMID: 37937209 PMCID: PMC10627014 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1294520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerogels are remarkable nanoporous materials with unique properties such as low density, high porosity, high specific surface area, and interconnected pore networks. In addition, their ability to be synthesized from various precursors such as inorganics, organics, or hybrid, and the tunability of their properties make them very attractive for many applications such as adsorption, thermal insulation, catalysts, tissue engineering, and drug delivery. The physical and chemical properties and pore structure of aerogels are crucial in determining their application areas. Moreover, it is possible to tailor the aerogel properties to meet the specific requirements of each application. This review presents a comprehensive review of synthesis conditions and process parameters in tailoring aerogel properties. The effective parameters from the dissolution of the precursor step to the supercritical drying step, including the carbonization process for carbon aerogels, are investigated from the studies reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Payanda Konuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ala A. A. M. Alsuhile
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Hamed Yousefzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yeditepe University, Atasehir, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Zeynep Ulker
- School of Pharmacy, Altinbas University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Selmi E. Bozbag
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - C. A. García-González
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia Y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Faculty of Pharmacy, Instituto de Materiales (iMATUS) and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - I. Smirnova
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Can Erkey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Koç University Tüpraş Energy Center (KUTEM), Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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3
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Takeshita S, Ono T. Biopolymer-Polysiloxane Double Network Aerogels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306518. [PMID: 37466360 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
A new series of transparent aerogels of biopolymer-polysiloxane double networks is reported. Biopolymer aerogels have attracted much attention from green and sustainable aspects but suffered from strong hydrophilicity and difficulty to make homogeneous structures in nanoscale; these drawbacks are overcome by compositing with a polysiloxane network. Alginate-polymethylsilsesquioxane aerogel has high optical transparency, water repellency, comparable superinsulation property and improved bending flexibility compared to pure polymethylsilsesquioxane aerogel. The nanoscale homogeneity is realized by separating the crosslinking steps for two networks in a sequential protocol: condensation of siloxane bonds and metal-crosslinking of biopolymer. The crosslinking order, biopolymer-first or siloxane-first, and universality/limitation of biopolymer-crosslinker pairs are discussed to construct fundamental chemistry of double network systems for their further application potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Takeshita
- Research Institute for Chemical Process Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, 3058565, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takumi Ono
- Research Institute for Chemical Process Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, 3058565, Tsukuba, Japan
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4
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Méndez DA, Schroeter B, Martínez-Abad A, Fabra MJ, Gurikov P, López-Rubio A. Pectin-based aerogel particles for drug delivery: Effect of pectin composition on aerogel structure and release properties. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 306:120604. [PMID: 36746590 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this work, nanostructured pectin aerogels were prepared via a sol-gel process and subsequent drying under supercritical conditions. To this end, three commercially available citrus pectins and an in-house produced and enzymatically modified watermelon rind pectin (WRP) were compared. Then, the effect of pectin's structure and composition on the aerogel properties were analysed and its potential application as a delivery system was explored by impregnating them with vanillin. Results showed that the molecular weight, degree of esterification and branching degree of the pectin samples played a main role in the production of hydrogels and subsequent aerogels. The developed aerogel particles showed high specific surface areas (468-584 m2/g) and low bulk density (0.025-0.10 g/cm3). The shrinkage effect during aerogel formation was significantly affected by the pectin concentration and structure, while vanillin loading in aerogels and its release profile was also seen to be influenced by the affinity between pectin and vanillin. Furthermore, the results highlight the interest of WRP as a carrier of active compounds which might have potential application in food and biomedical areas, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Méndez
- Food Safety and Preservation Department, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - B Schroeter
- Institute for Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Martínez-Abad
- Food Safety and Preservation Department, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain; Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy- Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M J Fabra
- Food Safety and Preservation Department, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain; Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy- Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - P Gurikov
- Laboratory for Development and Modelling of Novel Nanoporous Materials, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A López-Rubio
- Food Safety and Preservation Department, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain; Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy- Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Dirauf M, Wagner P, Braeuer A. Mass transfer kinetics inside bio-(aero)gels during solvent exchange and supercritical drying: On the relevance of advection, gel-porosity and a peculiarity regarding the tortuosity. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Sivaraman D, Siqueira G, Maurya AK, Zhao S, Koebel MM, Nyström G, Lattuada M, Malfait WJ. Superinsulating nanocellulose aerogels: Effect of density and nanofiber alignment. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 292:119675. [PMID: 35725170 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose aerogels are potential alternatives to silica aerogels with advantages in cost, sustainability and mechanical properties. However, the density dependence of thermal conductivity (λ) for cellulose aerogels remains controversial. Cellulose aerogels were produced by gas-phase pH induced gelation of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and supercritical drying. Their properties are evaluated by varying the CNF concentration (5-33 mg·cm-3) and by uniaxial compression (9-115 mg·cm-3). The aerogels are transparent with specific surface areas of ~400 m2·g-1, mesopore volumes of ~2 cm3·g-1 and a power-law dependence of the E-modulus (α ~ 1.53, and the highest reported E of ~1 MPa). The dataset confirms that λ displays a traditional U-shaped density dependence with a minimum of 18 mW·m-1·K-1 at 0.065 g·cm-3. For a given density, λ is ~5 mW·m-1·K-1 lower for compressed aerogels due to the alignment of nanofibers, confirmed by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeptanshu Sivaraman
- Empa - Building Energy Materials and Components, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Gilberto Siqueira
- Cellulose & Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Anjani K Maurya
- Empa - Center for X-ray Analytics, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Shanyu Zhao
- Empa - Building Energy Materials and Components, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Matthias M Koebel
- Empa - Building Energy Materials and Components, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Gustav Nyström
- Cellulose & Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Wim J Malfait
- Empa - Building Energy Materials and Components, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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7
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8
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Andlinger DJ, Schlemmer L, Jung I, Schroeter B, Smirnova I, Kulozik U. Hydro- and aerogels from ethanolic potato and whey protein solutions: Influence of temperature and ethanol concentration on viscoelastic properties, protein interactions, and microstructure. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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9
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FitzPatrick SE, Deb-Choudhury S, Ranford S, Staiger MP. Canola protein aerogels via salt-induced gelation and supercritical carbon dioxide drying. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Chitosan Based Aerogels with Low Shrinkage by Chemical Cross-Linking and Supramolecular Interaction. Gels 2022; 8:gels8020131. [PMID: 35200512 PMCID: PMC8924760 DOI: 10.3390/gels8020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan (CTS) aerogel is a new type of functional material that could be possibly applied in the thermal insulation field, especially in energy-saving buildings. However, the inhibition method for the very big shrinkage of CTS aerogels from the final gel to the aerogel is challenging, causing great difficulty in achieving a near-net shape of CTS aerogels. Here, this study explored a facile strategy for restraining CTS-based aerogels’ inherent shrinkage depending on the chemical crosslinking and the interpenetrated supramolecular interaction by introducing nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) chains. The effects of different aspect ratios of NFC on the CTS-based aerogels were systematically analyzed. The results showed that the optimal aspect ratio for NFC introduction was 37.5 from the comprehensive property perspective. CTS/PVA/NFC hybrid aerogels with the aspect ratio of 37.5 for NFC gained a superior thermal conductivity of 0.0224 W/m·K at ambient atmosphere (the cold surface temperature was only 33.46 °C, despite contacting the hot surface of 80.46 °C), a low density of 0.09 g/cm3, and a relatively high compressive stress of 0.51 MPa at 10% strain.
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11
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Depta PN, Gurikov P, Schroeter B, Forgács A, Kalmár J, Paul G, Marchese L, Heinrich S, Dosta M. DEM-Based Approach for the Modeling of Gelation and Its Application to Alginate. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 62:49-70. [PMID: 34936761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The gelation of biopolymers is of great interest in the material science community and has gained increasing relevance in the past few decades, especially in the context of aerogels─lightweight open nanoporous materials. Understanding the underlying gel structure and influence of process parameters is of great importance to predict material properties such as mechanical strength. In order to improve understanding of the gelation mechanism in aqueous solution, this work presents a novel approach based on the discrete element method for the mesoscale for modeling gelation of hydrogels, similarly to an extremely coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) approach. For this, polymer chains are abstracted as dimer units connected by flexible bonds and interactions between units and with the environment, that is, diffusion in implicit water, are described. The model is based on Langevin dynamics and includes an implicit probabilistic ion model to capture the effects of ion availability during ion-mediated gelation. The model components are fully derived and parameterized using literature data and theoretical considerations based on a simplified representation of atomistic processes. The presented model enables investigations of the higher-scale network formation during gelation on the micrometer and millisecond scale, which are beyond classical modeling approaches such as MD. As a model system, calcium-mediated alginate gelation is investigated including the influence of ion concentration, polymer composition, polymer concentration, and molecular weight. The model is verified against numerous literature data as well as own experimental results for the corresponding Ca-alginate hydrogels using nitrogen porosimetry, NMR cryoporometry, and small-angle neutron scattering. The model reproduces both bundle size and pore size distribution in a reasonable agreement with the experiments. Overall, the modeling approach paves the way to physically motivated design of alginate gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Nicolas Depta
- Institute of Solids Process Engineering and Particle Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pavel Gurikov
- Laboratory for Development and Modeling of Novel Nanoporous Materials, Hamburg University of Technology, 21 073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Baldur Schroeter
- Institute for Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, 21 073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Attila Forgács
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, MTA-DE Redox and Homogeneous Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms Research Group, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Kalmár
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, MTA-DE Redox and Homogeneous Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms Research Group, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Geo Paul
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Universitá del Piemonte Orientale, 15 121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Leonardo Marchese
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Universitá del Piemonte Orientale, 15 121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Stefan Heinrich
- Institute of Solids Process Engineering and Particle Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maksym Dosta
- Institute of Solids Process Engineering and Particle Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Wang F, Zhang Y, Wang Y. Recycling of Waste Cotton Sheets into Three-Dimensional Biodegradable Carriers for Removal of Methylene Blue. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:34314-34326. [PMID: 34963917 PMCID: PMC8697011 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Waste cotton sheets (WCS) are promising cellulose sources due to their high content of cellulose and large amount of disposal every year, which could be recycled and employed as low-cost structural materials. The present work aims at investigating the efficacy of hydrogel adsorbents prepared from regenerated WCS as the carriers of activated carbon (AC) for treating the dye-contaminated water. Activated WCS was directly dissolved in lithium chloride/N,N-dimethylacetamide (LiCl/DMAc) solvent and then regenerated into cellulose hydrogels, which were employed as three-dimensional biodegradable matrices for loading an extremely high content of AC (up to 5000%). The morphology and properties of resultant adsorbents were studied in detail. The results showed that different washing methods and contents of AC and cellulose had obvious effects on water contents, mechanical properties, and adsorption capacities of AC/WCS hydrogels. Especially, the hydrogels containing high AC content washed by gradient ethanol solvent exhibited outstanding compressive strengths of up to 3.0 MPa at 60% strain, while the adsorption capacity of 5000%AC/0.3CS toward a model dye methylene blue (MB, initial concentration of 200 mg/L) reached 174.71 mg/g at pH 6.9 and 35 °C. This was comparable to the adsorption capacity of original AC powders, while no AC powders were released from hydrogels to water. The adsorption of MB followed the Dubinin-Astakhov model and pseudo-first-order mechanism. Thermodynamic studies showed the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the overall physical adsorption process. Therefore, this work demonstrates the feasibility to recycle WCS into biodegradable carriers of functional compounds, and the AC/regenerated cellulose hydrogels have a high potential as a promising adsorbent with low-cost and convenient separation for dye removal from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Wang
- Department
of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste Anne
de Bellevue, Quebec H9X
3V9, Canada
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sichuan
University of Arts and Science, Dazhou, Sichuan 635000, China
| | - Yirong Zhang
- Department
of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste Anne
de Bellevue, Quebec H9X
3V9, Canada
| | - Yixiang Wang
- Department
of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste Anne
de Bellevue, Quebec H9X
3V9, Canada
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13
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Dirauf MP, Hajnal A, Gurikov P, Braeuer AS. Protein gel shrinkage during solvent exchange: Quantification of gel compaction, mass transfer and compressive strength. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Usuelli M, Germerdonk T, Cao Y, Peydayesh M, Bagnani M, Handschin S, Nyström G, Mezzenga R. Polysaccharide-reinforced amyloid fibril hydrogels and aerogels. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:12534-12545. [PMID: 34263899 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03133c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
β-Lactoglobulin amyloid fibrils are bio-colloids of high interest in many fields (e.g. water purification, cell growth, drug delivery and sensing). While the mechanical properties of pure amyloid fibril gels meet the needs of some applications, mechanical fragility often hinders a wider usage basin. In this work, we present a simple and sustainable approach for reinforcing amyloid fibril hydrogels and aerogels, upon the diffusion of polysaccharides (low-acetylated Gellan Gum and κ-carrageenan) inside their mesh. The formed hybrid materials show enhanced resistance upon compression, without any loss of the exquisite surface reactivity of the amyloid fibrils. The proposed approach can pave the way for designing composite materials that are both highly functional and environmentally friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Usuelli
- ETH Zürich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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15
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Biopesticide Encapsulation Using Supercritical CO 2: A Comprehensive Review and Potential Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134003. [PMID: 34209179 PMCID: PMC8272144 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As an alternative to synthetic pesticides, natural chemistries from living organisms, are not harmful to nontarget organisms and the environment, can be used as biopesticides, nontarget. However, to reduce the reactivity of active ingredients, avoid undesired reactions, protect from physical stress, and control or lower the release rate, encapsulation processes can be applied to biopesticides. In this review, the advantages and disadvantages of the most common encapsulation processes for biopesticides are discussed. The use of supercritical fluid technology (SFT), mainly carbon dioxide (CO2), to encapsulate biopesticides is highlighted, as they reduce the use of organic solvents, have simpler separation processes, and achieve high-purity particles. This review also presents challenges to be surpassed and the lack of application of SFT for biopesticides in the published literature is discussed to evaluate its potential and prospects.
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16
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Takeshita S, Zhao S, Malfait WJ, Koebel MM. Chemie der Chitosan‐Aerogele: Lenkung der dreidimensionalen Poren für maßgeschneiderte Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Takeshita
- Building Energy Materials & Components Laboratory Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt (Empa) Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Schweiz
- Research Institute for Chemical Process Technology National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi 3058565 Tsukuba Japan
| | - Shanyu Zhao
- Building Energy Materials & Components Laboratory Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt (Empa) Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Schweiz
| | - Wim J. Malfait
- Building Energy Materials & Components Laboratory Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt (Empa) Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Schweiz
| | - Matthias M. Koebel
- Building Energy Materials & Components Laboratory Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt (Empa) Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Schweiz
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17
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Microstructures of potato protein hydrogels and aerogels produced by thermal crosslinking and supercritical drying. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Forgács A, Papp V, Paul G, Marchese L, Len A, Dudás Z, Fábián I, Gurikov P, Kalmár J. Mechanism of Hydration and Hydration Induced Structural Changes of Calcium Alginate Aerogel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:2997-3010. [PMID: 33401895 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The most relevant properties of polysaccharide aerogels in practical applications are determined by their microstructures. Hydration has a dominant role in altering the microstructures of these hydrophilic porous materials. To understand the hydration induced structural changes of monolithic Ca-alginate aerogel, produced by drying fully cross-linked gels with supercritical CO2, the aerogel was gradually hydrated and characterized at different states of hydration by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy. First, the incorporation of structural water and the formation of an extensive hydration sphere mobilize the Ca-alginate macromolecules and induce the rearrangement of the dry-state tertiary and quaternary structures. The primary fibrils of the original aerogel backbone form hydrated fibers and fascicles, resulting in the significant increase of pore size, the smoothing of the nanostructured surface, and the increase of the fractal dimension of the matrix. Because of the formation of these new superstructures in the hydrated backbone, the stiffness and the compressive strength of the aerogel significantly increase compared to its dry-state properties. Further elevation of the water content of the aerogel results in a critical hydration state. The Ca-alginate fibers of the backbone disintegrate into well-hydrated chains, which eventually form a quasi-homogeneous hydrogel-like network. Consequently, the porous structure collapses and the well-defined solid backbone ceases to exist. Even in this hydrogel-like state, the macroscopic integrity of the Ca-alginate monolith is intact. The postulated mechanism accounts for the modification of the macroscopic properties of Ca-alginate aerogel in relation to both humid and aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Forgács
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Redox and Homogeneous Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms Research Group, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Vanda Papp
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Geo Paul
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Universitá del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Leonardo Marchese
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Universitá del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Adél Len
- Neutron Spectroscopy Department, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Budapest H-1121, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Dudás
- Neutron Spectroscopy Department, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Budapest H-1121, Hungary
| | - István Fábián
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Redox and Homogeneous Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms Research Group, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Pavel Gurikov
- Laboratory for Development and Modelling of Novel Nanoporous Materials, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - József Kalmár
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Redox and Homogeneous Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms Research Group, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
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19
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Takeshita S, Zhao S, Malfait WJ, Koebel MM. Chemistry of Chitosan Aerogels: Three‐Dimensional Pore Control for Tailored Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:9828-9851. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Takeshita
- Building Energy Materials & Components Laboratory Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Research Institute for Chemical Process Technology National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi 3058565 Tsukuba Japan
| | - Shanyu Zhao
- Building Energy Materials & Components Laboratory Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Wim J. Malfait
- Building Energy Materials & Components Laboratory Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Matthias M. Koebel
- Building Energy Materials & Components Laboratory Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
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20
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Solvents, CO 2 and biopolymers: Structure formation in chitosan aerogel. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 247:116680. [PMID: 32829808 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The functionality of biopolymer aerogels is inherently linked to its microstructure, which in turn depends on the synthesis protocol. Detailed investigations on the macroscopic size change and nanostructure formation during chitosan aerogel synthesis reveal a new aspect of biopolymer aerogels that increases process flexibility. Formaldehyde-cross-linked chitosan gels retain a significant fraction of their original volume after solvent exchange into methanol (50.3 %), ethanol (47.1 %) or isopropanol (26.7 %), but shrink dramatically during subsequent supercritical CO2 processing (down to 4.9 %, 3.5 % and 3.7 %, respectively). In contrast, chitosan gels shrink more strongly upon exchange into n-heptane (7.2 %), a low affinity solvent, and retain this volume during CO2 processing. Small-angle X-ray scattering confirms that the occurrence of the volumetric changes correlates with mesoporous network formation through physical coagulation in CO2 or n-heptane. The structure formation step can be controlled by solvent-polymer and polymer-drying interactions, which would be a new tool to tailor the aerogel structure.
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21
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Kleemann C, Zink J, Selmer I, Smirnova I, Kulozik U. Effect of Ethanol on the Textural Properties of Whey Protein and Egg White Protein Hydrogels during Water-Ethanol Solvent Exchange. Molecules 2020; 25:E4417. [PMID: 32992964 PMCID: PMC7582817 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims at investigating the effect of ethanol (EtOH) on the textural properties of whey protein and egg white protein hydrogels. The hydrogels were produced by thermally induced gel formation of aqueous protein solutions. The water contained in the gel network was subsequently exchanged by EtOH to assess structural changes upon exposure of hydrogels to ethanolic aqueous phases. The textural properties of the hydrogel and alcogel samples were analyzed by uniaxial compression tests. For both protein sources, the hardness increased exponentially when pH and EtOH concentration were increased. This increase correlated with a shrinkage of the gel samples. The gel texture was found to be elastic at low EtOH concentrations and became stiff and hard at higher EtOH concentrations. It was found that the solvent exchange influences the ion concentration within the gels and, therefore, the interactions between molecules in the gel structure. Non-covalent bonds were identified as substantially responsible for the gel structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kleemann
- Chair of Food and Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Berg 1, 85354 Freising, Germany; (J.Z.); (U.K.)
| | - Joël Zink
- Chair of Food and Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Berg 1, 85354 Freising, Germany; (J.Z.); (U.K.)
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ilka Selmer
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany; (I.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Irina Smirnova
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany; (I.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Ulrich Kulozik
- Chair of Food and Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Berg 1, 85354 Freising, Germany; (J.Z.); (U.K.)
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22
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Shi R, Tian Y, Zhu P, Tang X, Tian X, Zhou C, Wang L. Hourglass-Shaped Microfibers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:29747-29756. [PMID: 32501675 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Heterotypic microfibers have been recognized as promising building blocks for the multifunctionality demanded in various fields, such as environmental and biomedical engineering. We present a novel microfluidics-based technique to generate bio-inspired microfibers with hourglass-shaped knots (named hourglass-shaped microfibers) via the integration of a non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) process. The microfibers with spindle knots (named spindle-microfibers) are generated as templates at a large scale. The morphologies of spindle-microfibers can be precisely regulated by controlling the flow rates of the constituent fluids. After post-treatment of the partially gelled spindle-microfibers in ethanol, the encapsulated oil cores leak from knots, and the fibers morph into an hourglass shape. By controlling the oil core spillage and the template's configurations, a variety of hourglass-shaped microfibers can be obtained with adjustable morphologies and densities ranging from those of cavity-microfibers to those of spindle-microfibers. The hourglass-shaped microfibers preponderate spindle-microfibers in terms of changeable weight, adjustable morphologies, high specific surface areas, and enhanced surface roughness. Their unique macroscale topographies and properties lead to enhanced dehumidification and water collection abilities. This NIPS-integrated microfluidic technique offers a promising and novel way to manufacture microfibers by design, tailoring their structures and properties to suit a desired application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Shi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), 311300 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), 311300 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, 110169 Shenyang, China
| | - Pingan Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), 311300 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), 311300 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaowei Tian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), 311300 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunmei Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), 311300 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liqiu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), 311300 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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23
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Guerrero-Alburquerque N, Zhao S, Adilien N, Koebel MM, Lattuada M, Malfait WJ. Strong, Machinable, and Insulating Chitosan-Urea Aerogels: Toward Ambient Pressure Drying of Biopolymer Aerogel Monoliths. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:22037-22049. [PMID: 32302092 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biopolymer aerogels are an emerging class of materials with potential applications in drug delivery, thermal insulation, separation, and filtration. Chitosan is of particular interest as a sustainable, biocompatible, and abundant raw material. Here, we present urea-modified chitosan aerogels with a high surface area and excellent thermal and mechanical properties. The irreversible gelation of an acidic chitosan solution is triggered by the thermal decomposition of urea at 80 °C through an increase in pH and, more importantly, the formation of abundant ureido terminal groups. The hydrogels are dried using either supercritical CO2 drying (SCD) or ambient pressure drying (APD) methods to elucidate the influence of the drying process on the final aerogel properties. The hydrogels are exchanged into ethanol prior to SCD, and into ethanol and then heptane prior to APD. The surface chemistry and microstructure are monitored by solid-state NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen sorption. Surprisingly, large monolithic aerogel plates (70 × 70 mm2) can be produced by APD, albeit at a somewhat higher density (0.17-0.42 g/cm3). The as prepared aerogels have thermal conductivities of ∼24 and ∼31 mW/(m·K) and surface areas of 160-170 and 85-230 m2/g, for SCD and APD, respectively. For a primarily biopolymer-based material, these aerogels are exceptionally stable at elevated temperature (TGA) and char and self-extinguish after direct flame exposure. The urea-modified chitosan aerogels display superior mechanical properties compared to traditional silica aerogels, with no brittle rupture up to at least 80% strain, and depending on the chitosan concentration, relatively high E-moduli (1.0-11.6 MPa), and stress at 80% strain values (σ80 of 3.5-17.9 MPa). Remarkably, the aerogel monoliths can be shaped and machined with standard tools, for example, drilling and sawing. This first demonstration to produce monolithic and machinable, mesoporous aerogels from bio-sourced, renewable, and nontoxic precursors, combined with the potential for reduced production cost by means of simple APD, opens up new opportunities for biopolymer aerogel applications and marks an important step toward commercialization of biopolymer aerogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Guerrero-Alburquerque
- Laboratory for Building Energy Materials and Components, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Shanyu Zhao
- Laboratory for Building Energy Materials and Components, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Nour Adilien
- Laboratory for Building Energy Materials and Components, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Matthias M Koebel
- Laboratory for Building Energy Materials and Components, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Wim J Malfait
- Laboratory for Building Energy Materials and Components, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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24
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Fu Q, Tan H, Liu L, Hu C, Ouyang J, Na N. In Situ H 2O Meter by Visualization in Hydrogels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:19307-19312. [PMID: 32243744 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The solvent content strongly affects the viscoelastic properties and network structure of hydrogels. Because of the gels' structural susceptibility and autofluorescence background, there is still no visual method to evaluate the water content in micropores. Herein, a colorimetric molecular probe (DHBYD) was synthesized for in situ visualization of water content in the micropores of hydrogels. The rapid and reversible colorimetric responses of DHBYD to solvents were obtained, which resulted a full linearity range (0 to 100%) for detecting water content in real time. Demonstrated by theoretical calculations, the sensing was attributed to changes in intramolecular charge transfer via deprotonation of phenol group. A cubic polynomial, on correlation of RGB values with water content, was established for real detection of water content in hydrogels. It reveals a new pathway for simple, in situ, and full-range evaluation of solvent content in micropores of hydrogels without any complicated procedures or expensive instruments. This would achieve fast and in situ monitoring of hydrogels to improve gel properties for better applications. It can be extended to evaluate the solvent content in other fields such as synthesis and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hongwei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Luzheng Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chuxiong Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Na Na
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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25
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El Kadib A. Green and Functional Aerogels by Macromolecular and Textural Engineering of Chitosan Microspheres. CHEM REC 2020; 20:753-772. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201900089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkrim El Kadib
- Euromed Research Center, Engineering DivisionEuro-Med University of Fes (UEMF) Route de Meknes, Rond-point de Bensouda 30070 Fès Morocco
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