1
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Qi Y, Ayinla M, Clifford S, Ramström O. Spontaneous and Selective Macrocyclization in Nitroaldol Reaction Systems. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 38154053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Through a dynamic polymerization and self-sorting process, a range of lowellane macrocycles have been efficiently generated in nitroaldol systems composed of aromatic dialdehydes and aliphatic or aromatic dinitroalkanes. All identified macrocycles show a composition of two repeating units, resulting in tetra-β-nitroalcohols of different structures. The effects of the building block structure on the macrocyclization process have been demonstrated, and the influence from the solvent has been explored. In general, the formation of the lowellanes was amplified in response to phase-change effects, although solution-phase structures were, in some cases, favored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchuan Qi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Mubarak Ayinla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Stephen Clifford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Olof Ramström
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
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2
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Stoy A, Jürgensen M, Millidoni C, Berthold C, Ramler J, Martínez S, Buchner MR, Lichtenberg C. Bismuth in Dynamic Covalent Chemistry: Access to a Bowl-Type Macrocycle and a Barrel-Type Heptanuclear Complex Cation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308293. [PMID: 37522394 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic covalent chemistry (DCvC) is a powerful and widely applied tool in modern synthetic chemistry, which is based on the reversible cleavage and formation of covalent bonds. One of the inherent strengths of this approach is the perspective to reversibly generate in an operationally simple approach novel structural motifs that are difficult or impossible to access with more traditional methods and require multiple bond cleaving and bond forming steps. To date, these fundamentally important synthetic and conceptual challenges in the context of DCvC have predominantly been tackled by exploiting compounds of lighter p-block elements, even though heavier p-block elements show low bond dissociation energies and appear to be ideally suited for this approach. Here we show that a dinuclear organometallic bismuth compound, containing BiMe2 groups that are connected by a thioxanthene linker, readily undergoes selective and reversible cleavage of its Bi-C bonds upon exposure to external stimuli. The exploitation of DCvC in the field of organometallic heavy p-block chemistry grants access to unprecedented macrocyclic and barrel-type oligonuclear compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stoy
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Malte Jürgensen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christina Millidoni
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Chantsalmaa Berthold
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Ramler
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastián Martínez
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Magnus R Buchner
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Crispin Lichtenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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3
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Zhang XX, Li J, Niu YY. A Review of Crystalline Multibridged Cyclophane Cages: Synthesis, Their Conformational Behavior, and Properties. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207083. [PMID: 36296675 PMCID: PMC9607443 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the most stable conformation of crystalline three-dimensional cyclophane (CP) achieved by self-assembling based on changing the type of aromatic compound or regulating the type and number of bridging groups. [3n]cyclophanes (CPs) were reported to form supramolecular compounds with bind organic, inorganic anions, or neutral molecules selectively. [3n]cyclophanes ([3n]CPs) have stronger donor capability relative to compound [2n]cyclophanes ([2n]CPs), and it is expected to be a new type of electron donor for the progress of fresh electron conductive materials. The synthesis, conformational behavior, and properties of crystalline multi-bridge rings are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Xing Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jian Li
- College of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yun-Yin Niu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence:
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4
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Shear TA, Mayhugh JT, Zocchi LJ, Demachkie IS, Trubinstein HJ, Zakharov LN, Johnson DW. Expanding the Scope of Pnictogen‐Assisted Cyclophane Self‐Assembly. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luca J. Zocchi
- University of Oregon Chemistry & Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | | | | | - Darren William Johnson
- University of Oregon Department of Chemistry 1253 University of Oregon 97403-1253 Eugene UNITED STATES
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5
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Phan N, Shear TA, Zakharov LN, Johnson DW. An Efficient Route to Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Disulfide, Thioether, and Hydrocarbon Cyclophanes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc‐Minh Phan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon 97403‐1253 Eugene Oregon USA
| | - Trevor A. Shear
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon 97403‐1253 Eugene Oregon USA
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- CAMCOR Center for Advanced Materials Characterization in Oregon University of Oregon 97403‐1443 Eugene OR USA
| | - Darren W. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon 97403‐1253 Eugene Oregon USA
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6
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Breton GW, Martin KL. Probing the Dynamic Covalent Chemistry Behavior of Nitrogen-Centered Di- and Triurazole Radicals. J Org Chem 2020; 85:10865-10871. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary W. Breton
- Department of Chemistry, Berry College, 2277 Martha Berry Highway, Mount Berry, Georgia 30149, United States
| | - Kenneth L. Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Berry College, 2277 Martha Berry Highway, Mount Berry, Georgia 30149, United States
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7
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Phan NM, Percástegui EG, Johnson DW. Dynamic Covalent Chemistry as a Facile Route to Unusual Main-Group Thiolate Assemblies and Disulfide Hoops and Cages. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1270-1282. [PMID: 32529751 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic Covalent Chemistry (DCC) - combining the robustness of covalent bonds with the self-correcting nature of supramolecular chemistry - facilitates the modular synthesis of complex molecular assemblies in high yields. Although numerous reactions form covalent bonds, only a small set of chemical transformations affect covalent bond formation reversibly under suitable conditions for DCC. Further progress in this area still requires the identification of dynamic motifs and greater insights into their reversibility. We have fruitfully employed DCC of both thiolate coordination to main-group elements and disulfide formation for the facile self-assembly of: (1) metal/metalloid-thiolate assemblies, and (2) purely organic cyclic and caged disulfides, thioethers, and even hydrocarbons, many of which have remained elusive by traditional stepwise synthesis yet form readily through our methods. In this Minireview, we highlight the approaches to prepare these unusual compounds and the factors inducing structural transformations or favoring the formation of certain products over others, given a set of external stimuli or reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc-Minh Phan
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1253, USA
| | - Edmundo G Percástegui
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, México.,Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, C.P.50200, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Darren W Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1253, USA
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8
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Shear TA, Lin F, Zakharov LN, Johnson DW. “Design of Experiments” as a Method to Optimize Dynamic Disulfide Assemblies: Cages and Functionalizable Macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor A. Shear
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-1253 USA
| | - Fuding Lin
- Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-6231 USA
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- CAMCOR – Center for Advanced Materials Characterization Oregon University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-1443 USA
| | - Darren W. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-1253 USA
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9
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Shear TA, Lin F, Zakharov LN, Johnson DW. “Design of Experiments” as a Method to Optimize Dynamic Disulfide Assemblies: Cages and Functionalizable Macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1496-1500. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor A. Shear
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-1253 USA
| | - Fuding Lin
- Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-6231 USA
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- CAMCOR – Center for Advanced Materials Characterization Oregon University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-1443 USA
| | - Darren W. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-1253 USA
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10
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Phan NM, Choy EPKL, Zakharov LN, Johnson DW. Self-sorting in dynamic disulfide assembly: new biphenyl-bridged "nanohoops" and unsymmetrical cyclophanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11840-11843. [PMID: 31517340 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06503b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We expand on our approach combining dynamic covalent self-assembly and sulfur extrusion to synthesize new biphenyl-linked disulfide and thioether macrocycles, which are variants of the venerable phenyl-bridged paracyclophanes. We then advance this strategy further to use two different thiols in tandem to provide new, elusive unsymmetrical disulfides which can also be trapped as unsymmetrical thioether "nanohoops". This approach enables substantial amplification of two unsymmetrical trimers out of a library of at least 21 possible macrocycles of various sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc-Minh Phan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, USA.
| | - Emma P K L Choy
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, USA.
| | - Lev N Zakharov
- CAMCOR - Center for Advanced Materials Characterization in Oregon, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1443, USA
| | - Darren W Johnson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, USA.
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11
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Lavendomme R, Ronson TK, Nitschke JR. Metal and Organic Templates Together Control the Size of Covalent Macrocycles and Cages. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12147-12158. [PMID: 31287669 PMCID: PMC6756589 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Covalent
macrocycles and three-dimensional cages were prepared by the self-assembly
of di- or tritopic anilines and 2,6-diformylpyridine subcomponents
around palladium(II) templates. The resulting 2,6-bis(imino)pyridyl-PdII motif contains a tridentate ligand, leaving a free coordination
site on the PdII centers, which points inward. The binding
of ligands to the free coordination sites in these assemblies was
found to alter the product stability, and multitopic ligands could
be used to control product size. Multitopic ligands also bridged metallomacrocycles
to form higher-order supramolecular assemblies, which were characterized
via NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography.
An efficient method was developed to reduce the imine bonds to secondary
amines, leading to fully organic covalent macrocycles and cages that
were inaccessible through other means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Lavendomme
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Tanya K Ronson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R Nitschke
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
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12
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Aletti AB, Miljkovic A, Toma L, Bruno R, Armentano D, Gunnlaugsson T, Bergamaschi G, Amendola V. Halide-Controlled Extending–Shrinking Motion of a Covalent Cage. J Org Chem 2019; 84:4221-4228. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna B. Aletti
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ana Miljkovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, v.le Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Lucio Toma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, v.le Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Rosaria Bruno
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Technologies, via Pietro Bucci, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Donatella Armentano
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Technologies, via Pietro Bucci, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Greta Bergamaschi
- Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (ICRM), via M. Bianco 9, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - Valeria Amendola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, v.le Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
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13
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Hooley RJ. Rings and Things: The Magic of Building Self-Assembled Cages and Macrocycles. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:3497-3499. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Hooley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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14
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Phan NM, Zakharov LN, Johnson DW. Copper(ii) serves as an efficient additive for metal-directed self-assembly of over 20 thiacyclophanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:13419-13422. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08095j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cu2+ salts are presented as an alternative to previously reported pnictogen additives in the self-assembly of 23 different thiacyclophanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc-Minh Phan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon
- Eugene
- USA
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- CAMCOR – Center for Advanced Materials Characterization in Oregon, University of Oregon
- Eugene
- USA
| | - Darren W. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon
- Eugene
- USA
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