1
|
Housecroft CE, Constable EC. TADF: Enabling luminescent copper(i) coordination compounds for light-emitting electrochemical cells. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:4456-4482. [PMID: 35433007 PMCID: PMC8944257 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc04028f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has seen a surge of interest in the emissive behaviour of copper(i) coordination compounds, both neutral compounds that may have applications in organic light-emitting doides (OLEDs) and copper-based ionic transition metal complexes (Cu-iTMCs) with potential use in light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs). One of the most exciting features of copper(i) coordination compounds is their possibility to exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in which the energy separation of the excited singlet (S1) and excited triplet (T1) states is very small, permitting intersystem crossing (ISC) and reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) to occur at room temperature without the requirement for the large spin-orbit coupling inferred by the presence of a heavy metal such as iridium. In this review, we focus mainly in Cu-iTMCs, and illustrate how the field of luminescent compounds and those exhibiting TADF has developed. Copper(i) coordination compounds that class as Cu-iTMCs include those containing four-coordinate [Cu(P^P)(N^N)]+ (P^P = large-bite angle bisphosphane, and N^N is typically a diimine), [Cu(P)2(N^N)]+ (P = monodentate phosphane ligand), [Cu(P)(tripodal-N3)]+, [Cu(P)(N^N)(N)]+ (N = monodentate N-donor ligand), [Cu(P^P)(N^S)]+ (N^S = chelating N,S-donor ligand), [Cu(P^P)(P^S)]+ (P^S = chelating P,S-donor ligand), [Cu(P^P)(NHC)]+ (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) coordination domains, dinuclear complexes with P^P and N^N ligands, three-coordinate [Cu(N^N)(NHC)]+ and two-coordinate [Cu(N)(NHC)]+ complexes. We pay particular attention to solid-state structural features, e.g. π-stacking interactions and other inter-ligand interactions, which may impact on photoluminescence quantum yields. Where emissive Cu-iTMCs have been tested in LECs, we detail the device architectures, and this emphasizes differences which make it difficult to compare LEC performances from different investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Housecroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096 4058-Basel Switzerland
| | - Edwin C Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096 4058-Basel Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang S, Bruneau C, Renaud JL, Gaillard S, Fischmeister C. 2,2'-Dipyridylamines: more than just sister members of the bipyridine family. Applications and achievements in homogeneous catalysis and photoluminescent materials. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:11599-11622. [PMID: 31271393 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02165e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2,2'-Dipyridylamines (dpa) and related compounds belong to the family of polydentate nitrogen ligands. More than a century has passed since their first report but new complexes and applications have been emerging in recent years owing to the versatility of dpa-based architectures. This review aims to present and highlight the main achievements attained with dpa-containing metal complexes in the domains of homogeneous catalysis and luminescent materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Wang
- Univ Rennes. UMR CNRS 6226, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1. 263, avenue du général Leclerc, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - C Bruneau
- Univ Rennes. UMR CNRS 6226, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1. 263, avenue du général Leclerc, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - J-L Renaud
- Normandie Univ., LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14000 Caen, France.
| | - S Gaillard
- Normandie Univ., LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14000 Caen, France.
| | - C Fischmeister
- Univ Rennes. UMR CNRS 6226, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1. 263, avenue du général Leclerc, 35000 Rennes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liske A, Wallbaum L, Hölzel T, Föller J, Gernert M, Hupp B, Ganter C, Marian CM, Steffen A. Cu–F Interactions between Cationic Linear N-Heterocyclic Carbene Copper(I) Pyridine Complexes and Their Counterions Greatly Enhance Blue Luminescence Efficiency. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:5433-5445. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Markus Gernert
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Benjamin Hupp
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas Steffen
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Glinton K, Latifi R, Cockrell DS, Bardeaux M, Nguyen B, Tahsini L. Synthesis, characterization, and photoluminescent studies of three-coordinate Cu(i)–NHC complexes bearing unsymmetrically-substituted dipyridylamine ligands. RSC Adv 2019; 9:22417-22427. [PMID: 35519490 PMCID: PMC9066654 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04886c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of heteroleptic three-coordinate Cu(i) complexes bearing monodentate N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands of the type 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (IPr) and 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolidin-2-ylidene (SIPr), and bidentate N-donor ligands of the type unsymmetrically-substituted dimethyl dipyridylamine (Me2Hdpa) and bis(mesityl)biazanaphthenequinone (mesBIAN) have been synthesized. The complexes [Cu(IPr)(3,4′-Me2Hdpa)]PF6, 1; [Cu(IPr)(3,5′-Me2Hdpa)]PF6, 2; [Cu(IPr)(3,6′-Me2Hdpa)]PF6, 3; [Cu(IPr)(mesBIAN)]PF6, 6; [Cu(SIPr)(3,4′-Me2Hdpa)]PF6, 7; [Cu(SIPr)(3,5′-Me2Hdpa)]PF6, 8; and [Cu(SIPr)(3,3′-Me2Hdpa)]PF6, 11 have been characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies, elemental analysis, cyclic voltammetry, and photophysical studies in solid and solution phase. Single crystal X-ray structures were obtained for all complexes except 11. The crystallographic data reveal a mononuclear structure for all complexes with the copper atom ligated by one C and two N atoms. The UV-Vis absorption spectra of all dipyridylamine complexes in CH2Cl2 show a strong ligand-centered absorption band around 250 nm and a strong metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) band around 300 nm. When irradiated with UV light, the complexes exhibit strong emission maxima at 453–482 nm with photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY) ranging from 0.21 to 0.87 in solid state. While the PLQY values are comparable to those of the symmetrical [Cu(IPr)(Me2Hdpa)]PF6 complexes, a stabilizing CH–π interaction has been reduced in the current systems. In particular, complex 3 lacks any strong CH–π interaction, but emits more efficiently than 1 and 2 wherein the interactions exist. Structural data analysis was performed to clarify the role of ligands' plane angle and the NH/CH⋯F interactions to the observed light interaction of unsymmetrical [Cu(NHC)(Me2Hdpa)]PF6 complexes. DFT calculations were performed to assist in the assignment of the electronic structure and excited state behavior of the complexes. The photoluminescent Cu(i)–NHC complexes bearing unsymmetrical dipyridylamine ligands have been synthesized and characterized. The structure–light reactivity has been elucidated.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwame Glinton
- Department of Chemistry
- Oklahoma State University
- Oklahoma 74078
- USA
| | - Reza Latifi
- Department of Chemistry
- Oklahoma State University
- Oklahoma 74078
- USA
| | | | - Matthew Bardeaux
- Department of Chemistry
- Oklahoma State University
- Oklahoma 74078
- USA
| | - Bachkhoa Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry
- Oklahoma State University
- Oklahoma 74078
- USA
| | - Laleh Tahsini
- Department of Chemistry
- Oklahoma State University
- Oklahoma 74078
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Elie M, Weber MD, Di Meo F, Sguerra F, Lohier J, Pansu RB, Renaud J, Hamel M, Linares M, Costa RD, Gaillard S. Role of the Bridging Group in Bis‐Pyridyl Ligands: Enhancing Both the Photo‐ and Electroluminescent Features of Cationic (IPr)Cu
I
Complexes. Chemistry 2017; 23:16328-16337. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Elie
- Normandie University LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS 14000 Caen France
| | - Michael D. Weber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Florent Di Meo
- INSERM UMR 850 Univ. Limoges, Faculty of Pharmacy 2 rue du Dr. Marcland 87025 Limoges France
| | - Fabien Sguerra
- CEA, LIST Laboratoire Capteurs et Architectures Électroniques 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | | | - Robert B. Pansu
- PPSM, CNRS, UMR8531 & Inst. d'Alembert FR3242, ENS Cachan Paris Saclay University France
| | - Jean‐Luc Renaud
- Normandie University LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS 14000 Caen France
| | - Matthieu Hamel
- CEA, LIST Laboratoire Capteurs et Architectures Électroniques 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Mathieu Linares
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology KTH Royal Institute of Technology 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
- Swedish e-Science Research Centre KTH Royal Institute of Technology 104 50 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Rubén D. Costa
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- IMDEA Materials C/ Eric Kandel 2, Tecnogetafe 28906 Getafe, Madrid Spain
| | - Sylvain Gaillard
- Normandie University LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS 14000 Caen France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Elie M, Sguerra F, Di Meo F, Weber MD, Marion R, Grimault A, Lohier JF, Stallivieri A, Brosseau A, Pansu RB, Renaud JL, Linares M, Hamel M, Costa RD, Gaillard S. Designing NHC-Copper(I) Dipyridylamine Complexes for Blue Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:14678-91. [PMID: 27224961 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the influence of various substituents on the photophysical features of heteroleptic copper(I) complexes bearing both N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and dipyridylamine (dpa = dipyridylamine skeleton corresponding to ligand L1) ligands. The luminescent properties have been compared to our recently reported archetypal blue emitting [Cu(IPr)(dpa)][PF6] complex. The choice of the substituents on both ligands has been guided to explore the effect of the electron donor/acceptor and "push-pull" on the emission wavelengths and photoluminescence quantum yields. A selection of the best candidates in terms of their photophysical features were applied for developing the first blue light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) based on copper(I) complexes. The device analysis suggests that the main concern is the moderate redox stability of the complexes under high applied driving currents, leading to devices with moderate stabilities pointing to a proof-of-concept for further development. Nevertheless, under low applied driving currents the blue emission is stable, showing performance levels competitive to those reported for blue LECs based on iridium(III) complexes. Overall, this work provides valuable guidelines to tackle the design of enhanced NHC copper complexes for lighting applications in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Elie
- Normandie Université , LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 14000-Normandie, France
| | - Fabien Sguerra
- CEA, LIST , Laboratoire Capteurs et Architectures Électroniques, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Florent Di Meo
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University , SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Michael D Weber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Egerlandstrasse 3, DE-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ronan Marion
- Normandie Université , LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 14000-Normandie, France
| | - Adèle Grimault
- Normandie Université , LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 14000-Normandie, France
| | | | - Aurélie Stallivieri
- Normandie Université , LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 14000-Normandie, France
| | - Arnaud Brosseau
- PPSM, CNRS, UMR8531 & Institut d'Alembert FR3242, ENS Cachan, Paris Saclay University , 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Robert B Pansu
- PPSM, CNRS, UMR8531 & Institut d'Alembert FR3242, ENS Cachan, Paris Saclay University , 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Jean-Luc Renaud
- Normandie Université , LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 14000-Normandie, France
| | - Mathieu Linares
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University , SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Swedish e-Science Research Centre (SeRC), Linköping University , SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Matthieu Hamel
- CEA, LIST , Laboratoire Capteurs et Architectures Électroniques, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Rubén D Costa
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Egerlandstrasse 3, DE-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sylvain Gaillard
- Normandie Université , LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 14000-Normandie, France
| |
Collapse
|