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Borissov A, Maurya YK, Moshniaha L, Wong WS, Żyła-Karwowska M, Stępień M. Recent Advances in Heterocyclic Nanographenes and Other Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds. Chem Rev 2022; 122:565-788. [PMID: 34850633 PMCID: PMC8759089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review surveys recent progress in the chemistry of polycyclic heteroaromatic molecules with a focus on structural diversity and synthetic methodology. The article covers literature published during the period of 2016-2020, providing an update to our first review of this topic (Chem. Rev. 2017, 117 (4), 3479-3716).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet
Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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Gbadamasi S, Mohiuddin M, Krishnamurthi V, Verma R, Khan MW, Pathak S, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Mahmood N. Interface chemistry of two-dimensional heterostructures - fundamentals to applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4684-4729. [PMID: 33621294 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01070g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional heterostructures (2D HSs) have emerged as a new class of materials where dissimilar 2D materials are combined to synergise their advantages and alleviate shortcomings. Such a combination of dissimilar components into 2D HSs offers fascinating properties and intriguing functionalities attributed to the newly formed heterointerface of constituent components. Understanding the nature of the surface and the complex heterointerface of HSs at the atomic level is crucial for realising the desired properties, designing innovative 2D HSs, and ultimately unlocking their full potential for practical applications. Therefore, this review provides the recent progress in the field of 2D HSs with a focus on the discussion of the fundamentals and the chemistry of heterointerfaces based on van der Waals (vdW) and covalent interactions. It also explains the challenges associated with the scalable synthesis and introduces possible methodologies to produce large quantities with good control over the heterointerface. Subsequently, it highlights the specialised characterisation techniques to reveal the heterointerface formation, chemistry and nature. Afterwards, we give an overview of the role of 2D HSs in various emerging applications, particularly in high-power batteries, bifunctional catalysts, electronics, and sensors. In the end, we present conclusions with the possible solutions to the associated challenges with the heterointerfaces and potential opportunities that can be adopted for innovative applications.
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Unlu I, Dixon ADC, Brozik JA, Hipps KW. Alkynyl Linkers as a Design Tool to Gain Control over the Self-Assembly of Meso-Substituted Porphyrins on HOPG. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:4897-4907. [PMID: 32338912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) fall generally into two broad categories: those that are covalently bound either to the surface or to each other and those that rely on weaker forces such as hydrogen bonding or van der Waals forces. The engineering of the structure of SAMs formed from weaker forces is an exciting and complex field that often utilizes long alkane substituents bound to core moieties. The core provides the unique optical, electronic, or catalytic property desired, while the interdigitation of the alkane chains provides the means for creating well-regulated patterns of cores on the substrate. This design technique sometimes fails because some of the alkane substituents remain extended into solution rather than become interdigitated on the substrate. One contributor to this is steric hindrance between elements of the core and of the alkane chain. It is shown that the use of an alkyne linker between the core and the alkane chain can, in the case of meso-substituted porphyrins, significantly reduce this steric barrier and allow more stable and predictable surface structures to form. In particular, 5,15-bis(1-octynyl)porphyrin and 5,15-bis(1-tetradecynyl)porphyrin are shown to form significantly more stable SAMs than their alkane-linked counterparts. Scanning tunneling microscopy is used to provide detailed surface structures. Temperature and solution concentration dependence of the surface coverage is also reported. Density functional theory (DFT) is used to determine the energetic effects associated with alkane substitution at both the meso and β positions and the beneficial energetic effects of the alkyne linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas Unlu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163-4630, United States
| | - Alexandre D C Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163-4630, United States
| | - James A Brozik
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163-4630, United States
| | - K W Hipps
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163-2711, United States
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Xia Y, Shuai L, Wang Y, Ma Y, Han L, Qiu M, Zhang Z, Leung MKH. Designing bifuncitonal molecular devices with a metalloporphyrin dimer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4080-4085. [PMID: 32031181 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05079e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many organic molecules have unique magnetic properties and can potentially serve as excellent molecular spin devices, which is worth exploring deeply. Here, the spin transport properties of Mn, Fe, Co and Cu porphyrin dimer devices are investigated based on the first principles method. The spin filtering efficiencies of these molecular devices are maintained at 100% within certain applied voltage ranges and magnetoresistance ratios are higher than 108% which increase as the voltage increases. To explain the excellent spin-filtering and giant magnetoresistance effects, analysis of spin electron densities and transmission spectra indicates that magnetic properties are mainly contributed by the metal atoms and their neighbouring N atoms. From the transmission pathway studies, spin electrons come mainly through the π-conjugated structure of the metal porphyrin ring. Interestingly, in the Cu porphyrin dimer device, magnetic moments of the Cu-N structure in the Cu porphyrin dimer device show spin behaviors different from those of Mn, Fe and Co porphyrin dimer devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xia
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, College of Physical Science and Technology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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Habets T, Lensen D, Speller S, Elemans JAAW. Self-Assembly of Covalently Linked Porphyrin Dimers at the Solid-Liquid Interface. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24163018. [PMID: 31434280 PMCID: PMC6720350 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24163018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and surface self-assembly behavior of two types of metal-porphyrin dimers is described. The first dimer type consists of two porphyrins linked via a rigid conjugated spacer, and the second type has an alkyne linker, which allows rotation of the porphyrin moieties with respect to each other. The conjugated dimers were equipped with two copper or two manganese centers, while the flexible dimers allowed a modular built-up that also made the incorporation of two different metal centers possible. The self-assembly of the new porphyrin dimers at a solid–liquid interface was investigated at the single-molecule scale using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). All dimers formed monolayers, of which the stability and the internal degree of ordering of the molecules depended on the metal centers in the porphyrins. While in all monolayers the dimers were oriented coplanar with respect to the underlying surface (‘face-on’), the flexible dimer containing a manganese and a copper center could be induced, via the application of a voltage pulse in the STM setup, to self-assemble into monolayers in which the porphyrin dimers adopted a non-common perpendicular (‘edge-on’) geometry with respect to the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Habets
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Lensen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Speller
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter-University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes A A W Elemans
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Carvalho MA, Dekkiche H, Nagasaki M, Kikkawa Y, Ruppert R. Coordination-Driven Construction of Porphyrin Nanoribbons at a Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG)/Liquid Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10137-10141. [PMID: 31184484 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanostructures were built at the solid/liquid interface by self-assembly and/or coordination bonds. Metalloporphyrins bearing two external coordination sites and long alkyl chains allowed the self-assembly of the compounds on highly oriented pyrolitic graphite. After addition of a metal ion, long transition-metal linked porphyrin nanoribbons were obtained and visualized by scanning tunneling microscopy. In these porphyrin ribbons electronic delocalization is possible through the d orbitals of the connecting metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Ambre Carvalho
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 du CNRS , Université de Strasbourg , 4 rue Blaise Pascal , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Hervé Dekkiche
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 du CNRS , Université de Strasbourg , 4 rue Blaise Pascal , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Mayumi Nagasaki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-1-1 Higashi , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8565 , Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kikkawa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-1-1 Higashi , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8565 , Japan
| | - Romain Ruppert
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 du CNRS , Université de Strasbourg , 4 rue Blaise Pascal , 67000 Strasbourg , France
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Longevial JF, Clément S, Wytko JA, Ruppert R, Weiss J, Richeter S. Peripherally Metalated Porphyrins with Applications in Catalysis, Molecular Electronics and Biomedicine. Chemistry 2018; 24:15442-15460. [PMID: 29688604 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins are conjugated, stable chromophores with a central core that binds a variety of metal ions and an easily functionalized peripheral framework. By combining the catalytic, electronic or cytotoxic properties of selected transition metal complexes with the binding and electronic properties of porphyrins, enhanced characteristics of the ensemble are generated. This review article focuses on porphyrins bearing one or more peripheral transition metal complexes and discusses their potential applications in catalysis or biomedicine. Modulation of the electronic properties and intramolecular communication through coordination bond linkages in bis-porphyrin scaffolds is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Longevial
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS-ENSCM-UM, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC1701, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Clément
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS-ENSCM-UM, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC1701, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Jennifer A Wytko
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Romain Ruppert
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean Weiss
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sébastien Richeter
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS-ENSCM-UM, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC1701, 34095, Montpellier, France
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Wytko JA, Ruppert R, Jeandon C, Weiss J. Metal-mediated linear self-assembly of porphyrins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:1550-1558. [PMID: 29363684 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09650j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrin derivatives are highly relevant to biological processes such as light harvesting and charge separation. Their aromatic electronic structure and their accessible HOMO-LUMO gap render porphyrins highly attractive for the development of opto- and electro-active materials. Due to the often difficult covalent synthesis of multiporphyrins, self-assembly using metal complexation as the driving force can lead to well defined objects exhibiting a controlled morphology, which will be required to analyse and understand the electronic properties of porphyrin wires. This article presents two assembly approaches, namely by peripheral coordination or by binding to a metal ion in the porphyrin core, that are efficient and well designed for future developments requiring interactions with a surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Wytko
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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