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Yang X, Dai L, Yan F, Ma Y, Guo X, Jenis J, Wang Y, Zhang J, Miao X, Shang X. The phytochemistry and pharmacology of three Rheum species: A comprehensive review with future perspectives. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 131:155772. [PMID: 38852474 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheum palmatum, R. tanguticum, and R. officinale, integral species of the genus Rheum, are widely used across global temperate and subtropical regions. These species are incorporated in functional foods, medicines, and cosmetics, recognized for their substantial bioactive components. PURPOSE This review aims to synthesize developments from 2014 to 2023 concerning the botanical characteristics, ethnopharmacology, nutritional values, chemical compositions, pharmacological activities, mechanisms of action, and toxicity of these species. METHODS Data on the three Rheum species were gathered from a comprehensive review of peer-reviewed articles, patents, and clinical trials accessed through PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and CNKI. RESULTS The aerial parts are nutritionally rich, providing essential amino acids, fatty acids, and minerals, suitable for use as health foods or supplements. Studies have identified 143 chemical compounds, including anthraquinones, anthrones, flavonoids, and chromones, which contribute to their broad pharmacological properties such as laxative, anti-diarrheal, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular, antidiabetic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibacterial effects. Notably, the materials science approach has enhanced understanding of their medicinal capabilities through the evaluation of bioactive compounds in different therapeutic contexts. CONCLUSION As medicinal and economically significant herb species, Rheum species provide both edible aerial parts and medicinal underground components that offer substantial health benefits. These characteristics present new opportunities for developing nutritional ingredients and therapeutic products, bolstering the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Yang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Lixia Dai
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural Univerisity, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Fengyuan Yan
- The First People`s Hospital of Lanzhou City, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Yudong Ma
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Xiao Guo
- College of Tibetan Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, PR China
| | - Janar Jenis
- The Research Center for Medicinal Plants, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural Univerisity, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
| | - Xiaolou Miao
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China.
| | - Xiaofei Shang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural Univerisity, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
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Yao ZW, Qin XL, Li QL, Pan LH, Hu WF, Ling SP, Liu H, Zhu H. Fe(III)/peroxymonosulfate oxidation system for the degradation of rhein, a toxic component abundance in rhubarb residue. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 279:116474. [PMID: 38772144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Rhubarb is widely used in health care, but causing a great amount of rhein-containing herbal residue. Rhein with several toxicities might pollute environment, damage ecology and even hazard human health if left untreated. In this study, the degradation effects of bisulfite- (BS) and peroxymonosulfate- (PMS) based oxidation systems on rhein in rhubarb residue were compared and investigated. The effects of BS and PMS with two valence states of ferric ion (Fe) on the degradation of rhein in rhubarb residue were optimized for the selection of optimal oxidation system. The influences of reaction temperature, reaction time and initial pH on the removal of rhein under the optimal oxidation system were evaluated. The chemical profiles of rhubarb residue with and without oxidation process were compared by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS, and the degradation effects were investigated by PLS-DA and S plot/OPLS-DA analysis. The results manifested that PMS showed relative higher efficiency than BS on the degradation of rhein. Moreover, Fe(III) promoted the degradation effect of PMS, demonstrated that Fe(III)/PMS is the optimal oxidation system to degrade rhein in rhubarb residue. Further studies indicated that the degradation of rhein by the Fe(III)/PMS oxidation system was accelerated with the prolong of reaction time and the elevation of reaction temperature, and also affected by the initial pH. More importantly, Fe(III)/PMS oxidation system could degrade rhein in rhubarb residue completely under the optimal conditions. In conclusion, Fe(III)/PMS oxidation system is a feasible method to treat rhein in rhubarb residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Yao
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou 225300, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Xiang-Ling Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Qi-Long Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Ling-Hui Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Wei-Feng Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Su-Ping Ling
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou 225300, China.
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430016, China.
| | - He Zhu
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou 225300, China.
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Chen C, Liang CS, Wang T, Shen JL, Ling F, Jiang HF, Li PF, Wang GX. Antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of rhein against white spot syndrome virus infection in red swamp crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii). Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0104723. [PMID: 37855526 PMCID: PMC10714825 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01047-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Aquaculture is essential for ensuring global food security by providing a significant source of animal protein. However, the spread of the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) has resulted in considerable economic losses in crustacean industries. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral activity of rhein, the primary bioactive component of Rheum palmatum L., against WSSV infection, and many pathological aspects of WSSV were also described for the first time. Our mechanistic studies indicated that rhein effectively arrested the replication of WSSV in crayfish by modulating innate immunity to inhibit viral gene transcription. Furthermore, we observed that rhein attenuated WSSV-induced oxidative and inflammatory stresses by regulating the expression of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory-related genes while enhancing innate immunity by reducing total protein levels and increasing phosphatase activity. Our findings suggest that rhein holds great promise as a potent antiviral agent for the prevention and treatment of WSSV in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chang-Shuai Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing-Lei Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fei Ling
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hai-Feng Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng-Fei Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Gao-Xue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Hochma E, Hovor I, Nakonechny F, Nisnevitch M. Photo- and Sono-Active Food Colorants Inactivating Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15126. [PMID: 37894807 PMCID: PMC10607222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Food colorants are commonly used as excipients in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical fields, but they have a wide range of other potential applications, for instance, as cytotoxic drugs or mediators of physical antimicrobial treatments. The photodynamic antibacterial activity of several edible food colorants is reported here, including E127, E129, E124, E122, E133, and E150a, alongside Rhein, a natural lipophilic antibacterial and anticancer compound found in medicinal plants. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for S. aureus and E. coli showed that E127 and Rhein were effective against both bacteria, while other colorants exhibited low activity against E. coli. In some cases, dark pre-incubation of the colorants with Gram-positive S. aureus increased their photodynamic activity. Adding Rhein to E127 increased the photodynamic activity of the latter in a supportive mode. Optional sensing mechanism pathways of combined E127/Rhein action were suggested. The antibacterial activity of the studied colorants can be ranged as follows: E127/Rhein >> E127 >> E150a > E122 > E124 >> E129 ≈ E133. E127 was also found to exhibit photodynamic properties. Short ultrasonic treatment before illumination caused intensification of E127 photodynamic activity against E. coli when applied alone and especially in combination with Rhein. Food colorants exhibiting photo- and sonodynamic properties may have good potential in food preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marina Nisnevitch
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel; (E.H.); (I.H.); (F.N.)
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Mao X, Xu DQ, Yue SJ, Fu RJ, Zhang S, Tang YP. Potential Medicinal Value of Rhein for Diabetic Kidney Disease. Chin J Integr Med 2023; 29:951-960. [PMID: 36607584 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the primary cause of mortality among diabetic patients. With the increasing prevalence of diabetes, it has become a major concern around the world. The therapeutic effect of clinical use of drugs is far from expected, and therapy choices to slow the progression of DKD remain restricted. Therefore, research on new drugs and treatments for DKD has been a hot topic in the medical field. It has been found that rhein has the potential to target the pathogenesis of DKD and has a wide range of pharmacological effects on DKD, such as anti-nephritis, decreasing blood glucose, controlling blood lipids and renal protection. In recent years, the medical value of rhein in the treatment of diabetes, DKD and renal disease has gradually attracted worldwide attention, especially its potential in the treatment of DKD. Currently, DKD can only be treated with medications from a single symptom and are accompanied by adverse effects, while rhein improves DKD with a multi-pathway and multi-target approach. Therefore, this paper reviews the therapeutic effects of rhein on DKD, and proposes solutions to the limitations of rhein itself, in order to provide valuable references for the clinical application of rhein in DKD and the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Mao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, China
| | - Ding-Qiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, China
| | - Shi-Jun Yue
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, China
| | - Rui-Jia Fu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, China
| | - Yu-Ping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, China.
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Patel V, Joharapurkar A, Jain M. Therapeutic Potential of Diacerein in Management of Pain. Curr Drug Res Rev 2022; 14:215-224. [PMID: 36281831 DOI: 10.2174/2589977514666220428124623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diacerein (DCN), an analogue of rhein (a glycosidal compound of natural origin), is currently used in the treatment of osteoarthritis and is given a fast-track designation for development to treat epidermolysis bullosa (EB). It is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug having disease-modifying properties in osteoarthritis and anti-inflammatory effects for the treatment of EB. Diacerein has a beneficial effect on pain relief and demonstrated antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects, which are useful in renal disease, diabetes, and other disorders. This review discusses the possible mechanism of diacerein in the management of pain. The potential role of rhein and diacerein in the treatment of neuropathic, inflammatory and nociceptive pain is also reviewed. The effect of diacerein and rhein on mediators of pain, such as transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V (TRPV1), Substance P, glutamate, inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, matrix metalloproteinases, histamine, palmitoylethanolamide, nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkB), and prostaglandin, has also been discussed. The data highlights the role of diacerein in neuropathic, nociceptive and inflammatory pain. Clinical trials and mechanism of action studies are needed to ascertain the role of diacerein, rhein or their analogues in the management of pain, alone or in combination with other approved therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Patel
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H.No.8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| | - Amit Joharapurkar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H.No.8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| | - Mukul Jain
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H.No.8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
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Wang YK, Li WQ, Xia S, Guo L, Miao Y, Zhang BK. Metabolic Activation of the Toxic Natural Products From Herbal and Dietary Supplements Leading to Toxicities. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:758468. [PMID: 34744736 PMCID: PMC8564355 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.758468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, herbal and dietary supplements have been widely applied to prevent and treat various diseases. However, the potential toxicities and adverse reactions of herbal and dietary supplements have been increasingly reported, and have gradually attracted widespread attention from clinical pharmacists and physicians. Metabolic activation of specific natural products from herbal and dietary supplements is mediated by hepatic cytochrome P450 or intestinal bacteria, and generates chemical reactive/toxic metabolites that bind to cellular reduced glutathione or macromolecules, and form reactive metabolites-glutathione/protein/DNA adducts, and these protein/DNA adducts can result in toxicities. The present review focuses on the relation between metabolic activation and toxicities of natural products, and provides updated, comprehensive and critical comment on the toxic mechanisms of reactive metabolites. The key inductive role of metabolic activation in toxicity is highlighted, and frequently toxic functional groups of toxic natural products were summarized. The biotransformation of drug cytochrome P450 or intestinal bacteria involved in metabolic activation were clarified, the reactive metabolites-protein adducts were selected as biomarkers for predicting toxicity. And finally, further perspectives between metabolic activation and toxicities of natural products from herbal and dietary supplements are discussed, to provide a reference for the reasonable and safe usage of herbal and dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Kun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Qun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuang Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Miao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bi-Kui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Song ZM, Zhang JL, Zhou K, Yue LM, Zhang Y, Wang CY, Wang KL, Xu Y. Anthraquinones as Potential Antibiofilm Agents Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:709826. [PMID: 34539607 PMCID: PMC8446625 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.709826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms formed by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are one of the contributing factors to recurrent nosocomial infection in humans. There is currently no specific treatment targeting on biofilms in clinical trials approved by FDA, and antibiotics remain the primary therapeutic strategy. In this study, two anthraquinone compounds isolated from a rare actinobacterial strain Kitasatospora albolonga R62, 3,8-dihydroxy-l-methylanthraquinon-2-carboxylic acid (1) and 3,6,8-trihydroxy-1-methylanthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid (2), together with their 10 commercial analogs 3-12 were evaluated for antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against MRSA, which led to the discovery of two potential antibiofilm anthraquinone compounds anthraquinone-2-carboxlic acid (6) and rhein (12). The structure-activity relationship analysis of these anthraquinones indicated that the hydroxyl group at the C-2 position of the anthraquinone skeleton played an important role in inhibiting biofilm formation at high concentrations, while the carboxyl group at the same C-2 position had a great influence on the antibacterial activity and biofilm eradication activity. The results of crystal violet and methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium staining assays, as well as scanning electron microscope and confocal scanning laser microscopy imaging of compounds 6 and 12 treatment groups showed that both compounds could disrupt preformed MRSA biofilms possibly by killing or dispersing biofilm cells. RNA-Seq was subsequently used for the preliminary elucidation of the mechanism of biofilm eradication, and the results showed upregulation of phosphate transport-related genes in the overlapping differentially expressed genes of both compound treatment groups. Herein, we propose that anthraquinone compounds 6 and 12 could be considered promising candidates for the development of antibiofilm agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Man Song
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Materia Medica, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Jun-Liang Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lu-Ming Yue
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Kai-Ling Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Materia Medica, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Calcium pectinate and hyaluronic acid modified lactoferrin nanoparticles loaded rhein with dual-targeting for ulcerative colitis treatment. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 263:117998. [PMID: 33858583 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Herein, dual-bioresponsive of Rhein (RH) in promoting colonic mucous damage repair and controlling inflammatory reactions were combined by the dual-targeting (intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages) oral nano delivery strategy for effective therapy of ulcerative colitis (UC). Briefly, two carbohydrates, calcium pectinate (CP) and hyaluronic acid (HA) were used to modify lactoferrin (LF) nanoparticles (NPs) to encapsulate RH (CP/HA/RH-NPs). CP layer make CP/HA/RH-NPs more stable and protect against the destructive effects of the gastrointestinal environment and then release HA/RH-NPs to colon lesion site. Cellular uptake evaluation confirmed that NPs could specifically target and enhance the uptake rate via LF and HA ligands. in vivo experiments revealed that CP/HA/RH-NPs significantly alleviated inflammation by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and accelerated colonic healing. Importantly, with the help of CP, this study was the first to attempt for LF as a targeting nanomaterial in UC treatment and offers a promising food-based nanodrug in anti-UC.
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Shukla V, Asthana S, Singh S. Role of anthraquinones in Cassia occidentalis induced hepato-myo-encephalopathy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113431. [PMID: 33011371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The different plant parts of Cassia occidentalis Linn, (CO) such as root, leaves, seeds and pods have traditionally been used in multifarious medicines for the treatment of dysentery, diarrhea, constipation, fever, eczema, cancer and venereal diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic search of literature has been done in books and scientific databases like Science Direct, Pubmed, Google Scholar and Scopus etc. These sources were used to compile, analyze and review the information regarding the phytochemistry, toxicology and mechanism of toxicity of CO. The various references on this subject are cited in our review ranging from 1956 to 2019. RESULTS Unintentional exposure of CO causes serious pathological condition in children, known as hepato-myo-encephalopathy (HME). The toxicity after CO consumption is associated with the presence of anthraquinones (AQs), a class of secondary plant metabolites. These AQs at high concentrations are known to cause detrimental effects on essential vital organs such as liver, kidney, spleen, brain, muscle and reproductive organs. The animal studies in rodent models as well as clinical investigations have clearly revealed that CO toxicity is associated with enhanced hepatotoxicity serum markers (ALT, AST, and LDH) and presence of necrotic lesions in liver. Furthermore, CO also causes vacuolization in muscle tissue and increases the level of CPK which is a prominent muscle damage marker. Apart from these target organs, CO consumption also causes neuronal damage via disturbing the levels of different proteins such as (GFAP and b-tubulin III). The mechanistic studies show that AQs present in CO have the potential to disturb the cellular homeostasis via binding to DNA, increasing the production ROS and showing inhibitory effects on essential enzymes etc. Therefore, AQs have been observed to be the primary culprit agents contributing to the toxicity of CO in children and animals. CONCLUSION Despite its therapeutic potential, CO consumption can be detrimental if consumed in high amounts. A thorough analysis of literature reveals that AQs are the primary factors contributing to toxicity of CO seeds. Exposure to CO seeds causes HME, which is a serious life threatening condition for the malnourished children from lower strata. Multiple mechanisms are involved in the CO induced HME in patients. Lack of appropriate diagnostic measures and a poor understanding of the CO toxicity mechanism in humans and animals complicate the clinical management of CO poisoning subjects. Therefore, development of point of care diagnostic kits shall help in early diagnosis & suitable management of CO poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Shukla
- Food Toxicology Division, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Somya Asthana
- Food Toxicology Division, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Saurabh Singh
- Food Toxicology Division, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Xiao SL, Guan LJ, Jiang RF, Wang XG, Li X, Cai W. The Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of Rhein and Aurantio-Obtusin. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:960-968. [PMID: 32682364 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200719002128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthraquinones, rhein and aurantio-obtusin were isolated from the herb Duhaldea nervosa for the first time by our group, which were also found in plants that belong to the plant family Compositae. Anthraquinone compounds have a range of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antioxidation, anti-diabetes, etc. and can be used as a laxative, for liver protection, treatment of chronic renal failure, etc. However, in recent years, anthraquinones have been reported to be cytotoxic to the liver and kidneys. Therefore, it is very important to study the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of rhein and aurantio-obtusin, which are common ingredients in many traditional Chinese medicines (TCM). According to our research, the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of rhein and aurantio-obtusin are comprehensively summarized in the paper for the first time. OBJECTIVE The study provides comprehensive information on pharmacokinetics and metabolism of rhein and aurantio- obtusin in different Species; meanwhile, the aim of this review is also to provide a reference for a reasonable application of TCM enriched with these two ingredients. METHODS The metabolism and pharmacokinetics of rhein and aurantio-obtusin were searched by the Web of Science, PubMed, Google scholar and some Chinese literature databases. RESULTS Rhein and aurantio-obtusin exist mainly in the form of metabolites in the body. Rhein and aurantio-obtusin and its metabolites might be responsible for pharmacological effects in the body. Therefore, the significance of studying the in vivo metabolites of rhein and aurantio-obtusin is not only essential to clarify their pharmacological mechanism, but also to find new active compound ingredients. The metabolism of rhein is different in different species, so the toxicity effects of rhein may also be different after oral administration in different species; however, the metabolic profiles of aurantio-obtusin in the liver microsomes of different species are similar. CONCLUSION This paper not only provides detail regarding the pharmacokinetics of rhein and aurantio-obtusin, but it is anticipated that it will also facilitate further study on the metabolism of rhein and aurantio-obtusin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Li Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, Hunan, China
| | - Liang-Jun Guan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ren-Feng Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang-Gen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, Hunan, China
| | - Xing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, Hunan, China
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Lin TL, Lu CC, Lai WF, Wu TS, Lu JJ, Chen YM, Tzeng CM, Liu HT, Wei H, Lai HC. Role of gut microbiota in identification of novel TCM-derived active metabolites. Protein Cell 2020; 12:394-410. [PMID: 32929698 PMCID: PMC8106560 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00784-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been extensively used to ameliorate diseases in Asia for over thousands of years. However, owing to a lack of formal scientific validation, the absence of information regarding the mechanisms underlying TCMs restricts their application. After oral administration, TCM herbal ingredients frequently are not directly absorbed by the host, but rather enter the intestine to be transformed by gut microbiota. The gut microbiota is a microbial community living in animal intestines, and functions to maintain host homeostasis and health. Increasing evidences indicate that TCM herbs closely affect gut microbiota composition, which is associated with the conversion of herbal components into active metabolites. These may significantly affect the therapeutic activity of TCMs. Microbiota analyses, in conjunction with modern multiomics platforms, can together identify novel functional metabolites and form the basis of future TCM research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Lung Lin
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan, China
| | - Chia-Chen Lu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan, China.,Department of Chest Medicine, Internal Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan, China
| | - Wei-Fan Lai
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan, China
| | - Ting-Shu Wu
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan, China.,Central Research Laboratory, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, 361026, China
| | - Jang-Jih Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan, China.,Central Research Laboratory, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, 361026, China
| | - Young-Mao Chen
- Bachelor Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan, China
| | - Chi-Meng Tzeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hong-Tao Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Central Laboratory, Clinical Medicine Scientific and Technical Innovation Park, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200435, China
| | - Hsin-Chih Lai
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan, China. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan, China. .,Central Research Laboratory, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, 361026, China. .,Microbiota Research Center and Emerging Viral Infections Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan, China. .,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33303, Taiwan, China.
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Rhein attenuates renal inflammatory injury of uric acid nephropathy via lincRNA-Cox2/miR-150-5p/STAT1 axis. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 85:106620. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Method for the Detection of Rhein in Rheum officinale. Int J Anal Chem 2020; 2020:4294826. [PMID: 32256596 PMCID: PMC7102413 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4294826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhein is an important quality-control marker of Rheum officinale. The aim of this study was to develop an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) for rhein detection, which acts as a powerful tool for quality control and proper usage of Rheum officinale. First, a specific and sensitive monoclonal antibody (mAb) against rhein was produced from a stable hybridoma cell line, 1F8, generated by the fusion of mouse myeloma sp2/0 with spleen cells obtained from a Bal b/c mouse immunized with rhein-BSA. Then, an icELISA method was developed with an IC50 value and working range of 0.05 μg L−1 and 0.02–0.11 μg L−1, respectively. The icELISA revealed high assay specificity, since it only had a relatively high cross reactivity with aloe-emodin (27%) and almost no cross reactivity with any other anthraquinones (<1%). When spiked with 0.2–2 mg kg−1 of rhein, the recoveries ranged from 84.19% to 102.90%. Finally, icELISA was used to detect rhein contents of Rheum officinale collected from different regions, and the results corresponded well with those of HPLC. Overall, the developed icELISA with high specificity and sensitivity provided a rapid and simple method for rhein detection, and it may be a powerful tool for quality control and proper usage of Rheum officinale.
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Zhang Y, Zhang M, Hu G, Zhang Z, Song R. Elevated system exposures of baicalin after combinatory oral administration of rhein and baicalin: Mainly related to breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2), not UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 250:112528. [PMID: 31884038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription follows the principle of compatibility (peiwu) to achieve the fundamental purpose: to increase efficacy and reduce toxicity. Rhei rhizoma, commonly known as Chinese rhubarb, is the most frequently used herb with Radix Scutellariaee. This classic fixed compatibility is considered for heat-clearing, qi regulation and detoxifying to gain better efficacy and reduce cytotoxicity with respect to unilateral medicine. With this in mind, we propose it is highly promising to find ingredients in rhubarb to increase the bioavailability of baicalin. AIM OF STUDY In the present study, effect of rhien on pharmacokinetic profile of baicalin in rat plasma was investigated, and the underlying mechanisms were partly dissected through intestinal absorption, metabolism and biliary excretion with in vivo, in vitro and in situ assays. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pharmacokinetic analysis in rats was first performed to provide a general overview of the in vivo exposure of baicalin and rhein after co-administration, while the biliary excretion study provided insight to the effect of rhein on the transport of baicalin from hepatocytes to bile. In vitro incubation and inhibition studies in human/rat liver microsome and human/rat intestinal S9 fraction were conducted to elucidate the role of uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) on the hepatic and intestinal metabolism of baicalein (the aglycone of baicalin), and to determine whether rhein can affect the UGT-mediated glucuronidation of baicalein. In situ intestinal perfusion study was designed to investigate the effect of rhein on intestinal absorption of baicalin, and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibitor was co-perfused as positive control to demonstrate the role of the efflux transporter, while BCRP-MDCK II cell(Madin-Daby canine kidney cell) model was used as an in vitro approach to further confirm the conclusion. RESULTS The AUC and Cmax of baicalin were increased to 189.93% and 305.73%, respectively, and the clearance of baicalin was significantly decreased from 4.17 ± 2.40 to 1.65 ± 0.79 L/h/kg following oral co-administration of rhein. The AUC of baicalin was markedly increased and the biliary clearance was significantly decreased when baicalin and rhein were co-administered intravenously. The effect of rhein on the glucuronidation of baicalein in various subcellular fractions was examined, and it was found that rhein did not affect the UGT-mediated glucuronidation of baicalein. Results of in situ intestinal perfusion revealed that co-perfusion with Ko143 (a potent BCRP inhibitor) or rhein significantly reduced the cumulative excretion amount of baicalin, from 9.27 ± 2.79 to 2.80 ± 0.97 or 4.84 ± 0.60 nM, respectively. Additionally, the efflux ratio Papp(BL-AP)/Papp(AP-BL) of baicalin in BCRP-MDCK II was decreased significantly in the presence of rhein or Ko143, which meant rhein could inhibit the BCRP-mediated efflux transport of baicalin. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that rhein can increase the bioavailability of baicalin by inhibiting BCRP-mediated efflux transport of baicalin in enterocytes and hepatocytes rather than by affecting the activity of UGT enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Analysis Center, Hubei Bio-Pharmaceutical Industrial Technological Institute Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430075, China.
| | - Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Guangnan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Zunjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Rui Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Mohammed A, Ibrahim MA, Tajuddeen N, Aliyu AB, Isah MB. Antidiabetic potential of anthraquinones: A review. Phytother Res 2019; 34:486-504. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aminu Mohammed
- Department of BiochemistryAhmadu Bello University Zaria Nigeria
| | | | - Nasir Tajuddeen
- Department of ChemistryAhmadu Bello University Zaria Nigeria
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Zhou D, Kong L, Jiang Y, Wang C, Ni Y, Wang Y, Zhang H, Ruan J. UGT-dependent regioselective glucuronidation of ursodeoxycholic acid and obeticholic acid and selective transport of the consequent acyl glucuronides by OATP1B1 and 1B3. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 310:108745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Wen B, Gorycki P. Bioactivation of herbal constituents: mechanisms and toxicological relevance. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:453-497. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1655570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Peter Gorycki
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
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Synthesis and Evaluation of Diindole-Based MRI Contrast Agent for In Vivo Visualization of Necrosis. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 22:593-601. [PMID: 31332630 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Noninvasive imaging of cell necrosis can provide an early evaluation of tumor response to treatments. Here, we aimed to design and synthesize a novel diindole-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent (Gd-bis-DOTA-diindolylmethane, Gd-DIM) for assessment of tumor response to therapy at an early stage. PROCEDURES The oil-water partition coefficient (Log P) and relaxivity of Gd-DIM were determined in vitro. Then, its necrosis avidity was examined in necrotic cells in vitro and in rat models with microwave ablation-induced muscle necrosis (MAMN) and ischemia reperfusion-induced liver necrosis (IRLN) by MRI. Visualization of tumor necrosis induced by combretastatin A-4 disodium phosphate (CA4P) was evaluated in rats bearing W256 orthotopic liver tumor by MRI. Finally, DNA binding assay was performed to explore the possible necrosis-avidity mechanism of Gd-DIM. RESULTS The Log P value and T1 relaxivity of Gd-DIM is - 2.15 ± 0.01 and 6.61 mM-1 s-1, respectively. Gd-DIM showed predominant necrosis avidity in vitro and in vivo. Clear visualization of the tumor necrosis induced by CA4P was achieved at 60 min after administration of Gd-DIM. DNA binding study indicated that the necrosis-avidity mechanism of Gd-DIM may be due to its binding to exposed DNA in necrotic cells. CONCLUSION Gd-DIM may serve as a promising necrosis-avid MRI contrast agent for early assessment of tumor response to therapy.
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Ma L, Cai L, Jin Q, Liang J, Zhang D, Liu W, Ni Y, Yin Z, Zhang J, Pan K. Evaluation of necrosis avidity of radioiodinated 5-hydroxytryptophan and its potential applications in myocardial infarction imaging. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rhein Induces Cell Death in HepaRG Cells through Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptotic Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041060. [PMID: 29614833 PMCID: PMC5979559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhein, a naturally occurring active anthraquinone found abundantly in various medicinal and nutritional herbs, possesses a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects. Furthermore, previous studies have reported that rhein could induce hepatotoxicity in rats. However, its cytotoxicity and potential molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity of rhein on HepaRG cells and the underlying mechanisms of its cytotoxicity. Our results demonstrate, by 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl-)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Annexin V-fluoresce isothiocyanate (FITC)/propidium iodide (PI) double-staining assays, that rhein significantly inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis in HepaRG cells. Moreover, rhein treatment resulted in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and S phase cell cycle arrest. The results of Western blotting showed that rhein treatment resulted in a significant increase in the protein levels of Fas, p53, p21, Bax, cleaved caspases-3, -8, -9, and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP). The protein expression of Bcl-2, cyclin A, and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK 2) was decreased. In conclusion, these results suggest that rhein treatment could inhibit cell viability of HepaRG cells and induce cell death through cell cycle arrest in the S phase and activation of Fas- and mitochondrial-mediated pathways of apoptosis. These findings emphasize the need to assess the risk of exposure for humans to rhein.
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Xu Y, Mao X, Qin B, Peng Y, Zheng J. In vitro and in vivo metabolic activation of rhein and characterization of glutathione conjugates derived from rhein. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 283:1-9. [PMID: 29331654 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rhein (RH), 4,5-dihydroxyanthrauinone-2-carboxylic acid, is found in rhubarb (Dahuang), a traditional herbal medicine. RH has reportedly demonstrated multiple pharmacologic properties. Previous studies have also shown that RH induced hepatotoxicity, but the mechanisms of the adverse effect remain unknown. The major objective of the present study was to study the metabolic pathways of RH in order to identify potential reactive metabolites. One mono-hydroxylation metabolite (M1) was detected in urine and bile of rats given RH. M1 was also observed in rat and human liver microsomal incubations after exposure to RH. A total of three (GSH) conjugates (M2, M3 and M5) were detected in bile of rats treated with RH. We concluded that M2-M3 were directly derived from parent compound RH through spontaneous reaction with GSH. M5 was derived from M1 by reaction with GSH, which required cytoslic GSTs. M5 was further metabolized to the corresponding NAC conjugate (mercapturic acid) and was excreted in urine. P450 2C9 was mainly involved in the oxidation of RH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Xu Mao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Boyang Qin
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China.
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province and Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China.
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Interaction between rhein acyl glucuronide and methotrexate based on human organic anion transporters. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 277:79-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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