1
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Woern K, Poddel'sky AI, Mayer A, Schrenk C, Schnepf A, Klementyeva SV. A Series of Cyclopentadienyl Lanthanum Complexes with Metalloid Germanium Clusters. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 38984981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
A series of cyclopentadienyllanthanum complexes with the disilylated metalloid germanium cluster [Ge9(Hyp)2]2- [Hyp = Si(SiMe3)3] has been prepared and fully characterized. The synthetic procedure is based on the salt metathesis reaction of two different cyclopentadienyllanthanum diiodides CpLaI2 (Cp: Cp*, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl; Cpttt, 1,2,4-tri-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl) with K2[Ge9(Hyp)2] in tetrahydrofuran (THF) with a subsequent extraction with n-hexane. The composition of the obtained compounds and the mode of coordination of the germanium cluster to the rare-earth metal are strongly influenced by the steric demand of the cyclopentadienyl ligands and the crystallization conditions. The centrosymmetric dimeric compounds with the common formula [CpLa(solv)(η2,3-Ge9(Hyp)2)]2 [1, Cp = Cp*, solv-THF; 2, Cp = Cpttt, solv-NCCH2C(Me)NSiMe3] have been isolated by the slow evaporation of a n-hexane solution, while a mononuclear complex [CptttLa(THF)2(η3-Ge9(Hyp)2)] (4) was found by crystallization from THF. The repeated recrystallization of 1 from n-hexane afforded the asymmetric dimer [Cp*La(THF)(η2,3-Ge9(Hyp)2)][Cp*La(η2,3-Ge9(Hyp)2)] (3) with only one coordinated THF molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Woern
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrey I Poddel'sky
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 275, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alex Mayer
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudio Schrenk
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schnepf
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Svetlana V Klementyeva
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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2
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Giarrana L, Zimmer M, Morgenstern B, Scheschkewitz D. Tetrylene-Functionalized Si 7-Siliconoids. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 38502920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The core expansion of metallic or metalloid clusters by the addition of further homo- or heteronuclear vertices is pivotal to the nucleation and growth of particles. The exohedral grafting of a low-valent functionality followed by endohedral incorporation have been identified as key steps. Following previous work on the Si6 series, we now report the synthesis and full characterization of the amidinatotetrylene-functionalized seven-vertex siliconoids Si7R5[E(NtBu)2CPh] (E = Si, Ge, Sn). In the case of the silylene derivative, the solid-state structure was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Giarrana
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Service Center X-ray Diffraction, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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3
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Klementyeva SV, Woern K, Schrenk C, Zhang M, Khusniyarov MM, Schnepf A. [(thf) 5Ln(Ge 9{Si(SiMe 3) 3} 2)] (Ln = Eu, Sm, Yb): Capping Metalloid Germanium Cluster with Lanthanides. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5614-5621. [PMID: 36967670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of three neutral complexes with different coordination modes of a di-silylated metalloid germanium cluster to divalent lanthanides [(thf)5Ln(ηn-Ge9(Hyp)2)] (Ln = Yb (1, n = 1); Eu (2, n = 2, 3), Sm (3, n = 2, 3); Hyp = Si(SiMe3)3) by the salt metathesis of LnI2 with K2[Ge9(Hyp)2] in THF. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance and UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In thf solution, the formation of contact or solvate-separated ion pairs depending on the concentration is assumed. Compound 2 exhibits a blue luminescence typical for Eu2+. The solid-state magnetic measurements of compounds 2 and 3 confirm the presence of divalent europium and samarium, respectively.
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4
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Sinha S, Giri S, Chakraborty A. Exploring an intermolecular Ge/B frustrated Lewis pair from a multicentre Zintl Lewis base. Theor Chem Acc 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-023-02961-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Kunz T, Şahin O, Schnepf A. Three different ways for the synthesis of the metalloid cluster [Ge
9
(Hyp
t
BuPh2
)
3
]
−. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Kunz
- Chemistry Department University Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 D-72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Orhan Şahin
- Chemistry Department University Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 D-72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Andreas Schnepf
- Chemistry Department University Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 D-72076 Tübingen Germany
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6
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Townrow OPE, Duckett SB, Weller AS, Goicoechea JM. Zintl cluster supported low coordinate Rh( i) centers for catalytic H/D exchange between H 2 and D 2. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7626-7633. [PMID: 35872810 PMCID: PMC9242017 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02552c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of the coordinatively unsaturated Zintl clusters [Rh(L){η3-Ge9(Hyp)3}] (where L = PMe3, PPh3, IMe4 or [W(Cp)2H2]). These species are active catalysts in H/D exchange and C–H bond activation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P. E. Townrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | | | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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7
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Schnepf A, Gienger C. Substitution of Hyp (Hyp = Si(SiMe3)3) at metalloid [Ge9(Hyp)3]- clusters using phosphine stabilized Au(I)Cl. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:14207-14213. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01665f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present two new intermetalloid cluster compounds [(nBu3P)AuGe9(Hyp)2Au(PnBu3)]2 (1) and [Au(iPr2POC6H4OPiPr2)AuGe9(Hyp)2]2 (2) which are obtained from the reaction of KGe9(Hyp)3 (Hyp = Si(SiMe3)3) with respective Au(I) phosphine precursors. The products...
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8
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Klementyeva SV, Schrenk C, Zhang M, Khusniyarov MM, Schnepf A. (thf) 2Ln(Ge 9{Si(SiMe 3) 3} 3) 2 (Ln = Eu, Sm): the first coordination of metalloid germanium clusters to lanthanides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4730-4733. [PMID: 33977949 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01151k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, structure and magnetic properties of the first rare earth complexes of metalloid group 14 clusters [(thf)2Ln(Ge9Hyp3)2] (Ln = Eu, Sm, Hyp = Si(SiMe3)3). X-Ray crystallographic analysis and DFT calculations reveal a novel η2-coordination mode of the Ge9Hyp3 units and a slight distortion of the Ge9 cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V Klementyeva
- Chemistry Department, University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Claudio Schrenk
- Chemistry Department, University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Minghui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstraße 1, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Marat M Khusniyarov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstraße 1, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Andreas Schnepf
- Chemistry Department, University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
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9
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Wallach C, Geitner FS, Karttunen AJ, Fässler TF. Boranyl-Functionalized [Ge 9 ] Clusters: Providing the Idea of Intramolecular Ge/B Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2648-2653. [PMID: 33090635 PMCID: PMC7898805 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The unique three-dimensional structure of spherical, homoatomic nine-atom germanium clusters opens various possibilities for the spatial arrangement of functional groups. Ligands comprising lone pairs have recently been introduced in the cluster sphere, and we now report the addition of a boranyl group to the cluster featuring a Ge-B exo-cluster bond. The reaction of the twofold-silylated cluster [Ge9 {Si(TMS)3 }2 ]2- (TMS=trimethylsilyl) with 2-chloro-1,3,2-diazaborolidines DABR -Cl leads to the first boranyl-functionalized [Ge9 ] clusters [Ge9 {Si(TMS)3 }2 DABR ]- (R=methyl (1 a), iso-propyl (2 a), ortho-tolyl (3 a)). The anions 2 a and 3 a were structurally characterized as [NHCDipp Cu]+ complexes (NHCDipp =1,3-di(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolylidine) through single crystal X-ray structure determination. Quantum-chemical calculations manifest the frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) character of the boranyl-functionalized cluster [Ge9 {Si(TMS)3 }2 BCy2 ]- (4 a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wallach
- Department ChemieTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747Garching b. MünchenGermany
| | - Felix S. Geitner
- Department ChemieTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747Garching b. MünchenGermany
| | - Antti J. Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials ScienceAalto University00076AaltoFinland
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Department ChemieTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747Garching b. MünchenGermany
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10
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Wallach C, Geitner FS, Karttunen AJ, Fässler TF. Boranyl‐Functionalized [Ge
9
] Clusters: Providing the Idea of Intramolecular Ge/B Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wallach
- Department Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching b. München Germany
| | - Felix S. Geitner
- Department Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching b. München Germany
| | - Antti J. Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Aalto University 00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Department Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching b. München Germany
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11
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Townrow OPE, Weller AS, Goicoechea JM. Cluster expansion and vertex substitution pathways in nickel germanide Zintl clusters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7132-7135. [PMID: 34180473 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02912f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We describe the reactivity of the hypersilyl-functionalized Zintl cluster salt K[Ge9(Hyp)3] towards the nickel reagents Ni(COD)2 and Ni(Cp)2, which gives rise to markedly different complexes. In the case of Ni(COD)2 (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene), a dianionic sandwich-like cluster [Ni{Ge9(Hyp)3}2]2- (1) was obtained, in line with a simple ligand substitution reaction of COD by [Ge9(Hyp)3]-. By contrast, when an analogous reaction with Ni(Cp)2 (Cp = cyclopentadienyl) was performed, vertex substitution of the [Ge9(Hyp)3]- precursor was observed, giving rise to the nine-vertex nido-cluster (Cp)Ni[Ge8(Hyp)3] (2). This is the first instance of vertex substitution at a hypersilyl-functionalized Zintl cluster cage. The electrochemical behavior of these compounds was explored and showed reversible redox behaviour for both clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P E Townrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | | | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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12
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Townrow OE, Chung C, Macgregor SA, Weller AS, Goicoechea JM. A Neutral Heteroatomic Zintl Cluster for the Catalytic Hydrogenation of Cyclic Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18330-18335. [PMID: 33052653 PMCID: PMC7596751 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis of an alkane-soluble Zintl cluster, [η4-Ge9(Hyp)3]Rh(COD), that can catalytically hydrogenate cyclic alkenes such as 1,5-cyclooctadiene and cis-cyclooctene. This is the first example of a well-defined Zintl-cluster-based homogeneous catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver
P. E. Townrow
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12
Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Cheuk Chung
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12
Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Stuart A. Macgregor
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Andrew S. Weller
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12
Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
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13
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Geitner FS, Fässler TF. Cluster Expansion versus Complex Formation: Coinage Metal Coordination to Silylated [Ge 9] Cages. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:15218-15227. [PMID: 33017536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Deltahedral nine-atom tetrel element Zintl clusters are promising building blocks for the straightforward solution-based synthesis of intermetalloid clusters through the reaction with organometallic compounds. Herein we report on novel coordination sites of metal-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes to [Ge9] clusters and unexpected cluster isomerization. We present the synthesis of a series of coinage metal-NHC complexes of silylated [Ge9] clusters [NHCiPrCu(η4-Ge9{Si(TMS)3}3)] (1; TMS = trimethylsilyl) and [NHCRM(η4-Ge9{Si(TMS)3}2)]- (2a, M = Cu, R = iPr; 3a, M = Cu, R = Mes; 4a, M = Cu, R = Dipp; 5a, M = Ag, R = Dipp; 6a, M = Au, R = Dipp), in which the coinage metals coordinate to open rectangular cluster faces and act as additional cluster vertex atoms. Besides representing promising intermediates on the way to larger intermetalloid clusters, the formation of compound 1 shows that Cu-NHC fragments also coordinate to the open-square Ge faces of the tris-silylated [Ge9] clusters, contrasting the typical interactions with triangular faces of tris-silylated [Ge9] clusters. In compounds 3a and 4a bearing bulky NHC moieties, an unusual silyl group substitution pattern is observed in contrast to 2a, which corresponds to the silyl group arrangement of other metal complexes of bis-silylated [Ge9] clusters. In this context, potential silyl group migration mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix S Geitner
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Thomas F Fässler
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching b. München, Germany
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