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Bischoff IA, Morgenstern B, Zimmer M, Koldemir A, Pöttgen R, Schäfer A. Bis(tetrelocenes) - fusing tetrelocenes into close proximity. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:17928-17933. [PMID: 37981853 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02664g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and structure of two bis(germanocenes) and a bis(stannocene), obtained by the reaction of unsymmetric ansa bis(cyclopentadienyl) ligands with germanium and tin dichloride. DFT calculations show that the formation of these bis(tetrelocenes) is energetically favoured over the formation of the corresponding [1]tetrelocenophanes. In the crystal structure authenticated structural motif, the two tetrel(II) centers are forced into close proximity to each other, resulting in weak donor-acceptor interactions, according to Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) and Atoms in Molecules (AIM) analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga-Alexandra Bischoff
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Aylin Koldemir
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Rainer Pöttgen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - André Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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2
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Müller C, Schu J, Morgenstern B, Zimmer M, Schmidtmann M, Schäfer A. Phosphanyl-substituted tin half-sandwich complexes †. RSC Adv 2023; 13:10249-10253. [PMID: 37006362 PMCID: PMC10065063 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01384g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphanyl-substituted tin(ii) half sandwich complexes are reported. Due to the Lewis acidic tin center and Lewis basic phosphorous atom they form head-to-tail dimers. Their properties and reactivities were investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Furthermore, related transition metal complexes of these species are presented. Phosphanyl-substituted tin(ii) half sandwich complexes are reported, which exhibit Lewis acidic tin atoms and Lewis basic phosphorous atoms and form head-to-tail dimers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Müller
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University66123 SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Justin Schu
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University66123 SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University66123 SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University66123 SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg26129 OldenburgGermany
| | - André Schäfer
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University66123 SaarbrückenGermany
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3
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Bischoff IA, Morgenstern B, Schäfer A. Heavier N-heterocyclic half-sandwich tetrylenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8934-8937. [PMID: 35852303 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03107h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ansa-Half-sandwich complexes of the group 14 elements germanium, tin and lead are reported, which represent a new class of Lewis amphiphilic tetrylenes and bridge the gap between classical N-heterocyclic systems and group 14 metallocenes. These compounds can form complexes both with carbenes and transition metal fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga-Alexandra Bischoff
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology Saarland University Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology Saarland University Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - André Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology Saarland University Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Abstract
Although silylene-carbonyl complexes are known for decades, only recently isolable examples have been accomplished. In this work, the bonding situation is re-evaluated to explain the origins of their remarkable stability within the Kohn-Sham molecular orbital theory framework. It is shown that the chemical bond can be understood as CO interaction with the silylene via a donor-acceptor interaction: a σ-donation from the σCO into the empty p-orbital of silicon, and a π-back donation from the sp2 lone pair of silicon into the π*CO antibonding orbitals. Notably, it was established that the driving force behind the surprisingly stable Si-CO compounds, however, is another π-back donation from a perpendicular bonding R-Si σ-orbital into the π*CO antibonding orbitals. Consequently, the pyramidalization of the central silicon atom cannot be associated with the strength of the π-back donation, in sharp contrast to the established chemical bonding model. Considering this additional bonding interaction not only shed light on the bonding situation, but is also an indispensable key for broadening the scope of silylene-carbonyl chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Sergeieva
- Inorganic and Computational Chemistry GroupChemistry DepartmentSaarland UniversityCampus C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Debdeep Mandal
- Inorganic and Computational Chemistry GroupChemistry DepartmentSaarland UniversityCampus C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Inorganic and Computational Chemistry GroupChemistry DepartmentSaarland UniversityCampus C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
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5
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Müller C, Warken J, Huch V, Morgenstern B, Bischoff I, Zimmer M, Schäfer A. Diphosphanylmetallocenes of Main-Group Elements. Chemistry 2021; 27:6500-6510. [PMID: 33411379 PMCID: PMC8252418 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Several 1,1'-diphosphanyl-substituted metallocenes of magnesium (magnesocenes) were synthesized, structurally characterized, and their reactivity and coordination chemistry were investigated. Transmetalation of these magnesocenes gives access to group 14 metallocenes (tetrelocenes), as well as to group 15 stibonocenes. These s- and p-block metallocenes represent a novel class of bis(phosphanyl) ligands, exhibiting Lewis-amphiphilic character. Their coordination chemistry towards different transition-metal and main-group fragments was investigated and different complexes are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Müller
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and TechnologyDepartment of ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken66123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Joshua Warken
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and TechnologyDepartment of ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken66123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Volker Huch
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and TechnologyDepartment of ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken66123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and TechnologyDepartment of ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken66123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Inga‐Alexandra Bischoff
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and TechnologyDepartment of ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken66123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and TechnologyDepartment of ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken66123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - André Schäfer
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and TechnologyDepartment of ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken66123SaarbrückenGermany
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6
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Borthakur B, Ghosh B, Phukan AK. The flourishing chemistry of carbene stabilized compounds of group 13 and 14 elements. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Abstract
Metallocenes with interlinked cyclopentadienide ligands are commonly referred to as ansa-metallocenes or metallocenophanes. These can have drastically different properties than their unbridged parent compounds. While this concept is best known for transition metals such as iron, it can also be adopted for many main-group elements. This review aims to summarize recent advances in the field of metallocenophanes based on main-group elements of group 2, group 13, group 14 and group 15, focusing on synthesis, structure and properties of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wirtz
- Faculty of Natural Science and TechnologyDepartment of ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken66123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - André Schäfer
- Faculty of Natural Science and TechnologyDepartment of ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken66123SaarbrückenGermany
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Schorpp M, Krossing I. Stack by Stack: From the Free Cyclopentadienylgermanium Cation Via Heterobimetallic Main-Group Sandwiches to Main-Group Sandwich Coordination Polymers. Chemistry 2020; 26:14109-14117. [PMID: 32745294 PMCID: PMC7702131 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Heterobimetallic cationic sandwich complexes [M(μ-Cp)M'Cp]+ of group 13 (M=Ga, In) and group 14 (M'=Ge, Sn) elements have been prepared as [WCA]- salts (WCA=Al(ORF )4 ; ORF =OC(CF3 )3 ). Their molecular structures include free apical gallium or indium atoms. The sandwich complexes were formed in the reactions of [M(HMB)]+ [WCA]- (HMB=C6 Me6 ) with the free metallocenes [M'Cp2 ]. Their structures are related to known stannocene and stannocenium salts; the unprecedented germanium analogues, namely the free germanocenium cation [GeCp]+ and the corresponding triple-decker complex cation [CpGe(μ-Cp)GeCp]+ , are described herein. By variation of the reaction conditions, these sandwich complexes can be transformed into the group 13/14 mixed cationic coordination polymer [{In(HMB)(μ-SnCp2 )}n ][WCA]n . This polymeric chain motif was also successfully replicated by the synthesis of complexes [{Ga/In(HMB)(μ-FeCp2 )}n ][WCA]n containing FeCp2 as a bridging ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schorpp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Albert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Albert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
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Haider W, Huch V, Morgenstern B, Schäfer A. Donor-Stabilized Monocarba-Bridged Bis(cyclopentadienyl)alanes. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:1095-1099. [PMID: 33163326 PMCID: PMC7607447 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Five monocarba-bridged bis(cyclopentadienyl)aluminum halide NHC and thione complexes and one monocarba-bridged bis(cyclopentadienyl)phosphanylalane NHC complex are reported. The former were synthesized by transmetalation of a C[1]magnesocenophane with the corresponding aluminum(III) chloride and aluminum(III) bromide donor adducts. The phosphanylalane complex was obtained by a subsequent functionalization of the corresponding bromoalane with lithium diphenylphosphide. All complexes were characterized in solution by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and in the solid state by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Bonding energies of the NHC and thione ligands to the aluminum centres were estimated by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Haider
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and TechnologyDepartment of ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken66123SaarbrückenSaarland (Federal Republic ofGermany
| | - Volker Huch
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and TechnologyDepartment of ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken66123SaarbrückenSaarland (Federal Republic ofGermany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and TechnologyDepartment of ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken66123SaarbrückenSaarland (Federal Republic ofGermany
| | - André Schäfer
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and TechnologyDepartment of ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus Saarbrücken66123SaarbrückenSaarland (Federal Republic ofGermany
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10
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Danés S, Müller C, Wirtz L, Huch V, Block T, Pöttgen R, Schäfer A, Andrada DM. Bonding Situation in Stannocene and Plumbocene N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Danés
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Carsten Müller
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Lisa Wirtz
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Volker Huch
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Theresa Block
- University of Münster, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Rainer Pöttgen
- University of Münster, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - André Schäfer
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Saarland University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
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11
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Coughlin O, Krämer T, Benjamin SL. Diverse structure and reactivity of pentamethylcyclopentadienyl antimony(iii) cations. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:1726-1730. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00024h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rare examples of Sb(iii) cations which are not supported by coordinative bonds demonstrate Lewis acidic reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Coughlin
- Department of Chemistry and Forensics
- Nottingham Trent University
- Nottingham
- UK
| | - Tobias Krämer
- Department of Chemistry
- Maynooth University
- Maynooth
- Ireland
| | - Sophie L. Benjamin
- Department of Chemistry and Forensics
- Nottingham Trent University
- Nottingham
- UK
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12
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Wirtz L, Jourdain M, Huch V, Zimmer M, Schäfer A. Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Disiloxa[3]tetrelocenophanes. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:18355-18360. [PMID: 31720537 PMCID: PMC6844111 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tetramethyldisiloxa[3]metallocenophanes of the heavy group 14 elements germanium, 2a, tin, 2b, and lead, 2c, (tetrelocenophanes) have been synthesized by the reaction of dilithiated ligand, 1, with the corresponding element(II) chloride. The plumbocenophane, 2c, forms one-dimensional coordination polymers in the solid state, while the germanocenophane, 2a, and the stannocenophane, 2b, are monomeric. Furthermore, the reactivity of the stannocenophane, 2b, and the plumbocenophane, 2c, toward N-heterocyclic carbenes was explored. Although the coordination of carbene is reversible in solution at room temperature, the corresponding carbene complexes, 3a,b, could be structurally characterized, illustrating the Lewis acidity of the central atom in these metallocenophanes.
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13
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Krüger J, Wölper C, John L, Song L, Schreiner PR, Schulz S. Syntheses, Structures, and Bonding Analyses of Carbene‐Stabilized Stibinidenes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krüger
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstr. 5–7, S07 S03 C30, D ‐45117 Essen Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstr. 5–7, S07 S03 C30, D ‐45117 Essen Germany
| | - Lukas John
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstr. 5–7, S07 S03 C30, D ‐45117 Essen Germany
| | - Lijuan Song
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Justus Liebig University Heinrich‐Buff‐Ring 17, D ‐35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Justus Liebig University Heinrich‐Buff‐Ring 17, D ‐35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstr. 5–7, S07 S03 C30, D ‐45117 Essen Germany
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14
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Müller C, Andrada DM, Bischoff IA, Zimmer M, Huch V, Steinbrück N, Schäfer A. Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding Analysis of Tin(II) Dihalide and Cyclopentadienyltin(II) Halide (Alkyl)(amino)carbene Complexes. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Müller
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Inga-Alexandra Bischoff
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Volker Huch
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Nils Steinbrück
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - André Schäfer
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
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