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Lu Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Guo S, Sun K, Qi H. The influence of drying methods on extract content, tyrosinase activity inhibition, and mechanism in Ascophyllum nodosum: A combined microstructural and kinetic study. Food Chem 2024; 458:140230. [PMID: 38954954 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluates vacuum drying (VD), microwave drying (MD), hot air drying (HAD), and freeze drying (FD), on the color and microstructure changes of Ascophyllum nodosum (A. nodosum), which affect the extraction of polyphenols and flavonoids. During drying, VD and FD show slight color change and looser structure, aiding in active compound preservation and extraction. Polyphenols extracted from A. nodosum (PEAn) using these methods show higher anti-tyrosinase activity, with VD treatment exhibiting the strongest inhibition. Kinetic studies demonstrate competitive inhibition between PEAn and tyrosinase. The binding constant (Ki) values indicate that PEAn treated with VD exhibits the most effective inhibition on tyrosinase, and the Zeta potential suggests the formation of the most stable complex. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy shows significant enzyme rearrangement with VD-treated PEAn. Molecular docking confirms strong binding affinity. This study aims to enhance the utility of A. nodosum and develop novel uses for tyrosinase inhibitors in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Lu
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Centre of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Centre of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yu Liu
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Centre of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yuze Wang
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Centre of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Sainan Guo
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Centre of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Kailing Sun
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Centre of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Hang Qi
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Centre of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China..
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2
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Gąsowska-Bajger B, Wojtasek H. Epigallocatechin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate are not inhibitors of tyrosinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 113:129976. [PMID: 39332649 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
Inhibition of tyrosinase by gallic acid, epigallocatechin, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate has been recently described in several publications. However, oxidation of these compounds by this enzyme was demonstrated long time ago. Gallic acid also reduced tyrosinase-generated o-quinones. We have shown that epigallocatechin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate are also rapidly oxidized by o-quinones generated from catechols by tyrosinase or by treatment with sodium periodate. Smaller changes of absorbance at 475 nm during oxidation of l-dopa in the presence of gallic acid, epigallocatechin, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate result from reduction of dopaquinone by these compounds. This reaction prevents formation of dopachrome giving an effect of inhibition, which is only apparent. The actual reaction rates measured by oxygen consumption did not decrease in the presence of these compounds. The standard spectrophotometric assay cannot therefore be used to monitor tyrosinase activity with compounds possessing strong reducing properties, particularly flavonoids, because their influence on dopachrome formation does not result from inhibition of this enzyme. Such compounds should be considered antimelanogenic or antibrowning agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hubert Wojtasek
- Institute of Chemistry, Opole University, Ul. Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland.
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3
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Wen M, Hu W, Li L, Long P, Han Z, Ke JP, Deng Z, Zhu M, Zhang L. Developed metabolomics approach reveals the non-volatile color-contributing metabolites during Keemun congou black tea processing. Food Chem 2024; 463:141222. [PMID: 39270495 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
While key aroma and taste compounds of Keemun Congou black teas (KCBT) form during aeration and thermal stages, it is still unknown whether these processing stages also produce non-volatile color-contributing metabolites. Through integrating metabolomics with correlation and ridge regression analyses, 190 metabolites were identified as marker compounds that reclassified 15 KCBT samples collected from five processing stages into four groups. Meanwhile, the results of quantification and heatmap analysis showed that the concentrations of theaflavins and theasinensins significantly increased, as catechin decreased, after rolling, while flavonoid aglycones and polyunsaturated fatty acids increased throughout drying. Regression analysis between marker compound levels and total color difference values (∆E) revealed that the major color contributors were 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, glucosyl-dehydrodigallic acid, theacitrin A, kaempferol-O-robinobioside, and (-)-epigallocatechin, with regression coefficients (absolute value) exceeding 4 × 10-2. Overall, the present study confirmed that rolling and drying were the two vital stages responsible for the color formation of KCBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Piaopiao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zisheng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Jia-Ping Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zhiyang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Mengting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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4
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Liu XY, Wang WZ, Yao SP, Li XY, Han RM, Zhang D, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Zhang JP. Antioxidation Activity Enhancement by Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond and Non-Browning Mechanism of Active Ingredients in Rosemary: Carnosic Acid and Carnosol. J Phys Chem B 2024. [PMID: 39073136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c02949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Rosemary is one of the most promising, versatile, and studied natural preservatives. Carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CARN), as the primary active ingredients of rosemary extracts, have little difference in structure, but their antioxidant activities vary significantly, depending on the system studied. The underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. By means of optical spectroscopies, stopped-flow, laser photolysis, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we have compared CA and CARN between their reaction dynamics of radical scavenging, metal ion chelation, and oxidation inhibition in lipid emulsion and beef, as well as between their interactions with β-carotene (β-Car). For reference, 3-isopropyl catechol (IC), which is structurally similar to the active groups of CA and CARN, was studied in parallel. It is found for CA that the intramolecular hydrogen bond can boost the acidity of its phenol hydroxyl and that the synergistic effect with β-Car can substantially enhance its antioxidation activity in the model systems of lipid and meat via the CA-to-β-Car electron transfer reaction. The substitution of A and B rings on the catechol group in both CA and CARN limits browning caused by their formation of oxidative products as antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, School of Chemistry and Life Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Wen-Zhu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, School of Chemistry and Life Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Song-Po Yao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, School of Chemistry and Life Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Xue-Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, School of Chemistry and Life Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Rui-Min Han
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, School of Chemistry and Life Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Dangquan Zhang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhijun Zhao
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yapei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, School of Chemistry and Life Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, School of Chemistry and Life Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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5
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Pham TN, Cazier EA, Gormally E, Lawrence P. Valorization of biomass polyphenols as potential tyrosinase inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103843. [PMID: 38000718 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinases (TYRs; EC 1.14.18.1) catalyze two sequential oxidative reactions of the melanin biosynthesis pathway and play an important role in mammalian pigmentation and enzymatic browning of fruit and vegetables. Inhibition of TYR activity is therefore an attractive target for new drugs and/or food ingredients. In addition, increasing evidence suggests that TYR regulation could be a novel target for treatments of cancer and Parkinson's disease. Biomasses, notably industrial byproducts and biowaste, are good sustainable sources of phytochemicals that may be valorized into bioactive compounds including TYR inhibitors. This review presents potential applications of biomass-derived polyphenols targeting TYR inhibition. Insights into structure-activity relationships of several polyphenols and their glycosides are highlighted. Finally, some remarks and perspectives on research into new TYR inhibitors from biomass waste are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Nhat Pham
- UCLy (Lyon Catholic University), ESTBB, Lyon, France; UCLy (Lyon Catholic University), UR CONFLUENCE: Sciences et Humanités (EA 1598), Lyon, France.
| | - Elisabeth A Cazier
- UCLy (Lyon Catholic University), ESTBB, Lyon, France; UCLy (Lyon Catholic University), UR CONFLUENCE: Sciences et Humanités (EA 1598), Lyon, France; Nantes Université, Oniris, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F-44600 Saint-Nazaire, France
| | - Emmanuelle Gormally
- UCLy (Lyon Catholic University), ESTBB, Lyon, France; UCLy (Lyon Catholic University), UR CONFLUENCE: Sciences et Humanités (EA 1598), Lyon, France
| | - Philip Lawrence
- UCLy (Lyon Catholic University), ESTBB, Lyon, France; UCLy (Lyon Catholic University), UR CONFLUENCE: Sciences et Humanités (EA 1598), Lyon, France
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6
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Wojtasek H. Oxidation of flavonoids by tyrosinase and by o-quinones-comment on "Flavonoids as tyrosinase inhibitors in in silico and in vitro models: basic framework of SAR using a statistical modelling approach" published by K. Jakimiuk, S. Sari, R. Milewski, C.T. Supuran, D. Şöhretoğlu, and M. Tomczyk (J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022;37:427-436). J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2269611. [PMID: 37842733 PMCID: PMC10580835 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2269611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
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7
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Tomczyk M. Reply letter to Dr. Wojtasek regarding: Oxidation of flavonoids by tyrosinase and by o-quinones-comment on "Flavonoids as tyrosinase inhibitors in in silico and in vitro models: basic framework of SAR using a statistical modelling approach" published by K. Jakimiuk, S. Sari, R. Milewski, C.T. Supuran, D. Söhretoglu, and M. Tomczyk (J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022;37:427-436). J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2269613. [PMID: 37850334 PMCID: PMC10586068 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2269613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Tomczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - on behalf of all co-authors
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
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8
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Zych M, Urbisz K, Kimsa-Dudek M, Kamionka M, Dudek S, Raczak BK, Wacławek S, Chmura D, Kaczmarczyk-Żebrowska I, Stebel A. Effects of Water-Ethanol Extracts from Four Sphagnum Species on Gene Expression of Selected Enzymes in Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Their Antioxidant Properties. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1076. [PMID: 37630991 PMCID: PMC10458669 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosses (Bryophyta), particularly species of the genus Sphagnum, which have been used for centuries for the treatment of skin diseases and damage, are still not explored enough in terms of their use in cosmetics. The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant properties of water-ethanol extracts from four selected species of the genus Sphagnum (S. girgenshonii Russow, S. magellanicum Brid., S. palustre L., and S. squarrosum Crome) and their impact on the expression of genes encoding key enzymes for the functioning of the skin. In this study, the effects of Sphagnum extracts on the expression of genes encoding tyrosinase, collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase and hyaluronic acid synthase in human dermal fibroblasts were determined for the first time in vitro. The extracts inhibited tyrosinase gene expression and showed antioxidant activity. The experiment showed an increase in the expression of some genes encoding collagenase (MMP1) or hyaluronidase (HYAL2, HYAL3 and HYAL4) and a decrease in the hyaluronan synthase (HAS1, HAS2 and HAS3) genes expression by the tested extracts. The obtained results suggest that using extracts from the tested Sphagnum species in anti-aging cosmetics does not seem beneficial. Further studies are needed to clarify their impact on the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zych
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (K.U.); (S.D.); (I.K.-Ż.)
| | - Katarzyna Urbisz
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (K.U.); (S.D.); (I.K.-Ż.)
| | - Magdalena Kimsa-Dudek
- Department of Nutrigenomics and Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jedności 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| | - Maria Kamionka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Ostrogórska 30, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (M.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Sławomir Dudek
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (K.U.); (S.D.); (I.K.-Ż.)
| | - Barbara Klaudia Raczak
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CXI), Technical University of Liberec (TUL), Studentská 1402/2, 46117 Liberec, Czech Republic; (B.K.R.)
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Informatics and Interdisciplinary Studies, Technical University of Liberec (TUL), 46117 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Stanisław Wacławek
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CXI), Technical University of Liberec (TUL), Studentská 1402/2, 46117 Liberec, Czech Republic; (B.K.R.)
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Informatics and Interdisciplinary Studies, Technical University of Liberec (TUL), 46117 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Damian Chmura
- Institute of Environmental Protection and Engineering, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2, 43-309 Bielsko-Biala, Poland;
| | - Ilona Kaczmarczyk-Żebrowska
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (K.U.); (S.D.); (I.K.-Ż.)
| | - Adam Stebel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Ostrogórska 30, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (M.K.); (A.S.)
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Xie Y, Mei X, Shi W. Kaempferol promotes melanogenesis and reduces oxidative stress in PIG1 normal human skin melanocytes. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:982-990. [PMID: 36924030 PMCID: PMC10064034 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease characterized by depigmentation. Kaempferol is a flavonoid compound with broad anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of kaempferol on melanogenesis in PIG1 normal human skin melanocytes and its response to oxidative stress. The effect of kaempferol on melanin synthesis in PIG1 normal human skin melanocytes was explored by measuring tyrosinase activity, melanin content, mRNA and protein expression of key enzymes and expression of related pathway proteins. The effects of kaempferol pretreatment on cell viability, apoptosis, ROS level and HO-1 protein level under H2 O2 stimulation were explored. When treated with kaempferol, the tyrosinase activity and melanin content of PIG1 cells increased, the mRNA and protein expressions of TYR, TRP1, TRP2 and MITF increased, and the phosphorylation level of ERK1/2 increased. Upon the stimulation of H2 O2 , kaempferol reduced the production of ROS, decreased apoptosis and increased the protein expression of HO-1 in PIG1 cells. In addition, kaempferol inhibited oxidative stress-induced melanin reduction and promoted melanin synthesis in PIG1 cells and protected against H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Xie
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xingyu Mei
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weimin Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Gąsowska-Bajger B, Wojtasek H. Oxidation of baicalein by tyrosinase and by o-quinones. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123317. [PMID: 36682663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Baicalein (5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone) has been previously described as an inhibitor of tyrosinase (Guo et al. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 118 (2018) 57-68). However, long before this article was published this flavonoid had been shown to be a substrate of this enzyme and a catecholic cofactor partially abolishing the lag-phase during oxidation of l-tyrosine. Other compounds with a 1,2,3-triphenol moiety, such as pyrogallol, gallic acid and its esters are also oxidized by tyrosinase. Gallic acid was also shown to reduce tyrosinase-generated o-quinones. We have demonstrated that baicalein is also rapidly oxidized by o-quinones generated from catechols by tyrosinase or by treatment with sodium periodate. Smaller changes of absorbance at 475 nm during oxidation of l-dopa by tyrosinase in the presence of baicalein do not result from enzyme inhibition but from reduction of dopaquinone by baicalein. This reaction prevents formation of dopachrome giving an effect of inhibition, which is only apparent. The actual reaction rates did not decrease but increased in the presence of baicalein, which we demonstrated by measurements of oxygen consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hubert Wojtasek
- Institute of Chemistry, Opole University, Ul. Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland.
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11
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Tarasek D, Wojtasek H. Rifampicin is not an inhibitor of tyrosinase. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 216:830-835. [PMID: 35914550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rifampicin has been previously described as an inhibitor of tyrosinase (Chai et al., Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 102 (2017) 425-430). However, rifampicin contains a p-diphenol group and compounds with such a moiety have been shown before to reduce tyrosinase-generated o-quinones. Rifampicin also shows strong absorption in a region completely overlapping with the visible absorption band of dopachrome, the oxidation product of L-tyrosine and L-dopa, whose concentration is measured spectrophotometrically in the standard enzymatic assay to monitor the activity of tyrosinase. We have demonstrated that rifampicin is also rapidly oxidized by o-quinones generated from catechols by tyrosinase or by treatment with sodium periodate. Smaller changes of absorbance at 475 nm during oxidation of L-dopa by tyrosinase in the presence of rifampicin do not result from enzyme inhibition but from oxidation of rifampicin by dopaquinone, which leads to rapid decrease of rifampicin absorption in this range. The actual reaction rates are not affected, which we have demonstrated by measurements of oxygen consumption. Rifampicin behaves therefore as other compounds with reducing properties, such as ascorbic acid, hydroquinone, hydrazine derivatives, and flavonoids, some of which have also been incorrectly described before as inhibitors of tyrosinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Tarasek
- Institute of Chemistry, Opole University, Ul. Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland
| | - Hubert Wojtasek
- Institute of Chemistry, Opole University, Ul. Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland.
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12
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Oxidation during Fresh Plant Processing: A Race against Time. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10071335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation is a major concern in the food and cosmetics industry; however, little information is available in the literature about its effect during the production of herbal medicines. The impact of oxidation on herbal mother tincture (MT) manufacturing was investigated by performing an oxidative stress test, in which cryogenically ground fresh plants (Echinacea purpurea, Mentha piperita, Ginkgo biloba, and Hypericum perforatum) were exposed to air in a time-controlled manner before extraction. The effect of oxidation on the resulting extracts was evaluated using UV–Vis spectroscopy and potassium permanganate antioxidant assay. Furthermore, a tyrosinase enzymatic assay was performed on MTs to evaluate the behavior of the absorbance spectra of phenolic compounds during oxidation. Additionally, several commercially available herbal mother tinctures were examined for oxidative changes. The exposure of the fresh plant material to air for 30 min decreased the antioxidant activity in all four tested plants by 10% to 44%. This decrease occurred along with an intensity diminution and flattening of the typical UV–Vis absorption spectra of the MTs. The results have shown that the impact of oxidation during MT manufacturing is a serious issue and could be monitored by means of simple UV–Vis spectra recording.
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Wojtasek H. Quercetin is a substrate not an inhibitor of tyrosinase - comments on “Quercetin as a tyrosinase inhibitor: Inhibitory activity, conformational change and mechanism” published by Fan et al. (2017). Food Res Int 2022; 153:110944. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.110944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Wojtasek H. Comment on "Natural and synthetic flavonoid derivatives as new potential tyrosinase inhibitors: a systematic review" by R. Obaid, E. Mughal, N. Naeem, A. Sadiq, R. Alsantali, R. Jassas, Z. Moussa and S. Ahmed, RSC Advances, 2021, 11, 22159. RSC Adv 2022; 12:5395-5397. [PMID: 35425534 PMCID: PMC8981967 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08162d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A review article has been published recently (RSC Advances, 2021, 11, 22159-22198) describing flavonoids as inhibitors of tyrosinase. However, many compounds included in this review have been previously shown to act as substrates of this enzymes or antioxidants reducing tyrosinase-generated o-quinones. Products of their oxidation absorb light in a range different than dopachrome, the oxidation product of l-tyrosine or l-dopa, whose concentration is measured spectrophotometrically in the standard enzymatic assay to monitor the activity of this enzyme. This effect is interpreted as enzyme inhibition, which, in fact, is only apparent and results from inadequate methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Wojtasek
- Institute of Chemistry, Opole University Ul. Oleska 48 45-052 Opole Poland +48 77 452 7101 +48 77 452 7122
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15
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Zhang G, Fan M. Response to the comments published in Food Res Int. 2022,153,110944. Food Res Int 2022; 153:110954. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.110954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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16
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Lee KE, Bharadwaj S, Sahoo AK, Yadava U, Kang SG. Determination of tyrosinase-cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and (-/+)-catechin binding modes reveal mechanistic differences in tyrosinase inhibition. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24494. [PMID: 34969954 PMCID: PMC8718538 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase, exquisitely catalyzes the phenolic compounds into brown or black pigment, inhibition is used as a treatment for dermatological or neurodegenerative disorders. Natural products, such as cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and (-/+)-catechin, are considered safe and non-toxic food additives in tyrosinase inhibition but their ambiguous inhibitory mechanism against tyrosinase is still elusive. Thus, we presented the mechanistic insights into tyrosinase with cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and (-/+)-catechin using computational simulations and in vitro assessment. Initial molecular docking results predicted ideal docked poses (- 9.346 to - 5.795 kcal/mol) for tyrosinase with selected flavonoids. Furthermore, 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations and post-simulation analysis of docked poses established their stability and oxidation of flavonoids as substrate by tyrosinase. Particularly, metal chelation via catechol group linked with the free 3-OH group on the unconjugated dihydropyran heterocycle chain was elucidated to contribute to tyrosinase inhibition by (-/+)-catechin against cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. Also, predicted binding free energy using molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area for each docked pose was consistent with in vitro enzyme inhibition for both mushroom and murine tyrosinases. Conclusively, (-/+)-catechin was observed for substantial tyrosinase inhibition and advocated for further investigation for drug development against tyrosinase-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Eun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea.
- Stemforce, 313 Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea.
| | - Shiv Bharadwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea.
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Amaresh Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, 211015, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Umesh Yadava
- Department of Physics, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India.
| | - Sang Gu Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea.
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17
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Lu Y, Xu Y, Song MT, Qian LL, Liu XL, Gao RY, Han RM, Skibsted LH, Zhang JP. Promotion effects of flavonoids on browning induced by enzymatic oxidation of tyrosinase: structure-activity relationship. RSC Adv 2021; 11:13769-13779. [PMID: 35423946 PMCID: PMC8697750 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01369f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase, widely distributed in nature, is a copper-containing polyphenol oxidase involved in the formation of melanin. Flavonoids are most often considered as tyrosinase inhibitors but have also been confirmed to be tyrosinase substrates. Four structure-related flavonoids including flavones (apigenin and luteolin) and flavonols (kaempferol and quercetin) are found to promote not inhibit browning induced by tyrosinase catalyzed oxidation both in model systems and in mushrooms under aerobic conditions. A comparison with enzymatic oxidation and autooxidation of flavonoids alone has helped to clarify why flavonoids function as a substrate rather than an inhibitor. Flavonoids almost do not affect the kinetics of melanin formation from enzymatic oxidation of l-dopa in excess. In addition, a new brown complex formed during the reaction of flavonoid quinone and dopaquinone is suggested to enhance the browning effects by competing with isomerization and autooxidation. Structure-activity relationships of the four flavonoids in melanin formation leading to browning induced by autooxidation and enzymatic oxidation confirm the enzymatic nature of the browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China +86-10-6251-6444 +86-10-6251-6604
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China +86-10-6251-6444 +86-10-6251-6604
| | - Meng-Ting Song
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China +86-10-6251-6444 +86-10-6251-6604
| | - Ling-Ling Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China +86-10-6251-6444 +86-10-6251-6604
| | - Xiao-Lin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China +86-10-6251-6444 +86-10-6251-6604
| | - Rong-Yao Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China +86-10-6251-6444 +86-10-6251-6604
| | - Rui-Min Han
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China +86-10-6251-6444 +86-10-6251-6604
| | - Leif H Skibsted
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 30 DK-1958 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China +86-10-6251-6444 +86-10-6251-6604
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18
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Goenka S, Simon SR. Depigmenting effect of Xanthohumol from hop extract in MNT-1 human melanoma cells and normal human melanocytes. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:100955. [PMID: 33681480 PMCID: PMC7910408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XH) is the most abundant prenylated flavonoid found in the hop plant (Humulus lupulus L.) and has previously been shown to have depigmenting effects in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells; however, studies of its depigmenting efficacy in human melanocytes are still lacking. In this work, we explored the effects of XH on melanogenesis in MNT-1 human melanoma cells and normal human melanocytes from darkly-pigmented skin (HEM-DP). XH was screened for cytotoxicity over 48 h, and subsequently tested on melanogenesis in MNT-1 cells. XH was further tested in HEM-DP cells for melanin synthesis and melanosome export; dendricity was quantitated to assess effects on melanosome export. Melanosome degradation was studied in human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Our results showed that XH inhibited melanin synthesis in MNT-1 cells at 30 μM but increased intracellular tyrosinase activity without affecting ROS levels. In HEM-DP cells, XH robustly suppressed cellular tyrosinase activity at nontoxic concentrations (2.5–5 μM) without any effect on melanin synthesis. However, XH inhibited melanosome export by reducing dendrite number and total dendrite length. Further testing in HaCaT cells demonstrated that XH induced melanosome degradation at low micromolar concentrations without any cytotoxicity. In summary, our results demonstrate that XH at low micromolar concentrations might hold promise as a potent inhibitor of human pigmentation by primarily targeting melanin export and melanin degradation. Further studies to elucidate the signaling mechanisms of action of melanosome export inhibition by XH and in vivo efficacy are warranted. Xanthohumol (XH) inhibited melanin synthesis in MNT-1 human melanoma cells. XH did not inhibit melanin synthesis in primary human melanocytes but significantly suppressed both dendrite number and total dendrite length at low micromolar concentrations. Reduction of melanosome export by reduction in dendricity was correlated with the inhibition of intracellular tyrosinase activity. XH induced melanosome degradation in human keratinocytes. XH is a candidate for skin-lightning which inhibits human melanogenesis by targeting later steps in melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Goenka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Sanford R Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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19
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Chen C, Pang L, Wang R, Zou C, Ruan G, Sun Y, Zhang C, Yu H, Li L, Liu J. Fluorescence copolymer-based dual-signal monitoring tyrosinase activity and its inhibitor screening via blue-green emission transformation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 246:119028. [PMID: 33068897 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase (TYR) is a crucial enzyme in melanin metabolism and catecholamine production, its abnormal overexpression is closely associated with many human diseases involving melanoma cancer, vitiligo, Parkinson's disease and so on. Herein, a dual-signal fluorescence sensing system for monitoring TYR activity is constructed depending on the transformation of blue-green fluorescence emission of copolymer. The developed sensing system is based on TYR catalyzing the hydroxylation of mono-phenol to o-diphenol and the conversion of fluorescence copolymer (FCP) blue emission (430 nm) and green emission (535 nm) in the presence of PEI. In the system, both blue and green emission exhibit a high selectivity and sensitivity (S/B up to 300 and 30 for blue and green emission, respectively) toward TYR in the range from 0.5 to 2.5 U/mL with the detection limit of 0.002 U/mL and 0.06 U/mL, respectively. Additionally, this assay is used to detect TYR in human serum with excellent recovery even at 30% human serum concentrations. Furthermore, it still has been successfully applied to TYR inhibitor screening by taking kojic acid as a model. We believe that our developed sensor has great potential application in TYR-associated disease diagnosis and treatment and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Chen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lihua Pang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Changpeng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Guotong Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yujie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chengwu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Haidong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
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20
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Li X, Li S, Liang X, McClements DJ, Liu X, Liu F. Applications of oxidases in modification of food molecules and colloidal systems: Laccase, peroxidase and tyrosinase. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Colorimetric assay of tyrosinase inhibition using melanocyte laden hydrogel fabricated by digital light processing printing. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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22
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Natural and Bioinspired Phenolic Compounds as Tyrosinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Skin Hyperpigmentation: Recent Advances. COSMETICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics6040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most common approaches for control of skin pigmentation involves the inhibition of tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme which catalyzes the key steps of melanogenesis. This review focuses on the tyrosinase inhibition properties of a series of natural and synthetic, bioinspired phenolic compounds that have appeared in the literature in the last five years. Both mushroom and human tyrosinase inhibitors have been considered. Among the first class, flavonoids, in particular chalcones, occupy a prominent role as natural inhibitors, followed by hydroxystilbenes (mainly resveratrol derivatives). A series of more complex phenolic compounds from a variety of sources, first of all belonging to the Moraceae family, have also been described as potent tyrosinase inhibitors. As to the synthetic compounds, hydroxycinnamic acids and chalcones again appear as the most exploited scaffolds. Several inhibition mechanisms have been reported for the described inhibitors, pointing to copper chelating and/or hydrophobic moieties as key structural requirements to achieve good inhibition properties. Emerging trends in the search for novel skin depigmenting agents, including the development of assays that could distinguish between inhibitors and potentially toxic substrates of the enzyme as well as of formulations aimed at improving the bioavailability and hence the effectiveness of well-known inhibitors, have also been addressed.
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23
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Interference of carbidopa and other catechols with reactions catalyzed by peroxidases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1626-1634. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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24
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Chen CY, Lu YH, Lin JT, Hu CC, Fuh CB, Tsai H. Quick screening of true tyrosinase inhibitors from natural products using tyrosinase-immobilized magnetic nanoparticles and a magnetic microplate. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201800119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yi Chen
- Department of Medical Applied Chemistry; Chung Shan Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Lu
- Department of Applied Chemistry; National Chi Nan University; Natu Taiwan
| | - Jau-Tien Lin
- Department of Medical Applied Chemistry; Chung Shan Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chin Hu
- Department of Medical Applied Chemistry; Chung Shan Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Chwan-Bor Fuh
- Department of Applied Chemistry; National Chi Nan University; Natu Taiwan
| | - Hweiyan Tsai
- Department of Medical Applied Chemistry; Chung Shan Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education; Chung Shan Medical University Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
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25
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Correlation between the Potency of Flavonoids on Mushroom Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity and Melanin Synthesis in Melanocytes. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061403. [PMID: 29890751 PMCID: PMC6100075 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-seven flavonoids isolated from Dalbergia parviflora with vast structural diversity were screened for inhibitory activity against mushroom and murine tyrosinases using l-DOPA as the substrate. Among the flavonoids tested, only four—khrinone (5), cajanin (9), (3RS)-3′-hydroxy-8-methoxy vestitol (21), and (6aR,11aR)-3,8-dihydroxy-9-methoxy pterocarpan (27)—reacted with mushroom tyrosinase, with IC50 values of 54.0, 67.9, 67.8, and 16.7 μM, respectively, and only compound 27 showed inhibitory activity against murine tyrosinase. With cell-based assays, only compounds 9 and 27 effectively inhibited melanogenesis in B16-F10 melanoma cells (by 34% and 59%, respectively), at a concentration of 15 μM, without being significantly toxic to the cells. However, the crude extract of D. parviflora and some of the flavonoid constituents appeared to increase melanin production in B16-F10 cells, suggesting that there are flavonoids with both inhibitory and stimulatory melanogenesis in the crude extract. Studies on the correlation between the enzyme-based and cell-based assays showed that only the flavonoids with IC50 values below 50 μM against mushroom tyrosinase could inhibit the mammalian tyrosinase, and thus, reduce melanogenesis in B16-F10. Flavonoids with the IC50 values greater than 50 μM, on the other hand, could not inhibit the mammalian tyrosinase, and had either no effect or enhancement of melanogenesis. In conclusion, the tyrosinase enzyme from mushroom is not as selective as the one from mammalian source for the enzyme-based melanogenesis inhibitory screening, and the mammalian cell-based assay appears to be a more reliable model for screening than the enzyme-based one.
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26
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Tang H, Cui F, Li H, Huang Q, Li Y. Understanding the inhibitory mechanism of tea polyphenols against tyrosinase using fluorescence spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, oximetry, and molecular simulations. RSC Adv 2018; 8:8310-8318. [PMID: 35542029 PMCID: PMC9078569 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12749a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting the activity of tyrosinase is a very effective and safe way to prevent enzymatic browning in food and to resist pests in agriculture. Tea polyphenols (TPs), regarded as safe and non-toxic food additives, have been reported due to their potential inhibitory capability against tyrosinase, but their ambiguous inhibitory mechanisms have severely limited their application. In the present work, fluorescence spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), oximetry and molecular simulation approaches were employed to shed light on the underlying inhibitory mechanisms of TPs with different structures including (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) against tyrosinase. Fluorescence spectra show that the three TPs are capable of binding tyrosinase with a molar proportion of 1 : 1. The analysis of CV curves and oxygen utilization suggests that these three TPs can be oxidized by tyrosinase, revealing that these three TPs are suicide inhibitors of tyrosinase. Furthermore, ECG and catechin make tyrosinase irreversibly inactivated due to their catechol group (ring B) being catalyzed by tyrosinase through a cresolase-like pathway, while EGCG inhibits the activity of tyrosinase by competing with or delaying the oxidation of substrate. Molecular simulations further confirm that ring B of ECG and catechin makes a significant contribution to tyrosinase inhibitory activities, and has a direct interaction with the coupled binuclear copper ions in the optimal orientation required by the cresolase-like pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Rubber, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC), Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 P. R. China
- School of Life Science, Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Fengchao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Rubber, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC), Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 P. R. China
| | - Haijuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC), Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 P. R. China
| | - Qingrong Huang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University 65 Dudley Road New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA
| | - Yunqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Rubber, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC), Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 P. R. China
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27
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de Pascual-Teresa S, Clifford MN. Advances in Polyphenol Research: A Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry Virtual Issue. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8093-8095. [PMID: 28927282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia de Pascual-Teresa
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC) , E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael N Clifford
- School of Bioscience and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , GU2 7XH Guildford, United Kingdom
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28
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Quercetin and related flavonoids conserve their antioxidant properties despite undergoing chemical or enzymatic oxidation. Food Chem 2017; 234:479-485. [PMID: 28551264 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of a phenolic group in quercetin is assumed to compromise its antioxidant properties. To address this assumption, the ROS-scavenging, Folin-Ciocalteau- and Fe-reducing capacities of quercetin and thirteen structurally related flavonoids were assessed and compared with those of mixtures of metabolites resulting from their chemical and enzymatic oxidation. Regardless of the oxidation mode, the metabolites mixtures largely conserved the antioxidant properties of the parent molecules. For quercetin, 95% of its ROS-scavenging and over 77% of its Folin-Ciocalteau- and Fe-reducing capacities were retained. The susceptibility of flavonoids to oxidative disappearance (monitored by HPLC-DAD) and that of the mixtures to retain their antioxidant capacity was favourably influenced by the presence of a catechol (ring-B) and enol (ring C) function. This is the first study to report that mixtures resulting from the oxidation of quercetin and its analogues largely conserve their antioxidant properties.
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