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Raclariu-Manolică AC, Socaciu C. Detecting and Profiling of Milk Thistle Metabolites in Food Supplements: A Safety-Oriented Approach by Advanced Analytics. Metabolites 2023; 13:440. [PMID: 36984880 PMCID: PMC10052194 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) is among the top-selling botanicals used as a supportive treatment for liver diseases. Silymarin, a mixture of unique flavonolignan metabolites, is the main bioactive component of milk thistle. The biological activities of silymarin have been well described in the literature, and its use is considered safe and well-tolerated in appropriate doses. However, commercial preparations do not always contain the recommended concentrations of silymarin, failing to provide the expected therapeutic effect. While the poor quality of raw material may explain the low concentrations of silymarin, its deliberate removal is suspected to be an adulteration. Toxic contaminants and foreign matters were also detected in milk thistle preparations, raising serious health concerns. Standard methods for determination of silymarin components include thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with various detectors, but nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) have also been applied. This review surveys the extraction techniques of main milk thistle metabolites and the quality, efficacy, and safety of the derived food supplements. Advanced analytical authentication approaches are discussed with a focus on DNA barcoding and metabarcoding to complement orthogonal chemical characterization and fingerprinting of herbal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancuța Cristina Raclariu-Manolică
- Stejarul Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, 610004 Piatra Neamț, Romania
| | - Carmen Socaciu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- BIODIATECH—Research Center for Applied Biotechnology in Diagnosis and Molecular Therapy, 400478 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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2
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Zhao J, Wang M, Saroja SG, Khan IA. NMR technique and methodology in botanical health product analysis and quality control. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114376. [PMID: 34656935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Botanicals have played an important role in maintaining human health and well-being throughout history. During the past few decades in particular, the use of botanical health products has gained more popularity. Whereas, quality, safety and efficacy concerns have continuously been critical issues due to the intrinsic chemical complexity of botanicals. Chemical analytical technologies play an imperative role in addressing these issues. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has proven to be a powerful and useful tool for the investigation of botanical health products. In this review, NMR techniques and methodologies that have been successfully applied to the research and development of botanical health products in all stages, from plants to products, are discussed and summarized. Furthermore, applications of NMR together with other analytical techniques in a variety of domains of botanical health products investigation, such as plant species differentiation, adulteration detection, and bio-activity evaluation, are discussed and illustrated with typical examples. This article provides an overview of the potential uses of NMR techniques and methodologies in an attempt to further promote their recognition and utilization in the field of botanical health products analysis and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Zhao
- National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Mei Wang
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Seethapathy G Saroja
- National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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3
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Mayr S, Strasser S, Kirchler CG, Meischl F, Stuppner S, Beć KB, Grabska J, Sturm S, Stuppner H, Popp MA, Bonn GK, Huck CW. Quantification of Silymarin in Silybi mariani fructus: Challenging the Analytical Performance of Benchtop vs. Handheld NIR Spectrometers on Whole Seeds. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:20-32. [PMID: 33434938 DOI: 10.1055/a-1326-2497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The content of the flavonolignan mixture silymarin and its individual components (silichristin, silidianin, silibinin A, silibinin B, isosilibinin A, and isosilibinin B) in whole and milled milk thistle seeds (Silybi mariani fructus) was analyzed with near-infrared spectroscopy. The analytical performance of one benchtop and two handheld near-infrared spectrometers was compared. Reference analysis was performed with HPLC following a Soxhlet extraction (European Pharmacopoeia) and a more resource-efficient ultrasonic extraction. The reliability of near-infrared spectral analysis determined through partial least squares regression models constructed independently for the spectral datasets obtained by the three spectrometers was as follows. The benchtop device NIRFlex N-500 performed the best both for milled and whole seeds with a root mean square error of CV between 0.01 and 0.17%. The handheld spectrometer MicroNIR 2200 as well as the microPHAZIR provided a similar performance (root mean square error of CV between 0.01 and 0.18% and between 0.01 and 0.23%, respectively). We carried out quantum chemical simulation of near-infrared spectra of silichristin, silidianin, silibinin, and isosilibinin for interpretation of the results of spectral analysis. This provided understanding of the absorption regions meaningful for the calibration. Further, it helped to better separate how the chemical and physical properties of the samples affect the analysis. While the study demonstrated that milling of samples slightly improves the performance, it was deemed to be critical only for the analysis carried out with the microPHAZIR. This study evidenced that rapid and nondestructive quantification of silymarin and individual flavonolignans is possible with miniaturized near-infrared spectroscopy in whole milk thistle seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Mayr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon Strasser
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian G Kirchler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Meischl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Stuppner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- ADSI - Austrian Drug Screening Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Krzysztof B Beć
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Justyna Grabska
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sonja Sturm
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael A Popp
- Michael Popp Research Institute of New Phyto Entities, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günther K Bonn
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- ADSI - Austrian Drug Screening Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian W Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Khalil A, Kashif M. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Quantitative Analysis: A Review for Its Application in the Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Domains. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:997-1011. [PMID: 34752175 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a rapid and accurate analytical tool for qualification and quantification. The capacity of NMR of being quantitative can also justify the calibration of other analytical methods. In pharmaceutical domain, quantitative NMR (qNMR) can be applied in the identification and quantification of drug simultaneously. The early drug development stage requires a minimum sample for analysis. Thus, priority should be given to utilize this technique to attain results with least investment, rapid analysis time and minimum sample consumption. This technique is a significant phenomenon to identify impurities, drug substance, residual solvents of in-process control (IPC) samples and characterizing the formulations. From an analyst's perspective, qNMR proved to be a routine practice in pharmaceutical industry to qualify any drug product. The absolute and relative methods offer great help in quantifying the component of interest in the process control samples and finished products. This review highlights the evolution of NMR application in the pharmaceutical industry, where determining the purity of drug substance, drug product and establishing the identity of impurities and its level are the challenging aspects. NMR in medicinal field emerging as a numero uno for Covid-19 severity detection and its dire consequences, accelerated vaccine development and the mapping of SAR-COV-2 RNA and proteins via chemical shift assignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adila Khalil
- Analytical Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Kashif
- Analytical Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Liver Protection Mechanism and Absorption Promotion Technology of Silybin Based on Intelligent Medical Analysis. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:9968016. [PMID: 34285784 PMCID: PMC8275410 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9968016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
With the continuous popularization of smart medicine, the protective effect of silibinin in the liver has attracted much attention. This study mainly explores the liver protection mechanism and absorption promotion technology of silybin based on intelligent medical analysis. Refining of silibinin: accurately weigh 1.0 g of silibinin in a three-necked flask; gradually add 50 mL of anhydrous methanol, reflux and filter the precipitated solid; and weigh it after drying. ICR male mice were taken as experimental subjects and randomly divided into groups of 10 each. The mice in the normal group and the model group were given intragastrically with 0.5% CMC-Na solution; the mice in the silibinin group were given intragastrically with SB/CMC-Na suspension; the mice in the remaining groups were given low, medium, and high-dose suspensions to their stomachs, and silibinin 23 acylate/CMC-Na suspension was administered at a dose of 10 mL/kg for 7 consecutive days. After that, the mice were fasted for 12 hours. After 6 hours of fasting (18 hours after modeling), the blood cells from their orbits were taken, placed in a 37°C water bath for 30 minutes, and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes, and then the serum was taken; the activity equivalent of AST and ALT in serum was measured; serum determination Medium AST and ALT vitality. The mice were killed by decapitation, fresh liver tissue was immediately collected, and part of it was frozen in liquid nitrogen for the RT-PCR test. The hepatocyte expansion and death were observed using a transmission electron microscope, and the oncosis index (OI) was calculated. Another part of the liver tissue was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution, embedded in paraffin, dehydrated, and sliced at 4 μm. Some sections were stained with conventional HE, and the pathological changes of liver cells were observed under light microscope; some sections were subjected to immunohistochemistry. Only one mouse died when 240 mg/kg of silibinin was given 10 minutes after the model was modeled. However, when 240 mg/kg silibinin was given to the mice 20 minutes after modeling, the mortality rate of the mice rose to 50%, and the therapeutic effect was significantly weakened. This research is helpful to advance the research of silybin in liver protection.
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Ansari R, Hasanzadeh M, Ehsani M, Soleymani J, Jouyban A. Sensitive identification of silibinin as anticancer drug in human plasma samples using poly (β-CD)-AgNPs: A new platform towards efficient clinical pharmacotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111763. [PMID: 34044273 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Silibinin is effective in significantly inhibiting the growth of cancer cells which shown significant anti-neoplastic effects in a variety of in vitro and in vivo cancer models, including skin, breast, lung, colon, bladder, prostate and kidney carcinomas. So, development of a new method to its biomedical analysis in clinical samples in highly demanded. In this study, an innovative electroanalysis method for the accurate, sensitive and rapid recognition of silibinin in human plasma samples was proposed and validated. The sensing platform was designed using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) dispersed on the polymeric layer of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). AgNPs with cubic shape providing a large effective surface area for β-CD electropolymerization. So, a layer with high electron conductivity boosting the detection electrochemical signals. Also, poly(β-CD) providing an efficient substrate with cavities to interact with silibinin and its oxidation. Differential pulse voltammetry technique was conducted to measure silibinin concentration in human real samples. Under optimized conditions, proposed sensor indicated linear relationship between the anodic peak current and concentration of silibinin in the range of 0.0103-10.3 µM on the standard and human plasma samples. Based on obtained results, proposed sensor is an efficient platform to efficient therapy of cancer based on recognition of silibinin in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Ansari
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasanzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Maryam Ehsani
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Soleymani
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Xie Q, Gong L, Huang F, Cao M, Liu Y, Yuan H, Li B, Jian Y, Peng C, Zhou S, Chu Y, Wang W. A Rapid and Accurate 1HNMR Method for the Identification and Quantification of Major Constituents in Qishen Yiqi Dripping Pills. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:506-514. [PMID: 33349848 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Qishen Yiqi dripping pills (QSYQ), composed of four herbal medicines-Salvia miltiorrhiza, Astragalus membranaceus, Panax notoginseng, and Dalbergiaodorifera-are widely used to treat ischemic cerebrovascular and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular conditions. OBJECTIVE In this study, a rapid and accurate proton NMR (1HNMR) spectroscopy method was established to control the quality of QSYQ and ensure their clinical efficacy. METHOD Firstly, different types of metabolites were identified based on the proton signal peaks of chemical shifts, coupling constants, and related information provided through two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Secondly, a quantitative 1HNMR method was established for the simultaneous determination of major constituents in QSYQ samples. In addition, an HPLC method was performed to verify the results obtained by the quantitative proton NMR (qHNMR) method. RESULTS In the present study, 26 metabolites were identified in the 1HNMR spectra of QSYQ. In addition, a rapid and accruate qHNMR method was established for the simultaneous determination of protocatechualdehyde, rosmarinic acid, danshensu, calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, and ononin in ten batches of QSYQ samples for the first time. Moreover, the proposed qHNMR method and HPLC method were compared using Bland-Altman and plots Passing-Bablok regression, indicating no significant differences and a strong correlation between the two analytical methods. CONCLUSIONS This method is an important tool for the identification and quantification of major constituents in QSYQ. HIGHLIGHTS Compared with traditional HPLC, the established qHNMR method has the advantages of simple sample preparation, short analysis time, and non-destructive analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Xie
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China, 4108208
| | - Limin Gong
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China, 4108208
| | - Feibing Huang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China, 4108208
| | - Mengru Cao
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China, 4108208
| | - Yongbei Liu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China, 4108208
| | - Hanwen Yuan
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China, 4108208
| | - Bin Li
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China, 4108208
| | - Yuqing Jian
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China, 4108208
| | - Caiyun Peng
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China, 4108208
| | - Shuiping Zhou
- Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd, Tasly Academy, Tianjin, P. R. China, 300410
| | - Yang Chu
- Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd, Tasly Academy, Tianjin, P. R. China, 300410.,Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovation Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China, 300410
| | - Wei Wang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China, 4108208
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Quantum mechanical NMR full spin analysis in pharmaceutical identity testing and quality control. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 192:113601. [PMID: 33049645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Issues related to pharmaceutical quality are arising at an alarming rate. Pharmaceutical quality concerns both the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) and the Finished Drug Product/ Formulation. Recently, there has been a significant increase in the number of reports of harmful impurities in marketed drug formulations. Impurities range from solvents, reactants, adulterants, and catalysts to synthetic byproducts. Quality concerns in commercial preparations may also arise due to shelf life stability. Furthermore, a number of falsified and substandard drug cases have been reported. Most of the techniques which are currently in place can, at best, detect the impurities, but cannot identify them unless they are already known and can be compared to a standard. On the other hand, 1H NMR spectroscopy detects all the hydrogen containing species, typically provides information to elucidate structures partially or even completely, and through its absolute quantitative capabilities even can detect the presence hydrogen-free species indirectly. The structural properties that produce 1H NMR signals as characteristic representations of a given molecule are the chemical shifts (δ in ppm) and coupling constants (J in Hz). Along with the line widths (ω1/2 in Hz), these parameters are bound to both the molecule and the NMR experimental conditions by quantum mechanical (QM) principles. This means that the 1H NMR spectra of APIs can be precisely calculated and compared to the experimental data. This review explains how 1H NMR spectroscopy coupled with Full Spin Analysis can contribute towards the quality control of pharmaceuticals by improving structural dereplication and achieving simultaneous quantification of both APIs and their contaminants.
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Ahmed HS, Moawad AS, AbouZid SF, Owis AI. Salicylic acid increases flavonolignans accumulation in the fruits of hydroponically cultured Silybum marianum. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:593-598. [PMID: 32435140 PMCID: PMC7229317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (Asteraceae) was hydroponically cultured using a nutrient film technique system. Silibinin, isosilibinin and silychristin were detected in the fruits of the cultured plants. The effect of salicylic acid on the improvement of flavonolignans production by the fruits of the hydroponically cultured S. marianum was investigated. Salicylic acid was added to the nutrient solution at different concentrations (100, 200 and 400 µM) and the mature fruits of the plant were collected five days after elicitor addition. The fruits were then analyzed for their total flavonolignans contents and individual components using quantitative proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (qHNMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that elicitation with salicylic acid at 200 µM for five days increased production of total flavonolignans (1.7-fold by qHNMR and 1.6-fold by HPLC) higher than the control cultures and (1.4-fold by qHNMR and 1.1-fold by HPLC) higher than the cultivated plants. Silychristin was the major flavonolignan produced by the cultured plant. Elicitation by 200 µM salicylic acid increased silychristin production (1.6-fold by qHNMR and HPLC) higher than the control cultures and (1.3-fold by qHNMR and 1.0-fold by HPLC) higher than the cultivated plants. The present study provides a chance to improve secondary metabolite yield, serves as a useful tool for studying the biosynthesis of these medicinally valuable compounds and its regulation in plant and spots more light on hydroponic system as an important agricultural technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayam S Ahmed
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62111, Egypt
| | - Abeer S Moawad
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62111, Egypt
| | - Sameh F AbouZid
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62111, Egypt
| | - Asmaa I Owis
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62111, Egypt
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10
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AbouZid SF, Ahmed HS, Abd El Mageed AEMA, Moawad AS, Owis AI, Chen SN, Nachtergael A, McAlpine JB, Friesen JB, Pauli GF. Linear regression analysis of silychristin A, silybin A and silybin B contents in Silybum marianum. Nat Prod Res 2020; 34:305-310. [PMID: 30488719 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1527838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative correlations between the contents of the flavonolignans silychristin A and silybins A/B provide biosynthetic clues that support a pathway in which one mesomeric form of a taxifolin radical is undergoing an oxidative coupling with a coniferyl alcohol radical. The flavonolignan content and patterns reported in the literature for 53 samples, representing populations of the Silybum marianum plant growing in different parts of the world, were subject to a meta-analysis. Linear regression analyses were carried out on these data sets, and a mathematical model was derived that predicts the content of silychristin A relative to the metabolomic pattern of its congeners. The validity of the model was verified by applying it to test samples. This approach could potentially become a tool to enhance the understanding of both the relative composition of the silymarin complex and the biosynthetic pathways that underlie its formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh F AbouZid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Hayam S Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | | | - Abeer S Moawad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Asmaa I Owis
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amandine Nachtergael
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James B McAlpine
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Brent Friesen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Physical Sciences Department, Rosary College of Arts and Sciences, Dominican University, River Forest, IL, USA
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Antal DS, Ardelean F, Avram S, Pavel IZ, Danciu C, Soica C, Dehelean C. Flavonolignans: One Step Further in the Broad-Spectrum Approach of Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:1817-1830. [PMID: 31976848 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200124112649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The small chemical class of flavonolignans encompasses unique hybrid molecules with versatile biological activities. Their anticancer effects have received considerable attention, and a large body of supporting evidence has accumulated. Moreover, their ability to interact with proteins involved in drug resistance, and to enhance the effects of conventional chemotherapeutics in decreasing cell viability make them influential partners in addressing cancer. OBJECTIVE The review provides an outline of the various ways in which flavonolignans advance the combat against cancer. While the main focus falls on flavonolignans from milk thistle, attention is drawn to the yet, underexplored potential of less known flavonolignan subgroups derived from isoflavonoids and aurones. METHODS Proceeding from the presentation of natural flavonolignan subtypes and their occurrence, the present work reviews these compounds with regard to their molecular targets in cancer, anti-angiogenetic effects, synergistic efficacy in conjunction with anticancer agents, reversal of drug resistance, and importance in overcoming the side effects of anticancer therapy. Recent advances in the endeavor to improve flavonolignan bioavailability in cancer are also presented. CONCLUSIONS Significant progress has been achieved in detailing the molecular mechanisms of silybin and its congeners in experimental models of cancer. The availability of novel formulations with improved bioavailability, and data from phase I clinical trials in cancer patients provide an encouraging basis for more extensive trials aimed at evaluating the benefits of Silybum flavonolignans in cancer management. On the other hand, further research on the antitumor efficacy of iso-flavonolignans and other subtypes of flavonolignans should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S Antal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Florina Ardelean
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Stefana Avram
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioana Z Pavel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Corina Danciu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Codruta Soica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Dehelean
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
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Xu F, Han C, Li Y, Zheng M, Xi X, Hu C, Cui X, Cao H. The Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Actions of Silybum Marianum. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401314666180327155745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the chemical constituents and pharmacological actions of Silybum marianum. These chemical constituents include flavonolignans, fatty acids, phenolics and other chemical constituents. Furthermore, flavonolignans constituents include silymarin isosilychristin, silychristin, silydianin, silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, isosilybin B, etc. Pharmacological actions include a well curative effect on non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, UV damage, varieties of cancers, diabetes. In addition, its pharmacological actions include anti-inflammatory, anti-depression and more pharmacological actions. This paper will enable Silybum marianum lay the foundation for producing high and sustainable productions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxue Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Chunchao Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yujuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Mengmeng Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Xiaozhi Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Chaoqun Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Xiaowei Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Hui Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
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Momenkiaei F, Raofie F. Preparation of silybum marianum seeds extract nanoparticles by supercritical solution expansion. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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14
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Yu Z, Lu Z, Huang Y, Li M, Wang W, Liu K, Wang D. Dynamic layer-by-layer films on nanofiber membrane: a platform for ultra-sensitive bacterial concentration detection. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:7920-7923. [PMID: 29951654 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04187c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a new platform was established for ultra-sensitive bacterial concentration detection. The sensing system had a linear relationship with the logarithm of bacterial concentration from 1 × 101 to 1 × 105 CFU mL-1 within 5 min. Moreover, the platform showed excellent consistency compared with the traditional standard method against practical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China.
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15
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Nguyen TL, Hlangothi D, Saleh MA. Characterization of Silybum marianum triacylglycerol regioisomers using accurate mass quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/23312009.2018.1477246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thao L. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Duma Hlangothi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mahmoud A. Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
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16
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Soares JMD, Pereira Leal AEB, Silva JC, Almeida JRGS, de Oliveira HP. Influence of Flavonoids on Mechanism of Modulation of Insulin Secretion. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:639-646. [PMID: 29200726 PMCID: PMC5701404 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_87_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of alternatives for insulin secretion control in vivo or in vitro represents an important aspect to be investigated. In this direction, natural products have been progressively explored with this aim. In particular, flavonoids are potential candidates to act as insulin secretagogue. OBJECTIVE To study the influence of flavonoid on overall modulation mechanisms of insulin secretion. METHODS The research was conducted in the following databases and platforms: PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Knowledge, SciELO, LILACS, and ScienceDirect, and the MeSH terms used for the search were flavonoids, flavones, islets of Langerhans, and insulin-secreting cells. RESULTS Twelve articles were included and represent the basis of discussion on mechanisms of insulin secretion of flavonoids. Papers in ISI Web of Knowledge were in number of 1, Scopus 44, PubMed 264, ScienceDirect 511, and no papers from LILACS and SciELO databases. CONCLUSION According to the literature, the majority of flavonoid subclasses can modulate insulin secretion through several pathways, in an indication that corresponding molecule is a potential candidate for active materials to be applied in the treatment of diabetes. SUMMARY The action of natural products on insulin secretion represents an important investigation topic due to their importance in the diabetes controlIn addition to their typical antioxidant properties, flavonoids contribute to the insulin secretionThe modulation of insulin secretion is induced by flavonoids according to different mechanisms. Abbreviations used: KATP channels: ATP-sensitive K+ channels, GLUT4: Glucose transporter 4, ERK1/2: Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2, L-VDCCs: L-type voltage-dependent Ca+2 channels, GLUT1: Glucose transporter 1, AMPK: Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, PTP1B: Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, GLUT2: Glucose transporter 2, cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, PKA: Protein kinase A, PTK: Protein tyrosine kinase, CaMK II: Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, GSIS: Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, Insig-1: Insulin-induced gene 1, IRS-2: Insulin receptor substrate 2, PDX-1: Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1, SREBP-1c: Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c, DMC: Dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone, GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1, GLP-1R: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juliane Cabral Silva
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
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17
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Fibigr J, Šatínský D, Solich P. A new approach to the rapid separation of isomeric compounds in a Silybum marianum extract using UHPLC core-shell column with F5 stationary phase. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 134:203-213. [PMID: 27915198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a new ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) method using a core-shell column with a pentafluorophenyl stationary phase for separation of seven active compounds of a Silybum marianum extract was developed and validated. Silymarin, an extract of Silybum marianum, is known for its abilities to protect the liver from toxic substances, hepatitis therapy, and anti-tumour activity. Silymarin is currently being widely used in commercial preparations and herbal teas. Separation of seven compounds contained in the Silybum marianum extract (taxifolin, silychristin, silydianin, silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, isosilybin B) and other substances occurring in real samples was performed on the Kinetex 1.7μ F5 100A (150×2.1mm), 1.7μm particle size core-shell column, with a mobile phase methanol/100mM phosphate buffer pH 2.0 according to the gradient program. A mobile phase 0.35mLmin-1 flow rate and 50°C temperature was used for the separation. The detection wavelength was set at 288nm. Under optimal chromatographic conditions, good linearity with a correlation coefficient of R2 >0.999 for all compounds was achieved. The available commercial samples of herbal teas and food supplements were extracted with methanol using an ultrasonic bath. After dilution with water and centrifugation, a 2μL sample of the filtered supernatant was directly injected into the UHPLC system. The use of a pentafluorophenyl stationary phase with methanol as the organic component of the mobile phase showed new ways to effectively separate isomeric compounds in herbal extracts, which could not be done with the conventional C18 stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Fibigr
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czechia
| | - Dalibor Šatínský
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czechia.
| | - Petr Solich
- The Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czechia
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18
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AbouZid SF, Chen SN, McAlpine JB, Friesen JB, Pauli GF. Silybum marianum pericarp yields enhanced silymarin products. Fitoterapia 2016; 112:136-43. [PMID: 27233988 PMCID: PMC4939139 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An improved method for the purification of silymarin, the flavonolignan complex from the fruits of milk thistle, Silybum marianum, is reported. The method enables a more efficient extraction of silymarin from the pericarp after it has been separated mechanically from the rest of the fruits. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was employed for each extraction procedure. Quantitation of the eight major silymarin components in the pericarp extract was compared to that of the whole fruit extract using two orthogonal analytical methods. The pericarp extract showed higher silymarin content (2.24-fold by HPLC and 2.12-fold by qHNMR) than whole fruit extract using acetone as an extraction solvent following defatting with hexane. Furthermore, the mg/g recovery of silymarin major components was not diminished by eliminating the hexane defatting step from the pericarp extraction procedure. The efficiencies of acetone, ethanol, and methanol as extraction solvents were compared. Methanol pericarp extract showed the highest content of the silymarin major components, 2.72-fold higher than an extract prepared from the whole fruits using acetone. Finally, all of the major silymarin components showed a higher w/w content in the pericarp extract than in a commercial extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh F AbouZid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62111, Egypt.
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., M/C 781, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., M/C 781, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - James B McAlpine
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., M/C 781, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - J Brent Friesen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., M/C 781, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Physical Sciences Department, Rosary College of Arts and Sciences, Dominican University, 7900 West Division Street, River Forest, IL 60305, United States
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., M/C 781, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., M/C 781, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
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