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Tamargo IA, Baek KI, Kim Y, Park C, Jo H. Flow-induced reprogramming of endothelial cells in atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol 2023; 20:738-753. [PMID: 37225873 PMCID: PMC10206587 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00883-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic diseases such as myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke and peripheral artery disease continue to be leading causes of death worldwide despite the success of treatments with cholesterol-lowering drugs and drug-eluting stents, raising the need to identify additional therapeutic targets. Interestingly, atherosclerosis preferentially develops in curved and branching arterial regions, where endothelial cells are exposed to disturbed blood flow with characteristic low-magnitude oscillatory shear stress. By contrast, straight arterial regions exposed to stable flow, which is associated with high-magnitude, unidirectional shear stress, are relatively well protected from the disease through shear-dependent, atheroprotective endothelial cell responses. Flow potently regulates structural, functional, transcriptomic, epigenomic and metabolic changes in endothelial cells through mechanosensors and mechanosignal transduction pathways. A study using single-cell RNA sequencing and chromatin accessibility analysis in a mouse model of flow-induced atherosclerosis demonstrated that disturbed flow reprogrammes arterial endothelial cells in situ from healthy phenotypes to diseased ones characterized by endothelial inflammation, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, endothelial-to-immune cell-like transition and metabolic changes. In this Review, we discuss this emerging concept of disturbed-flow-induced reprogramming of endothelial cells (FIRE) as a potential pro-atherogenic mechanism. Defining the flow-induced mechanisms through which endothelial cells are reprogrammed to promote atherosclerosis is a crucial area of research that could lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets to combat the high prevalence of atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Tamargo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kyung In Baek
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yerin Kim
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christian Park
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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CHENG X, ZHAO C, JIN Z, HU J, ZHANG Z, ZHANG C. Natural products: potential therapeutic agents for atherosclerosis. Chin J Nat Med 2022; 20:830-845. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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DiNicolantonio JJ, McCarty MF, Assanga SI, Lujan LL, O'Keefe JH. Ferulic acid and berberine, via Sirt1 and AMPK, may act as cell cleansing promoters of healthy longevity. Open Heart 2022; 9:openhrt-2021-001801. [PMID: 35301252 PMCID: PMC8932268 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2021-001801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferulic acid, a bacterial metabolite of anthocyanins, seems likely to be a primary mediator of the health benefits associated with anthocyanin-rich diets, and has long been employed in Chinese cardiovascular medicine. In rodent studies, it has exerted wide-ranging antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, the molecular basis of which remains rather obscure. However, recent studies indicate that physiologically relevant concentrations of ferulic acid can boost expression of Sirt1 at mRNA and protein levels in a range of tissues. Sirt1, a class III deacetylase, functions to detect a paucity of oxidisable substrate, and in response works in various ways to promote cellular survival and healthful longevity. Sirt1 promotes ‘cell cleansing’ and cell survival by boosting autophagy, mitophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, phase 2 induction of antioxidant enzymes via Nrf2, and DNA repair—while inhibiting NF-kB-driven inflammation, apoptosis, and cellular senescence, and boosting endothelial expression of the protective transcription factor kruppel-like factor 2. A deficit of the latter appears to mediate the endothelial toxicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Ferulic acid also enhances the activation of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) by increasing expression and activity of its activating kinase LKB1—whereas AMPK in turn amplifies Sirt1 activity by promoting induction of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltranferase, rate-limiting for generation of Sirt1’s obligate substrate NAD+. Curiously, AMPK acts by independent mechanisms to potentiate many of the effects mediated by Sirt1. Hence, it is proposed that ferulic acid may exert complementary or synergistic health-promoting effects when used in conjunction with clinically useful AMPK activators, such as the nutraceutical berberine. Additional nutraceuticals which might have potential for amplifying certain protective effects of ferulic acid/berberine are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J DiNicolantonio
- Preventive Cardiology, Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Simon Iloki Assanga
- Department of Research and Postgraduate in Food Science, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Lidianys Lewis Lujan
- Department of Research and Postgraduate in Food Science, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - James H O'Keefe
- Charles and Barbara Duboc Cardio Health & Wellness Center, St Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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The Role of KLF2 in the Regulation of Atherosclerosis Development and Potential Use of KLF2-Targeted Therapy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020254. [PMID: 35203463 PMCID: PMC8869605 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Kruppel like factor 2 (KLF2) is a mechanosensitive transcription factor participating in the regulation of vascular endothelial cells metabolism. Activating KLF2 in endothelial cells induces eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) expression, subsequent NO (nitric oxide) release, and vasodilatory effect. In addition, many KLF2-regulated genes participate in the anti-thrombotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, thereby preventing atherosclerosis development and progression. In this review, we summarise recent evidence suggesting that KLF2 plays a major role in regulating atheroprotective effects in endothelial cells. We also discuss several recently identified repurposed drugs and natural plant-based bioactive compounds with KLF2-mediated atheroprotective activities. Herein, we present a comprehensive overview of the role of KLF2 in atherosclerosis and as a pharmacological target for different drugs and natural compounds and highlight the potential application of these phytochemicals for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Simvastatin Improves Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury through KLF-Regulated Alleviation of Inflammation. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:7878602. [PMID: 35059045 PMCID: PMC8766176 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7878602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To clarify the protective effect of simvastatin on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI) and the underlying mechanism. Materials and Methods. The MIRI model in rats was firstly constructed. Twenty-four male rats were randomly assigned into the sham group, ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) group, and simvastatin group, with 8 rats in each group. Contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as serum levels of CK and inflammatory factors, in rats were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the three groups was examined. Through flow cytometry and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, apoptosis and viability in each group were detected, respectively. Relative levels of HMGB1, Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), eNOS, and thrombomodulin (TM) were finally determined. Results. Simvastatin treatment markedly enhanced SOD activity and reduced contents of MDA, LDH, and creatine kinase (CK) in MIRI rats. The increased apoptosis and decreased viability following MIRI were partially reversed by simvastatin treatment. Besides, MIRI resulted in the upregulation of inflammatory factors and chemokines. Their elevations were abolished by simvastatin. In MIRI rats, simvastatin upregulated KLF2 and p-eNOS. Conclusions. Simvastatin protects inflammatory response at post-MIRI through upregulating KLF2, thus improving cardiac function.
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Xie W, Hu W, Huang Z, Li M, Zhang H, Huang X, Yao P. Betulinic acid accelerates diabetic wound healing by modulating hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and glucose intolerance. BURNS & TRAUMA 2022; 10:tkac007. [PMID: 35415192 PMCID: PMC8993492 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes significantly delays wound healing through oxidative stress, inflammation and impaired re-epithelialization that lead to defective regulation of the healing process, although the related mechanism remains unclear. Here, we aim to investigate the potential role and mechanism for the beneficial effect of betulinic acid (BA) on diabetic wound healing. METHODS The molecular effect of BA on hyperglycemia-mediated gene expression, oxidative stress, inflammation and glucose uptake was evaluated in endothelial, fibroblast and muscle cells. Burn injury was introduced to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and BA administration through either an intraperitoneal (IP) or topical (TOP) technique was used for wound treatment. Glucose tolerance was evaluated in both muscle tissue and fibroblasts, while oxidative stress and inflammation were determined in both the circulatory system and in wound tissues. The effect of BA on the wound healing process was also evaluated. RESULTS BA treatment reversed hyperglycemia-induced glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) suppression in both muscle and fibroblast cells. This treatment also partly reversed hyperglycemia-mediated suppression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling and nuclear factor NFκB p65 subunit (NFκB p65) activation in endothelial cells. An in vivo rat study showed that BA administration ameliorated diabetes-mediated glucose intolerance and partly attenuated diabetes-mediated oxidative stress and inflammation in both the circulatory system and wound tissues. BA administration by both IP and TOP techniques significantly accelerated diabetic wound healing, while BA administration by either IP or TOP methods alone had a significantly lower effect. CONCLUSIONS BA treatment ameliorates hyperglycemia-mediated glucose intolerance, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation. Administration of BA by both IP and TOP techniques was found to significantly accelerate diabetic wound healing, indicating that BA could be a potential therapeutic candidate for diabetic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Xie
- Institute of Burns, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
| | - Weigang Hu
- Institute of Burns, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Huang
- Institute of Burns, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Burns, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- Institute of Burns, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
| | - Paul Yao
- Institute of Burns, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
- Correspondence.
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Liu R, Wang SM, Guo SJ, Ma MM, Fu YL. Histone deacetylase inhibitor attenuates intestinal mucosal injury in fatally scalded rats. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:54. [PMID: 35282042 PMCID: PMC8848362 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-5766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Severe burns, trauma and shock can cause intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction, which can lead to intestinal endotoxemia and even sepsis and multi-organ dysfunction. Many studies have shown that histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) can improve cell tolerance to hypoxia and inflammation, thus protecting the functions of important organs in the body, and at the same time, inhibiting the degradation of tight junction (TJ) proteins, protecting the intercellular barrier, and reducing tissue edema and organ damage. However, the mechanism is unclear. Methods Eighty male Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 280-300 g) with a 50% total body surface area full-thickness dermal burn were randomly assigned to 4 groups (20 rats/group): sham control (SC group), scald + normal saline (SN group), scald + 2-methyl-2pentenoic acid (2M2P group), and scald + valproic acid (VPA group). After scalding, we measured the following parameters at various time intervals postburn injury: intestinal mucosal injury score, diamine oxidase (DAO) activity, intestinal protein expression of acetyl histone H3 at K9 (Ac-H3K9), hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), erythropoietin (EPO), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) content, nitric oxide (NO) content, and intestinal mucosal blood flow (IMBF). Results Intestinal mucosa showed significant morphologic injury at 4 and 8 hours after scalding that was attenuated by VPA. DAO activity in the VPA group was significantly decreased compared with the other scald groups. At 4 and 8 hours after scalding, VPA enhanced Ac-H3K9 and ZO-1 expression and decreased HIF-1α and EPO expression in the intestine compared with the other scald groups. At 4 and 8 hours after scalding, eNOS and NO protein content and IMBF in the VPA group were markedly increased compared with the other scald groups. Conclusions HDACIs attenuated intestinal mucosal injury in fatally scalded rats. This may have involved VPA enhancing Ac-H3K9 and ZO-1 expression, inhibiting HIF-1α and EPO expression and inducing eNOS and NO increments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- Department of Burns, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Shu-Ming Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Si-Jia Guo
- Department of Burns, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Ming-Ming Ma
- Department of Burns, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yi-Li Fu
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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Ren Y, Elkington BG, Henkin JM, Sydara K, Kinghorn AD, Soejarto DD. Bioactive small-molecule constituents of Lao plants. JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 15:540-559. [PMID: 35178192 PMCID: PMC8849567 DOI: 10.5897/jmpr2021.7137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Laos has a rich plant diversity, and medicinal plants are used extensively in Lao traditional medicine for the treatment of a variety of human diseases. However, only a relatively small number of these plants have been investigated for their major components with potential antitumor, anti-infective, and other types of bioactivities. These species include Asparagus cochinchinensis, Diospyros quaesita, Gongronema napalense, Marsypopetalum modestum, Nauclea orientalis, Rourea minor, Stemona pierrei, and Stemona tuberosa. Thus far, the bioactive compounds isolated from these Lao plants include alkaloids, glycerol esters, phenolic compounds such as lignans and stilbenoids, steroids, and triterpenoids. Of these, the norlignan, nyasol (1b), the triterpenes, pyracrenic acid [3β-O-trans-caffeoylbetulinic acid (3)] and betulinic acid (3b), and the dimeric thiopyridine, dipyrithione (5), were found to show both cancer cell cytotoxicity and anti-infective activity. The present review focuses on examples of promising lead compounds isolated from Lao plants, with their possible development as potential therapeutic agents being discussed. It is hoped that this contribution will provide useful information on higher plants growing in Laos to help stimulate future discoveries of potential agents for the treatment of cancer, infections, and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Ren
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Bethany G. Elkington
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
- Science and Education, Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605, United States
| | - Joshua M. Henkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
- Science and Education, Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605, United States
| | - Kongmany Sydara
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - A. Douglas Kinghorn
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Djaja D. Soejarto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
- Science and Education, Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605, United States
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Park JS, Lee GH, Jin SW, Pham TH, Thai TN, Kim JY, Kim CY, Han EH, Hwang YP, Choi CY, Jeong HG. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor regulates the KLF2-dependent eNOS expression by activating of Ca 2+ and EGFR signaling pathway in human endothelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114721. [PMID: 34363795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is important for maintaining normal blood vessel function by preventing endothelial cell dysfunction. It has been reported that G-1, an agonist of GPER, increases nitric oxide (NO) production through the phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). However, the effect of GPER activation on eNOS expression has not been studied. Our results show that G-1 significantly increased the expression of eNOS and Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) in human endothelial EA.hy926 cells. The individual silences of KLF2 and GPER attenuated G-1-induced eNOS expression. In addition, inhibition of the Gαq and Gβγ suppressed G-1-induced the expression of eNOS and KLF2 in EA.hy926 cells. Interestingly, these effects were similar in HUVECs. Furthermore, we found that GPER-mediated Ca2+ signaling increased the phosphorylation of CaMKKβ, AMPK, and CaMKIIα in the cells. The phosphorylation of histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) by activation of AMPK and CaMKIIα increased the expression of eNOS via transcriptional activity of KLF2. We further demonstrate that GPER activation increased the phosphorylation of Src, EGFR, ERK5, and MEF2C and consequently induced the expression of eNOS and KLF2. Meanwhile, inhibition of ERK5 and HDAC5 suppressed the expression of eNOS and KLF2 induced by G-1 in the cells. These findings suggest that GPER provides a novel mechanism for understanding the regulation of eNOS expression and is an essential therapeutic target in preventing cardiovascular-related endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Song Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Ho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Woo Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Hoa Pham
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuyet Ngan Thai
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Yeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Han
- Drug & Disease Target Research Team, Division of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Pil Hwang
- Fisheries Promotion Division, Mokpo City, Mokpo 58613, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Yung Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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