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Wang HY, Su J, Zuo JL. Porous Crystalline Materials Based on Tetrathiafulvalene and Its Analogues: Assembly, Charge Transfer, and Applications. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1851-1869. [PMID: 38902854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusThe directed synthesis and functionalization of porous crystalline materials pose significant challenges for chemists. The synergistic integration of different functionalities within an ordered molecular material holds great significance for expanding its applications as functional materials. The presence of coordination bonds connected by inorganic and organic components in molecular materials can not only increase the structural diversity of materials but also modulate the electronic structure and band gap, which further regulates the physical and chemical properties of molecular materials. In fact, porous crystalline materials with coordination bonds, which inherit the merits of both organic and inorganic materials, already showcase their superior advantages in optical, electrical, and magnetic applications. In addition to the inorganic components that provide structural rigidity, organic ligands of various types serve as crucial connectors in the construction of functional porous crystalline materials. In addition, redox activity can endow organic linkers with electrochemical activity, thereby making them a perfect platform for the study of charge transfer with atom-resolved single-crystal structures, and they can additionally serve as stimuli-responsive sites in sensor devices and smart materials.In this Account, we introduce the synthesis, structural characteristics, and applications of porous crystalline materials based on the famous redox-active units, tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and its analogues, by primarily focusing on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs). TTF, a sulfur-rich conjugated molecule with two reversible and easily accessible oxidation states (i.e., radical TTF•+ cation and TTF2+ dication), and its analogues boast special electrical characteristics that enable them to display switchable redox activity and stimuli-responsive properties. These inherent properties contribute to the enhancement of the optical, electrical, and magnetic characteristics of the resultant porous crystalline materials. Moreover, delving into the charge transfer phenomena, which is key for the electrochemical process within these materials, uncovers a myriad of potential functional applications. The Account is organized into five main sections that correspond to the different properties and applications of these materials: optical, electrical, and magnetic functionalities; energy storage and conversion; and catalysis. Each section provides detailed discussions of synthetic methods, structural characteristics, the physical and chemical properties, and the functional performances of highlighted examples. The Account also discusses future directions by emphasizing the exploration of novel organic units, the transformation between radical cation TTF•+ and dication TTF2+, and the integration of multifunctionalities within these frameworks to foster the development of smart materials for enhanced performance across diverse applications. Through this Account, we aim to highlight the massive potential of TTF and its analogues-based porous crystals in chemistry and material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
- School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, P. R. China
| | - Jian Su
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Lin Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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Liao PY, Li JX, Liu JC, Xiong Q, Ruan ZY, Li T, Deng W, Jiang SD, Jia JH, Tong ML. Radical-Induced Photochromic Silver(I) Metal-Organic Frameworks: Alternative Topology, Dynamic Photoluminescence and Efficient Photothermal Conversion Modulated by Anionic Guests. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401448. [PMID: 38530747 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Photogenerated radicals are an indispensable member of the state-of-the-art photochromic material family, as they can effectively modulate the photoluminescence and photothermal conversion performance of radical-induced photochromic complexes. Herein, two novel radical-induced photochromic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), [Ag(TEPE)](AC) ⋅ 7/4H2O ⋅ 5/4EtOH (1) and [Ag(TEPE)](NC) ⋅ 3H2O ⋅ EtOH (2), are reported. Distinctly different topological networks can be obtained by judiciously introducing alternative π-conjugated anionic guests, including a new topological structure (named as sfm) first reported in this work, describing as 4,4,4,4-c net. EPR data and UV-Vis spectra prove the radical-induced photochromic mechanism. Dynamic photochromism exhibits tunability in a wide CIE color space, with a linear segment from yellow to red for 1, while a curved coordinate line for 2, resulting in colorful emission from blue to orange. Moreover, photogenerated TEPE* radicals effectively activate the near-infrared (NIR) photothermal conversion effect of MOFs. Under 1 W cm-2 808 nm laser irradiation, the surface temperatures of photoproducts 1* and 2* can reach ~160 °C and ~120 °C, respectively, with competitive NIR photothermal conversion efficiencies η=51.8 % (1*) and 36.2 % (2*). This work develops a feasible electrostatic compensation strategy to accurately introduce photoactive anionic guests into MOFs to construct multifunctional radical-induced photothermal conversion materials with tunable photoluminescence behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, IGCME, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, IGCME, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Chuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, IGCME, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Qi Xiong
- Spin-X Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Yu Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, IGCME, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, IGCME, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Wei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, IGCME, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shang-Da Jiang
- Spin-X Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Hua Jia
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, IGCME, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Liang Tong
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, IGCME, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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Liao JZ, Zhu ZC, Liu ST, Ke H. Photothermal Conversion Perylene-Based Metal-Organic Framework with Panchromatic Absorption Bandwidth across the Visible to Near-Infrared. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:3327-3334. [PMID: 38315152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Recently, facilely designable metal-organic frameworks have gained attention in the construction of photothermal conversion materials. Nonetheless, most of the previously reported photothermal conversion metal-organic frameworks exhibit limited light absorption capabilities. In this work, a distinctive metal-organic framework with heterogeneous periodic alternate spatial arrangements of metal-oxygen clusters and perylene-based derivative molecules was prepared by in situ synthesis. The building blocks in this inimitable structure behave as both electron donors and electron acceptors, giving rise to the significant inherent charge transfer in this crystalline material, resulting in a narrow band gap with excellent panchromatic absorption, with the ground state being the charge transfer state. Moreover, it can retain excellent air-, photo-, and water-stability in the solid state. The excellent stability and broad light absorption characteristics enable the effective realization of near-infrared (NIR) photothermal conversion, including infrequent NIR-II photothermal conversion, in this perylene-based metal-organic framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhen Liao
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Pingxiang University, Pingxiang, Jiangxi 337055, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Chen Zhu
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Pingxiang University, Pingxiang, Jiangxi 337055, P. R. China
| | - Su-Ting Liu
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Pingxiang University, Pingxiang, Jiangxi 337055, P. R. China
| | - Hua Ke
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Pingxiang University, Pingxiang, Jiangxi 337055, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
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Li GP, Zhang J, Ren WW, Wang SN, Wang YX, Fu YL, Wang YY. Electron density effect of aromatic carboxylic acids in naphthalenediimide-based coordination polymers: from thermal electron transfer and charge transfer to photoinduced electron transfer. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:16184-16188. [PMID: 37870873 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03069e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Various naphthalenediimide (NDI) based electron donor-acceptor coordination polymers (D-A CPs) have been constructed and used to explore charge transfer (CT) and electron transfer (ET) behaviors. Up to now, significant progress has been made in the interface contact and electron donor-acceptor ability matching mechanism, while the electronic density effect of the electron donors on the CT and ET behaviors is still not known. Herein, two NDI-based D-A CPs, [Cd2(H2NDI)(IPA)2(H2O)2] (1) and [Cd2(H2NDI)(IPA-OH)2(H2O)2] (2), are constructed using an NDI-based ligand and two aromatic carboxylic acid ligands (H2NDI = 2,7-bis(3,5-dimethyl) dipyrazol-1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetracarboxydiimide, H2IPA = isophthalic acid; and H2IPA-OH = 5-hydroxyisophthalic acid). UV-vis and EPR spectroscopy and DFT calculations analyses reveal that the occurrence of themal electron transfer (TET) in 1 and 2 results from the HOMO of the IPA and IPA-OH lying higher than the LUMO of the NDI. Meanwhile, compared to 1, the UV-vis absorption spectrum of 2 exhibits a significant red shift, which suggests higher electron density of the donor and more electron transfer pathways are beneficial for the occurrence of intermolecular CT. After UV light irradiation, the comparison of the photochromic behavior of 1 and 2 confirms the negative effect of the stronger CT on photoinduced electron transfer (PET). The present study illustrates the delicate modulating effect of electron density on the CT and ET behaviors in D-A CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
| | - Wan-Wan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
| | - Si-Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
| | - Ying-Xia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
| | - Yun-Long Fu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
| | - Yao-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710127, P. R. China.
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Zhang Y, Xia ZW, Shen LJ, Tang H, Luo XF, Li X, Xiao X. A 3D tetrathiafulvalene-based metal-organic framework with intramolecular charge transfer for efficient near-infrared photothermal conversion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11429-11432. [PMID: 37671497 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03165a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The selection of metal centers can endow donor-metal-accepter (D-M-A) type MOFs with progressive framework dimensions. 3D Cd-based MOFs with intramolecular charge transfer caused by D-M-A exhibit a satisfactory photothermal conversion efficiency of 35.7%, with the temperature rapidly rising from 25 °C to 201 °C in 7 s under 808 nm laser irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, 201 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, China.
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Zi-Wei Xia
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, 201 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Liang-Jun Shen
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, 201 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, China.
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, 201 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hao Tang
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, 201 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, China.
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, 201 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xu-Feng Luo
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, 201 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Xing Li
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Xunwen Xiao
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, 201 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, China.
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, 201 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China
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Tan B, Wu ZF, Huang XY. An Iron-NDC Framework with a Cage Structure and an Optothermal Conversion in NIR Window. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248789. [PMID: 36557920 PMCID: PMC9785624 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pursuing novel materials with efficient photothermal conversion under irradiation at the near-infrared region windows (NIR, 750-850 nm; NIR-I and NIR-II, 1000-1320 nm)) is of great importance due to their irreplaceable applications, especially in the biomedical field. Herein, on the basis of a coordination chemistry strategy, an iron-based metal-organic framework (MOF) of [N(CH3)4]2[Fe3(NDC)4]·DMF·3H2O (Fe-NDC, 1,4-H2NDC = 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, N(CH3)4+ = tetramethyl-ammonium, and DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide) was prepared and characterized. Due to the d-d transition effect introduced by coordination with the transition-metal ion of iron and the highly conjugated naphthalenic moiety in 1,4-H2NDC, guaranteeing an energy transfer between iron and the organic module, Fe-NDC shows a remarkable broad absorption, which could be extended into the NIR-II section. As a result, Fe-NDC could be irradiated by NIR laser (both 808 and 1064 nm) to achieve photothermal conversion. This work sets a good example to inspire the future designation of NIR light-irradiated photothermal materials based on the first-row transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Zhao-Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Correspondence: (Z.-F.W.); (X.-Y.H.); Tel.: +86-0591-63173146 (X.-Y.H.)
| | - Xiao-Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (Z.-F.W.); (X.-Y.H.); Tel.: +86-0591-63173146 (X.-Y.H.)
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Xie J, Pan JA, Cheng B, Ma T, Filatov AS, Patel SN, Park J, Talapin DV, Anderson JS. Presynthetic Redox Gated Metal-to-Insulator Transition and Photothermoelectric Properties in Nickel Tetrathiafulvalene-Tetrathiolate Coordination Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19026-19037. [PMID: 36194683 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photothermoelectric (PTE) materials are promising candidates for solar energy harvesting and photodetection applications, especially for near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. Although the processability and tunability of organic materials are highly advantageous, examples of organic PTE materials are comparatively rare and their PTE performance is typically limited by poor photothermal (PT) conversion. Here, we report the use of redox-active Sn complexes of tetrathiafulvalene-tetrathiolate (TTFtt) as transmetalating agents for the synthesis of presynthetically redox tuned NiTTFtt materials. Unlike the neutral material NiTTFtt, which exhibits n-type glassy-metallic conductivity, the reduced materials Li1.2Ni0.4[NiTTFtt] and [Li(THF)1.5]1.2Ni0.4[NiTTFtt] (THF = tetrahydrofuran) display physical characteristics more consistent with p-type semiconductors. The broad spectral absorption and electrically conducting nature of these TTFtt-based materials enable highly efficient NIR-thermal conversion and good PTE performance. Furthermore, in contrast to conventional PTE composites, these NiTTFtt coordination polymers are notable as single-component PTE materials. The presynthetically tuned metal-to-insulator transition in these NiTTFtt systems directly modulates their PT and PTE properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaze Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637, United States
| | - Jia-Ahn Pan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637, United States
| | - Baorui Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637, United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637, United States
| | - Tengzhou Ma
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637, United States
| | - Alexander S Filatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637, United States
| | - Shrayesh N Patel
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637, United States
| | - Jiwoong Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637, United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637, United States
| | - Dmitri V Talapin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637, United States.,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637, United States
| | - John S Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637, United States
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Self-assembly and near-infrared photothermal conversion research of molecular figure-of-eight. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Stable Nickel-Based Metal–Organic Framework Containing Thiophene/Diimidazole Units for Effective Near-Infrared Photothermal Conversion. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12070777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, a new Ni-based metal–organic framework (MOF, 1) bearing highly structural stability is synthesized by the reaction of utilizing a rigid and functionalized linker, 2,6-bis(pyridin-4-yl)-1,7-dihydrobenzo[1,2-d:4,5-d′]diimidazole (BBI4PY), in combination with Ni(NO3)2·6H2O and dibenzo[b,d]thiophene-3,7-dicarboxylic acid 5,5-dioxide (L1) under solvothermal conditions. The crystal structure of complex 1 is determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and is demonstrated to be a two-dimensional layered structure. In addition, PXRD, IR, TGA and UV/Vis-NIR spectra are also tested carefully to explore the solid structure of this complex. Remarkably, although no significant accumulation effect could be observed between the two-dimensional layers, a stacking interaction between DMF solvent molecules and ligand L1 could be found, which might promote non-radiative transitions and trigger obvious near-infrared photothermal conversion. Under 660 nm laser (0.6 W cm−2) illumination, the temperature of complex 1 increased rapidly from room temperature to 45.2 °C, with good thermal stability and cycle durability. Its photothermal conversion efficiency could reach 10.75%. This work provides an efficient way for assessing the promise of materials in the field of photothermal therapy.
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