1
|
Zhang M, Huang C, Ou J, Liu F, Ou S, Zheng J. Glyoxal in Foods: Formation, Metabolism, Health Hazards, and Its Control Strategies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2434-2450. [PMID: 38284798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Glyoxal is a highly reactive aldehyde widely present in common diet and environment and inevitably generated through various metabolic pathways in vivo. Glyoxal is easily produced in diets high in carbohydrates and fats via the Maillard reaction, carbohydrate autoxidation, and lipid peroxidation, etc. This leads to dietary intake being a major source of exogenous exposure. Exposure to glyoxal has been positively associated with a number of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. It has been demonstrated that polyphenols, probiotics, hydrocolloids, and amino acids can reduce the content of glyoxal in foods via different mechanisms, thus reducing the risk of exogenous exposure to glyoxal and alleviating carbonyl stresses in the human body. This review discussed the formation and metabolism of glyoxal, its health hazards, and the strategies to reduce such health hazards. Future investigation of glyoxal from different perspectives is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mianzhang Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Caihuan Huang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Juanying Ou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Fu Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Shiyi Ou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, Guangdong China
- Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, 510580 Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, Guangdong China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Innovation Platform for the Safety of Bakery Products, 510632 Guangzhou , China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Luo Q, Shen Y, Zhai G, Chen L, Ou F, Yi L, Yang D, Pan H, Shi F. Role of covalent modification by hepatic aldehydes in dictamnine-induced liver injury. Toxicol Lett 2024; 392:12-21. [PMID: 38128889 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Dictamnine is a representative furan-containing hepatotoxic compound. Administration of dictamnine caused acute liver injury in mice and the metabolic activation of furan to reactive epoxy intermediate was responsible for the hepatotoxicity. This study aimed to characterize the protein adduction by endogenous hepatic aldehydes and investigate its role in dictamnine-induced hepatotoxicity. In the liver sample of dictamnine-treated mice, the protein adduction by five aldehydes was characterized as lysine residue-aldehyde adducts using high-resolution UPLC-Q/Orbitrap MS after exhaustive proteolytic digestion. The levels of protein adduct were increased at 2-3 h after the treatment with dictamnine. The formation of protein adduction increased with increasing doses of dictamnine. Inhibition of the bioactivation by CYP3A inhibitor ketoconazole prevented the protein adduction. Treatment with 2,3-dihydro-dictamnine, an analog of dictamnine that was unable to form the epoxy intermediate, did not lead to an increase in protein adduction. Application of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 activator ALDA-1 or nucleophilic trapping reagent N-acetyl-L-lysine significantly reduced the protein adduction and attenuated dictamnine-induced liver injury without affecting the bioactivation. In conclusion, the metabolic activation of the furan ring of dictamnine resulted in the protein adduction by multiple hepatic aldehydes and the protein modification played a crucial role in dictamnine-induced liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Guohong Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Furong Ou
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Luxi Yi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Danli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Hong Pan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China.
| | - Fuguo Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sultana R, Parveen A, Kang MC, Hong SM, Kim SY. Glyoxal-derived advanced glycation end products (GO-AGEs) with UVB critically induce skin inflammaging: in vitro and in silico approaches. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1843. [PMID: 38246969 PMCID: PMC10800344 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have potential implications on several diseases including skin inflammation and aging. AGEs formation can be triggered by several factors such as UVB, glyoxal and methylglyoxal etc. However, little attention has been paid to glyoxal-derived AGEs (GO-AGEs) and UVB-induced skin inflammaging, with none have investigated together. This study aimed to investigate the possible role of GO-AGEs and UVB in skin inflammaging focusing on revealing its molecular mechanisms. The effects of GO-AGEs in the presence or absence of UVB were studied by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting, qPCR, flow cytometry and in silico approaches. In HaCaT cells, GO-AGEs in the presence of UVB irradiation (125 mJ/cm2) dramatically enhanced the release of different pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) with further activation of RAGE signaling pathways (NF-κB, COX 2, and IL- 1β) and increased oxidative stress also noticed in NHEK cells. In NHDF cells, extracellular matrix disruption noted via increasing matrix metalloproteinase release and decreasing collagen type 1 and SIRT1 expression. Besides that, the docking scores obtained from the molecular docking study support the above-mentioned results. This study strongly suggests the pivotal role of GO-AGEs in skin inflammaging and illuminates novel molecular pathways for searching most effective and updated anti-aging therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Razia Sultana
- Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Korea
| | - Amna Parveen
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Korea
| | - Min-Cheol Kang
- MetaCen Therapeutics Company, # Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Min Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Korea.
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li N, Wu X, Liu H, Xie D, Hao S, Lu Z, Quan W, Chen J, Xu H, Li M. Effect of edible oil type on the formation of protein-bound N ε-(carboxymethyl)lysine in roasted pork patties. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113628. [PMID: 37986479 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein-bound Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), an advanced glycation end product within meat products, poses a potential health risk to humans. The objective of this study was to explore the impact of various edible oils on the formation of protein-bound CML in roasted pork patties. Eleven commercially edible oils including lard oil, corn oil, palm oil, olive oil, flaxseed oil, blended oil, camellia oil, walnut oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, and colza oil were added to pork tenderloin mince, respectively, at a proportion of 4 % to prepare raw pork patties. The protein-bound CML contents in the pork patties were determined by HPLC-MS/MS before and after roasting at 200 °C for 20 min. The results indicated that walnut oil, flaxseed oil, colza oil, olive oil, lard oil, corn oil, blended oil, and palm oil significantly reduced the accumulation of protein-bound CML in pork patties, of which the inhibition rate was in the 24.43 %-37.96 % range. Moreover, the addition of edible oil contributed to a marginal reduction in the loss of lysine. Meanwhile, glyoxal contents in pork patties were reduced by 16.72 %-43.21 % after roasting. Other than blend oil, all the other edible oils restrained protein oxidation in pork patties to varying degrees (between 20.16 % and 61.26 %). In addition, camellia oil, walnut oil, and flaxseed oil increased TBARS values of pork patties by 2.2-8.6 times when compared to the CON group. After analyzing the fatty acid compositions of eleven edible oils, five main fatty acids (palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid) were selected to establish Myofibrillar protein-Glucose-fatty acids systems to simulate the roasting process. The results showed that palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid obviously mitigated the formation of myofibrillar protein-bound CML, exhibiting suppression rates ranging from 10.38 % to 40.32 %. In conclusion, the addition of specific edible oil may curb protein-bound CML production in roasted pork patty by restraining protein or lipid oxidation, reducing lysine loss, and suppressing glyoxal production, which may be attributed to the fatty acid compositions of edible oils. This finding provides valuable guidance for the selection of healthy roasting oils in the thermal processing of meat products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hailong Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Diandong Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shuqi Hao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zeyu Lu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wei Quan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Huaide Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Mei Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Weidner L, Cannas JV, Rychlik M, Schmitt-Kopplin P. Molecular Characterization of Cooking Processes: A Metabolomics Decoding of Vaporous Emissions for Food Markers and Thermal Reaction Indicators. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37917545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Thermal processing of food plays a fundamental role in everyday life. Whereas most researchers study thermal processes directly in the matrix, molecular information in the form of non- and semivolatile compounds conveyed by vaporous emissions is often neglected. We performed a metabolomics study of processing emissions from 96 different food items to define the interaction between the processed matrix and released metabolites. Untargeted profiling of vapor samples revealed matrix-dependent molecular spaces that were characterized by Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Thermal degradation products of peptides and amino acids can be used for the differentiation of animal-based food from plant-based food, which generally is characterized by secondary plant metabolites or carbohydrates. Further, heat-sensitive processing indicators were characterized and discussed in the background of the Maillard reaction. These reveal that processing emissions contain a dense layer of information suitable for deep insights into food composition and control of cooking processes based on processing emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Weidner
- Comprehensive Foodomics Platform, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jil Vittoria Cannas
- Comprehensive Foodomics Platform, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Comprehensive Foodomics Platform, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Comprehensive Foodomics Platform, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cassier-Chauvat C, Marceau F, Farci S, Ouchane S, Chauvat F. The Glutathione System: A Journey from Cyanobacteria to Higher Eukaryotes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1199. [PMID: 37371929 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
From bacteria to plants and humans, the glutathione system plays a pleiotropic role in cell defense against metabolic, oxidative and metal stresses. Glutathione (GSH), the γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine nucleophile tri-peptide, is the central player of this system that acts in redox homeostasis, detoxification and iron metabolism in most living organisms. GSH directly scavenges diverse reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide and carbon radicals. It also serves as a cofactor for various enzymes, such as glutaredoxins (Grxs), glutathione peroxidases (Gpxs), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), which play crucial roles in cell detoxication. This review summarizes what is known concerning the GSH-system (GSH, GSH-derived metabolites and GSH-dependent enzymes) in selected model organisms (Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Arabidopsis thaliana and human), emphasizing cyanobacteria for the following reasons. Cyanobacteria are environmentally crucial and biotechnologically important organisms that are regarded as having evolved photosynthesis and the GSH system to protect themselves against the ROS produced by their active photoautotrophic metabolism. Furthermore, cyanobacteria synthesize the GSH-derived metabolites, ergothioneine and phytochelatin, that play crucial roles in cell detoxication in humans and plants, respectively. Cyanobacteria also synthesize the thiol-less GSH homologs ophthalmate and norophthalmate that serve as biomarkers of various diseases in humans. Hence, cyanobacteria are well-suited to thoroughly analyze the role/specificity/redundancy of the players of the GSH-system using a genetic approach (deletion/overproduction) that is hardly feasible with other model organisms (E. coli and S. cerevisiae do not synthesize ergothioneine, while plants and humans acquire it from their soil and their diet, respectively).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Cassier-Chauvat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Fanny Marceau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sandrine Farci
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Soufian Ouchane
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Franck Chauvat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li L, Zhuang Y, Zou X, Chen M, Cui B, Jiao Y, Cheng Y. Advanced Glycation End Products: A Comprehensive Review of Their Detection and Occurrence in Food. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112103. [PMID: 37297348 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Maillard reaction (MR) is a complicated chemical process that has been extensively studied. Harmful chemicals known as advanced glycation end products (AGEs), with complex structures and stable chemical characteristics, are created during the final stage of the MR. AGEs can be formed both during the thermal processing of food and in the human body. The number of AGEs formed in food is much higher compared to endogenous AGEs. A direct connection exists between human health and the build-up of AGEs in the body, which can result in diseases. Therefore, it is essential to understand the content of AGEs in the food we consume. The detection methods of AGEs in food are expounded upon in this review, and the advantages, disadvantages, and application fields of these detection methods are discussed in depth. Additionally, the production of AGEs in food, their content in typical foods, and the mechanisms influencing their formation are summarized. Since AGEs are closely related to the food industry and human health, it is hoped that this review will further the detection of AGEs in food so that their content can be evaluated more conveniently and accurately.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixian Li
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Yingjun Zhuang
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Xiuzhi Zou
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Maolong Chen
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Bo Cui
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Ye Jiao
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Yunhui Cheng
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lin YY, Huang SF, Liao KW, Ho CT, Hung WL. Quantitation of α-Dicarbonyls, Lysine- and Arginine-Derived Advanced Glycation End Products, in Commercial Canned Meat and Seafood Products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:6727-6737. [PMID: 37088952 PMCID: PMC10161224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Commercial sterilization is a thermal processing method commonly used in low-acid canned food products. Meanwhile, heat treatment can significantly promote advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation in foodstuffs. In this research, the validated analytical methods have been developed to quantitate both lysine- and arginine-derived AGEs and their precursors, α-dicarbonyls, in various types of commercial canned meat and seafood products. Methylglyoxal-hydroimidazolone 1 was the most abundant AGEs found in the canned food products, followed by Nε-(carboxyethyl)lysine, Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine, and glyoxal-hydroimidazolone 1. Correlation analysis revealed that methylglyoxal and glyoxal were only positively associated with the corresponding arginine-derived AGEs, while their correlations with the corresponding lysine-derived AGEs were not significant. Importantly, we demonstrated for the first time that total sugar and carbohydrate contents might serve as the potential markers for the prediction of total AGEs in canned meats and seafoods. Altogether, this study provided a more complete view of AGEs' occurrence in commercial canned food products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You-Yu Lin
- Master Program in Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Fang Huang
- Master Program in Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Wei Liao
- School of Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Wei-Lun Hung
- School of Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hagenhaus V, Gorenflos López JL, Rosenstengel R, Neu C, Hackenberger CPR, Celik A, Weinert K, Nguyen MB, Bork K, Horstkorte R, Gesper A. Glycation Interferes with the Activity of the Bi-Functional UDP- N-Acetylglucosamine 2-Epimerase/ N-Acetyl-mannosamine Kinase (GNE). Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030422. [PMID: 36979358 PMCID: PMC10046061 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene coding for the bi-functional UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE), the key enzyme of the sialic acid biosynthesis, are responsible for autosomal-recessive GNE myopathy (GNEM). GNEM is an adult-onset disease with a yet unknown exact pathophysiology. Since the protein appears to work adequately for a certain period of time even though the mutation is already present, other effects appear to influence the onset and progression of the disease. In this study, we want to investigate whether the late onset of GNEM is based on an age-related effect, e.g., the accumulation of post-translational modifications (PTMs). Furthermore, we also want to investigate what effect on the enzyme activity such an accumulation would have. We will particularly focus on glycation, which is a PTM through non-enzymatic reactions between the carbonyl groups (e.g., of methylglyoxal (MGO) or glyoxal (GO)) with amino groups of proteins or other biomolecules. It is already known that the levels of both MGO and GO increase with age. For our investigations, we express each domain of the GNE separately, treat them with one of the glycation agents, and determine their activity. We demonstrate that the enzymatic activity of the N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE-kinase domain) decreases dramatically after glycation with MGO or GO-with a remaining activity of 13% ± 5% (5 mM MGO) and 22% ± 4% (5 mM GO). Whereas the activity of the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase (GNE-epimerase domain) is only slightly reduced after glycation-with a remaining activity of 60% ± 8% (5 mM MGO) and 63% ± 5% (5 mM GO).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Hagenhaus
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Jacob L Gorenflos López
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca Rosenstengel
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Carolin Neu
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Christian P R Hackenberger
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arif Celik
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. (FMP), Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klara Weinert
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Mai-Binh Nguyen
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Kaya Bork
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Horstkorte
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Astrid Gesper
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Geng Y, Mou Y, Xie Y, Ji J, Chen F, Liao X, Hu X, Ma L. Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products: An Emerging Concern for Processed Foods. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2023.2169867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Geng
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Mou
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingfeng Xie
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junfu Ji
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Xinghua Industrial Research Centre for Food Science and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Xinghua, China
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Liao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingjun Ma
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Xinghua Industrial Research Centre for Food Science and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Xinghua, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Advanced Glycation End Products and Nitrosamines in Sausages Influenced by Processing Parameters, Food Additives and Fat during Thermal Processing. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020394. [PMID: 36673483 PMCID: PMC9858282 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and nitrosamines (NAs) in sausage are associated with pathogenic and carcinogenic risks. However, the multiple reaction parameters affecting the production of AGEs and NAs during sausage processing remain unclear. This experiment evaluated the effects of processing parameters, food additives and fat ratios on the formation of AGEs and NAs in sausages. The results showed a 2-3-fold increase in Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) and Nε-(carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL) when the sausage processing temperature was increased from 90 °C to 130 °C, and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDEA) increased from 3.68 ng/g to 6.41 ng/g. The addition of salt inhibited the formation of AGEs and NAs, and the inhibitory ability of 2 g/100 g of salt was 63.6% for CML and 36.5% for N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). The addition of 10 mg/kg nitrite to sausages reduced CML formation by 43.9%, however, nitrite had a significant contribution to the formation of NAs. The addition of fat only slightly contributed to the production of CML. In addition, the relationship between α-dicarbonyl compounds and the formation of AGEs was investigated by measuring the changes in α-dicarbonyl compounds in sausages. The results showed two trends of AGEs and α-dicarbonyl compounds: AGEs increased with the increase in α-dicarbonyl compounds and AGE level increased but α-dicarbonyl compound level decreased.
Collapse
|
12
|
Role of Advanced Glycation End Products in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: Mechanism and Therapeutic Potential. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7299005. [PMID: 36573114 PMCID: PMC9789911 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7299005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of low back pain caused by lumbar disc degeneration is high, and it can lead to loss of work ability and impose heavy social and economic burdens. The pathogenesis of low back pain is unclear, and there are no effective treatments. With age, the deposition of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in intervertebral disc (IVD) gradually increases and is accelerated by diabetes and a high-AGEs diet, leading to destruction of the annulus fibrosus (AF), nucleus pulposus (NP), and cartilage endplate (CEP) and finally intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Reducing the accumulation of AGEs in IVD and blocking the transmission of downstream signals caused by AGEs have a significant effect on alleviating IDD. In this review, we summarize the mechanism by which AGEs induce IDD and potential treatment strategies.
Collapse
|
13
|
Waqas K, Chen J, Lu T, van der Eerden BCJ, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Voortman T, Zillikens MC. Dietary advanced glycation end-products (dAGEs) intake and its relation to sarcopenia and frailty - The Rotterdam Study. Bone 2022; 165:116564. [PMID: 36150657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Studies on mice have shown a relationship between dietary intake of advanced glycation end-products (dAGEs) and deterioration of musculoskeletal health, but human studies are absent. We investigated the relationship between dietary intake of carboxymethyllysine (dCML) - an AGE prototype - and risk of sarcopenia at baseline and after 5 years of follow-up and a single evaluation of physical frailty in participants from the population-based Rotterdam Study. Appendicular lean mass (ALM) was obtained using insight dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and hand grip strength (HGS) using a hydraulic hand dynamometer. Subjects with both low ALM and weak HGS were classified as having sarcopenia. Frailty (yes/no) was defined by presence of ≥3 and pre-frailty by presence of 1 or 2 components namely, exhaustion, weakness, slowness, weight loss or low physical activity. dCML was calculated using a food frequency questionnaire and dAGE databases. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the odds of physical frailty and prevalent sarcopenia at baseline and follow-up and incident sarcopenia. 2782 participants with an age 66.4 ± 9.9 years and dCML intake 3.3 ± 1.3 mg/day, had data on sarcopenia at both time points. Of whom 84 had sarcopenia at baseline and 73 developed sarcopenia at follow-up. We observed an association of one SD increase in dCML intake with prevalent sarcopenia at baseline [odds ratio, OR = 1.27 (1.01-1.59)] and no association of dCML with incident sarcopenia at 5-year follow-up [OR = 1.12 (0.86-1.44)]. For frailty we analyzed 3577 participants, of whom 1972 were pre-frail and 158 were frail. We observed no association of dCML with either pre-frailty [OR = 0.99 (0.91-1.07)] or frailty [OR = 1.01 (0.83-1.22)] when non-frail subjects were used as reference. Our results show an association of dAGEs with sarcopenia cross-sectionally but not longitudinally where inconclusive findings are observed possibly due to a very low incidence of sarcopenia. There was no association with frailty cross-sectionally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Komal Waqas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jinluan Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - T Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B C J van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Trudy Voortman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition & Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wen P, Zhang L, Kang Y, Xia C, Jiang J, Xu H, Cui G, Wang J. Effect of Baking Temperature and Time on Advanced Glycation End Products and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Beef. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1726-1736. [PMID: 36040219 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-22-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Beef is an important red meat that contains essential nutrients for human growth and development. Baking is a popular beef cooking method. Temperature and time play key roles in the final quality of beef. How temperature and time affect the changes of nutrients and the formation of harmful products in beef is not clear. The purpose of this study was to measure the content of water, fat, protein, ash, nitrite, total volatile base nitrogen, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their precursors, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at different temperatures (150, 190, 230, 270, and 310°C) for 20 min and at 190°C for different times (10, 20, and 30 min), so as to discuss the effect of different temperatures and times on beef nutrients and harmful products. The results showed that the moisture content of beef decreased with increased baking temperature and time, resulting in the increase of the relative content of fat, protein, and ash. The content of total volatile base nitrogen increased continuously. Compared with the control group, the content of glyoxal in beef decreased, whereas the content of methylglyoxal, pentosidine, and fluorescent AGEs increased, indicating the continuous accumulation of AGEs in beef. A total of 13 PAHs were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The concentrations of 13 PAHs in beef increased with increases in baking temperature and time. The concentrations of BkP and BaP, which are the most carcinogenic to humans, were 0.36 and 0.35 μg/kg in raw meat, respectively; these were increased by high temperature and long baking times. After beef was baked at 270 and 310°C for 20 min, the concentration of BkP increased to 9.49 and 5.66 μg/kg, respectively, and the concentration of BaP increased to 5.45 and 4.42 μg/kg, respectively. After baking at 190°C for 30 and 40 min, the concentration of BkP increased to 4.81 and 24.20 μg/kg, respectively, and the concentration of BaP increased to 3.85 and 17.79 μg/kg, respectively. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Wen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwei Kang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, People's Republic of China.,College of Culinary Science and Technology, Jiangsu Tourism Vocational College, Yangzhou 225127, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiqing Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiyou Cui
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bork LV, Haase PT, Rohn S, Kanzler C. Structural characterization of polar melanoidins deriving from Maillard reaction intermediates - A model approach. Food Chem 2022; 395:133592. [PMID: 35810628 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Chemical conversions of reducing sugars and amino compounds induce the formation of heterogenous, high-molecular-weight colorants ('melanoidins') with widely unknown chemical structures. Model experiments of reactive intermediates have proven to be suitable for unravelling the formation mechanisms of colored reaction products. Here, the active methylene norfuraneol was selected and incubated individually as well as in combination with glyoxal, glycolaldehyde, and acetaldehyde at elevated temperatures. Photometric and chromatographic methods as well as mass spectrometry were used to analyze the colored reaction products and reveal the reactivity of different carbonyls regarding the formation of heterogenous oligomers. Aqueous solutions of norfuraneol and glyoxal exceeded the color formation of all other model reaction systems and it could be shown that the initial reactants as well as their degradation products were incorporated into the colorants. The colored oligomers described herein were composed of carbohydrate-based intermediates of the Maillard reaction and defined as melanoidin precursors or pre-melanoidins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leon V Bork
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul T Haase
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens Kanzler
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang L, Nie LQ, Wang J, Li CY, Wang J, Liu JM, Wang S. ZIF-8 sacrificial-templated hollow COF architectures enabled highly efficient enrichment, determination and regulation of food hazards from infant formulas. Food Chem 2022; 405:135018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
17
|
Eggen MD, Merboth P, Neukirchner H, Glomb MA. Lipid Peroxidation Has Major Impact on Malondialdehyde-Derived but Only Minor Influence on Glyoxal and Methylglyoxal-Derived Protein Modifications in Carbohydrate-Rich Foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10271-10283. [PMID: 35968682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, the contribution of lipid peroxidation on modifications of lysine and arginine residues of proteins was investigated. Lipid peroxidation had a major impact on malondialdehyde-derived protein modifications; however, the influence on glyoxal and methylglyoxal-derived modifications in flat wafers was negligible. Therefore, vegetable oils (either linseed oil, sunflower oil, or coconut oil) were added to respective batters, and flat wafers were baked (150 °C, 3-10 min). Analysis of malondialdehyde indicated oxidation in linseed wafers, which was supported by the direct quantitation of three malondialdehyde protein adducts in the range of 0.09-23.5 mg/kg after enzymatic hydrolysis. In contrast, levels of free glyoxal and methylglyoxal were independent of the type of oil added, which was in line with the analysis of 13 advanced glycation end products. Comprehensive incubations of 40 mM N2-t-Boc-lysine (100 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4) with either 10% oil or an equimolar concentration of carbohydrates led to magnitudes higher (103-105) amounts of N6-carboxymethyl lysine, N6-glycolyl lysine, and N6-carboxyethyl lysine in the latter. Furthermore, malondialdehyde exceeded glyoxal and methylglyoxal in incubations of pure oils at 150 °C by factors of 30 and 100, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Eggen
- Institute of Chemistry, Food Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Paul Merboth
- Institute of Chemistry, Food Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Helen Neukirchner
- Institute of Chemistry, Food Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Marcus A Glomb
- Institute of Chemistry, Food Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle, Saale, Germany
| |
Collapse
|