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Ndlovu N, Kachapur RM, Beyene Y, Das B, Ogugo V, Makumbi D, Spillane C, McKeown PC, Prasanna BM, Gowda M. Linkage mapping and genomic prediction of grain quality traits in tropical maize ( Zea mays L.). Front Genet 2024; 15:1353289. [PMID: 38456017 PMCID: PMC10918846 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1353289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The suboptimal productivity of maize systems in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is a pressing issue, with far-reaching implications for food security, nutrition, and livelihood sustainability within the affected smallholder farming communities. Dissecting the genetic basis of grain protein, starch and oil content can increase our understanding of the governing genetic systems, improve the efficacy of future breeding schemes and optimize the end-use quality of tropical maize. Here, four bi-parental maize populations were evaluated in field trials in Kenya and genotyped with mid-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Genotypic (G), environmental (E) and G×E variations were found to be significant for all grain quality traits. Broad sense heritabilities exhibited substantial variation (0.18-0.68). Linkage mapping identified multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the studied grain quality traits: 13, 7, 33, 8 and 2 QTLs for oil content, protein content, starch content, grain texture and kernel weight, respectively. The co-localization of QTLs identified in our research suggests the presence of shared genetic factors or pleiotropic effects, implying that specific genomic regions influence the expression of multiple grain quality traits simultaneously. Genomic prediction accuracies were moderate to high for the studied traits. Our findings highlight the polygenic nature of grain quality traits and demonstrate the potential of genomic selection to enhance genetic gains in maize breeding. Furthermore, the identified genomic regions and single nucleotide polymorphism markers can serve as the groundwork for investigating candidate genes that regulate grain quality traits in tropical maize. This, in turn, can facilitate the implementation of marker-assisted selection (MAS) in breeding programs focused on improving grain nutrient levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Ndlovu
- Agriculture and Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rajashekar M. Kachapur
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
- University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Yoseph Beyene
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Biswanath Das
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Veronica Ogugo
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dan Makumbi
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Charles Spillane
- Agriculture and Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Peter C. McKeown
- Agriculture and Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Manje Gowda
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
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Zhong Y, Tian Y, Głazowska S, Blennow A, Shen L, Zhang A, Liu D, Liu X. Periodic changes in chain lengths distribution parameters of wheat starch during endosperm development. Food Chem 2023; 424:136455. [PMID: 37263096 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the molecular structure of developing wheat endosperm starch at different stages after anthesis (DAA) using chain length distribution analysis by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis. Our results revealed periodic changes in the content of both amylose and amylopectin fractions. Specifically, the content of amylose chains with a degree of polymerization (DP) > 100 significantly decreased from 5 to 10 DAA (28% to 21%) and from 15 to 20 DAA (29% to 26%), but increased between 10 and 15 DAA (21% to 29%) and 20 to 25 DAA (30.0% to 33%). Conversely, the content of short amylopectin chains with DP ≤ 32 showed the opposite trend. Interestingly, mRNA expression levels of key starch biosynthesis genes did not exhibit periodic changes. These findings contribute to our understanding of starch biosynthesis and provide important insights for the development of starch-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyue Zhong
- Lab of Food Soft Matter Structure and Advanced Manufacturing, College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sylwia Głazowska
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisha Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Aimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dongcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China.
| | - Xingxun Liu
- Lab of Food Soft Matter Structure and Advanced Manufacturing, College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Wu W, Zhong Y, Liu Y, Xu R, Zhang X, Liu N, Guo D. A new insight into the biosynthesis, structure, and functionality of waxy maize starch under drought stress. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023. [PMID: 37005332 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought stress (DS) is the main abiotic stress that maize suffers during its whole growth period, and maize is also sensitive to DS. It had been demonstrated that DS could improve the quality of normal maize starch. However, waxy maize, which has special properties, has not been explored in depth, which limits the breeding and cultivation of waxy maize varieties and the application of waxy maize starch. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of DS on the biosynthesis, structure, and functionality of waxy maize starch. RESULTS The results showed that DS decreased the expression level of SSIIb, SSIIIa, GBSSIIa, SBEI, SBEIIb, ISAII, and PUL, but increased the expression level of SSI and SBEIIa. DS did not change the average chain length of amylopectin, while increased the relative content of fa chains (RCfa ) and decreased the RCfb1 and RCfb3 . Furthermore, DS decreased the amylose content, amorphous lamellar distance da , semi-crystalline repeat distance, and average particle size, whereas it increased the relative crystallinity, crystalline distance dc , the content of rapidly digested starch in the uncooked system and resistant starch content in both the uncooked and cooked system. CONCLUSIONS For waxy maize, DS could raise the relative expression level of SSI and SBEIIa, thus increasing RCfa . The larger number of RCfa could create steric hindrance, which can lead to producing more resistant starch in waxy maize starch. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yuyue Zhong
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Yilin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Renyuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Quality of Plant Products, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dongwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Niu L, Liu L, Zhang J, Scali M, Wang W, Hu X, Wu X. Genetic Engineering of Starch Biosynthesis in Maize Seeds for Efficient Enzymatic Digestion of Starch during Bioethanol Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043927. [PMID: 36835340 PMCID: PMC9967003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize accumulates large amounts of starch in seeds which have been used as food for human and animals. Maize starch is an importantly industrial raw material for bioethanol production. One critical step in bioethanol production is degrading starch to oligosaccharides and glucose by α-amylase and glucoamylase. This step usually requires high temperature and additional equipment, leading to an increased production cost. Currently, there remains a lack of specially designed maize cultivars with optimized starch (amylose and amylopectin) compositions for bioethanol production. We discussed the features of starch granules suitable for efficient enzymatic digestion. Thus far, great advances have been made in molecular characterization of the key proteins involved in starch metabolism in maize seeds. The review explores how these proteins affect starch metabolism pathway, especially in controlling the composition, size and features of starch. We highlight the roles of key enzymes in controlling amylose/amylopectin ratio and granules architecture. Based on current technological process of bioethanol production using maize starch, we propose that several key enzymes can be modified in abundance or activities via genetic engineering to synthesize easily degraded starch granules in maize seeds. The review provides a clue for developing special maize cultivars as raw material in the bioethanol industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjie Niu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Liangwei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jinghua Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Monica Scali
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Xiuli Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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5
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Han J, Guo Z, Wang M, Liu S, Hao Z, Zhang D, Yong H, Weng J, Zhou Z, Li M, Li X. Using the dominant mutation gene Ae1-5180 ( amylose extender) to develop high-amylose maize. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2022; 42:57. [PMID: 37313014 PMCID: PMC10248602 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-022-01323-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Maize amylose is a type of high value-added starch used for medical, food, and chemical applications. Mutations in the starch branching enzyme (SBEIIb), with recessive ae (amylose extender) and dominant Ae1-5180 alleles, are the primary way to improve maize endosperm amylose content (AC). However, studies on Ae1-5180 mutation are scarce, and its roles in starch synthesis and breeding potential are unclear. We found that the AC of the Ae1-5180 mutant was 47.23%, and its kernels were tarnished and glassy and are easily distinguished from those of the wild type (WT), indicating that the dominant mutant has the classical characteristics of the ae mutant. Starch granules of Ae1-5180 became smaller, and higher in amount with irregular shape. The degree of amylopectin polymerisation changed to induce an increase in starch thermal stability. Compared with WT, the activity of granule-bound starch synthase and starch synthase was higher in early stages and lower in later stages, and other starch synthesis enzymes decreased during kernel development in the Ae1-5180 mutant. We successfully developed a marker (mu406) for the assisted selection of 17 Ae1-5180 near isogenic lines (NILs) according to the position of insertion of the Mu1 transposon in the SBEIIb promoter of Ae1-5180. JH214/Ae1-5180, CANS-1/Ae1-5180, CA240/Ae1-5180, and Z1698/Ae1-5180 have high breeding application potential with their higher AC (> 40%) and their 100-kernel weight decreased to < 25% compared to respective recurrent parents. Therefore, using the dominant Ae1-5180 mutant as a donor can detect the kernel phenotype and AC of Ae1-5180-NILs in advance, thereby accelerating the high-amylose breeding process. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-022-01323-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jienan Han
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Zenghui Guo
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
- College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319 Heilongjiang China
| | - Meijuan Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Shiyuan Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
- College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319 Heilongjiang China
| | - Zhuanfang Hao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Degui Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Hongjun Yong
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Jianfeng Weng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Mingshun Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Xinhai Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
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6
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Wu W, Qu J, Blennow A, Herburger K, Hebelstrup KH, Guo K, Xue J, Xu R, Zhu C, Zhong Y, Guo D. The effects of drought treatments on biosynthesis and structure of maize starches with different amylose content. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 297:120045. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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7
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Reddappa SB, Chhabra R, Talukder ZA, Muthusamy V, Zunjare RU, Hossain F. Development and validation of rapid and cost-effective protocol for estimation of amylose and amylopectin in maize kernels. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:62. [PMID: 35186659 PMCID: PMC8821753 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03128-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize possesses wide variation in amylose and amylopectin which assumes significance as a part of both food-chain and different industrial applications. Estimation of amylose and amylopectin in maize kernels is important for developing suitable hybrids. The existing protocols for estimation of amylose and amylopectin in maize are elaborate and lengthy, and involve high cost. Here, we developed a rapid and cost-effective method for estimation of amylose and amylopectin in maize kernels. 10% toluene and 80% ethanol were used for removal of proteins (~ 10%) and lipids (~ 4%) from maize flour. The over-estimation of amylose was minimized using NaOH with KI to stop free KI to bind with amylopectin. Standards were improved by mixing amylose and amylopectin in different concentrations (0-100%), rather than using amylose or amylopectin alone. Standard curve generated regression equation of y = 90.436x + 0.8535 with R 2 = 0.9989. Two types of samples viz., (1) protein, amylose and amylopectin (2) amylose and amylopectin, showed that starch fractions were highly comparable to expected values with correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9998 and mean standard deviation of 0.54. The protocol successfully estimated wide range of amylose (2.79-50.04%) and amylopectin (59.96-97.21%) among diverse maize inbreds including amylose extender1 (ae1) and waxy1 (wx1) mutants. Present protocol required 75% less time and 92.5% less cost compared to existing protocols. The newly developed method would be highly useful in developing maize hybrids high in amylose or amylopectin. This is the first report of rapid and cost-effective protocol for estimation of starch fractions in maize kernels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashidhar Bayappa Reddappa
- grid.418196.30000 0001 2172 0814Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Rashmi Chhabra
- grid.418196.30000 0001 2172 0814Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Zahirul Alam Talukder
- grid.418196.30000 0001 2172 0814Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Vignesh Muthusamy
- grid.418196.30000 0001 2172 0814Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Rajkumar Uttamrao Zunjare
- grid.418196.30000 0001 2172 0814Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Firoz Hossain
- grid.418196.30000 0001 2172 0814Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
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8
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Zhang X, Wang M, Zhang C, Dai C, Guan H, Zhang R. Genetic dissection of QTLs for starch content in four maize DH populations. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:950664. [PMID: 36275573 PMCID: PMC9583244 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.950664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Starch is the principal carbohydrate source in maize kernels. Understanding the genetic basis of starch content (SC) benefits greatly in improving maize yield and optimizing end-use quality. Here, four double haploid (DH) populations were generated and were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with SC. The phenotype of SC exhibited continuous and approximate normal distribution in each population. A total of 13 QTLs for SC in maize kernels was detected in a range of 3.65-16.18% of phenotypic variation explained (PVE). Among those, only some partly overlapped with QTLs previously known to be related to SC. Meanwhile, 12 genes involved in starch synthesis and metabolism located within QTLs were identified in this study. These QTLs will lay the foundation to explore candidate genes regulating SC in maize kernel and facilitate the application of molecular marker-assisted selection for a breeding program to cultivate maize varieties with a deal of grain quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhang
- Quality and Safety Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural Technology, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | | | - Changjun Dai
- Quality and Safety Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Haitao Guan
- Quality and Safety Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ruiying Zhang
- Quality and Safety Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Ruiying Zhang
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Zheng B, Guo X, Tang Y, Chen L, Xie F. Development changes in multi-scale structure and functional properties of waxy corn starch at different stages of kernel growth. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:335-343. [PMID: 34560147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Waxy corn starch is widely used in food and papermaking industries due to its unique properties. In this work, the structural and functional properties of starch isolated from waxy corn at different stages of kernel growth were investigated and their relationships were clarified. The results showed that with kernel growth, the surface of starch granules became smooth gradually, and the inner growth rings and the porous structure grew and became clear. Meanwhile, the weight-average molecular mass (Mw), root mean square radius (Rg), and average particle size increased while the amylose content decreased, which should account for the decreased pasting temperature (from 71.37 to 67.44 °C) and increased peak viscosity (1574.2 to 1883.1 cp) and breakdown value observed. Besides, the contents of slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) in waxy corn starch decreased significantly (from 44.01% to 40.88% and from 16.73% to 9.80%, respectively, p < 0.05) due to decreases in the double helix content, crystallinity, and structural order, and increases in the semi-crystalline lamellae thickness and the amorphous content. This research provides basic data for the rational utilization of waxy corn starch at different stages of kernel growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zheng
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Starch & Protein Processing, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xinbo Guo
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Starch & Protein Processing, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yukuo Tang
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Starch & Protein Processing, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Starch & Protein Processing, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Fengwei Xie
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
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